APPENDIX I TREE SPECIES AT KOALA LOMPAT AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DIETS OF PRIMATES, SQUIRRELS AND SOME BIRDS Only those species which have been identified to family, genus or species are listed. At least 60 more unidentified species of tree growing to at least 20 feet (6.6 m) tall occur in the study area. Climbers (omitted here) of the families Annonaceae, Celastra- ceae, Combretaceae, Gnetaceae, Leguminosae, Moraceae, Strychnaceae, Urticaceae and Vitaceae are important sources of food to primates. PRIMATES Hs = HL = H. Po = Presbytis obsaura Pm = P. Mf = Maaaca SQUIRRELS Rb = Ratufa biao wr Ra = R. affinis Cp = prevostii Cn = c. notatus St = Sundasaiurus tenuis ? = unidentified species, Kalang records BIRDS c = Columbidae (pigeons) Ps = Psittacidae (parrots) B = Bucerotidae (hornbills) p = Pycnonotidae (bulbuls) A = Aegithinidae (leaf birds) E = Eurylaimidae (broadbills) FOOD F = fruit pulp s = seed f = flower 1 = leaves (new, mature, stems and/or tips) b = hark x = fruit by unidentified squirrel The distinction between fruit pulp and seed is only accurate for squirrels; in eating the fruit pulp, primates, especially the leaf monkeys and macaques are often also consuming the seed. (continued on p. 331) 317
Transcript
APPENDIX I
TREE SPECIES AT KOALA LOMPAT AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DIETS OF PRIMATES, SQUIRRELS AND SOME BIRDS
Only those species which have been identified to family, genus or species are listed. At least 60 more unidentified species of tree growing to at least 20 feet (6.6 m) tall occur in the study area.
Climbers (omitted here) of the families Annonaceae, Celastraceae, Combretaceae, Gnetaceae, Leguminosae, Moraceae, Strychnaceae, Urticaceae and Vitaceae are important sources of food to primates.
PRIMATES Hs = Hy~obates syndaaty~us HL = H. ~ar Po = Presbytis obsaura Pm = P. me~a~ophos Mf = Maaaca fasaiau~ris
SQUIRRELS Rb = Ratufa biao wr Ra = R. affinis Cp = Ca~~osciurus prevostii Cn = c. notatus St = Sundasaiurus tenuis ? = unidentified species, Kalang records
BIRDS c = Columbidae (pigeons) Ps = Psittacidae (parrots) B = Bucerotidae (hornbills) p = Pycnonotidae (bulbuls) A = Aegithinidae (leaf birds) E = Eurylaimidae (broadbills)
FOOD F = fruit pulp s = seed f = flower 1 = leaves (new, mature, stems and/or tips) b = hark x = fruit by unidentified squirrel
The distinction between fruit pulp and seed is only accurate for squirrels; in eating the fruit pulp, primates, especially the leaf monkeys and macaques are often also consuming the seed.
(continued on p. 331)
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z M
. ol
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-on
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lit
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><
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ta
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buya
n da
un
kasa
r F
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H
P
. ec
hin
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he
mbu
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dau
n
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end
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g
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iace
ae
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laia
(?)
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a p
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(?)
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um
h
erb
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L
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gla
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p.
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adin
g
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alu
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oora
mal
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mpe
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moo
ra
sp.
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k
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ang
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his
ach
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(?)
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nu
latu
s g
and
ing
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lu
s C
. p
rin
cep
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and
ing
betu
l s
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isa
chet
on
sp
. g
and
ing
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ing
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erah
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(?)
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stul
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law
en
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k
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s F
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sium
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esti
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ng
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tan
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L
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race
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tia
ris
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ipo
h
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oca
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ng
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1'0
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ain
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k
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rig
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l Po
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1'0
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e (c
on
t.)
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oca
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rado
m
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rtoc
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alu
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icu
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sp
p.)
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rist
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rafi
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on
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ulu
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ora
fiel
dia
b
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ho
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ulu
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(a
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ast
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)>
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onop
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:J>
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Xanthophy~~um
amoe
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z t:::J
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rufu
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· f
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s Xanthophy~~um
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taceae
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dum
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it
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ph
ora
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rach
iata
se
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n
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tu
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otr•
oche
s =
i ~ ~aris
hem
bulu
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pere
tan
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sace
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anth
es
cory
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b
ere
tai
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rin
ari
ob~ongifo~ium
kem
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pa
rva
h
emb
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ari
na
ri
sp.
mer
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u
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bia
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thiu
m
sp.
bab
i k
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s L
Dip~ospora ma~accensis
pel
un
g
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orin
da citrifo~ia
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gkud
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orin
da
sp.
men
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u F
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and
m
eng
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, m
eng
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p
aya,
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spp
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engk
unye
t F
F FL
f
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dia
sco
rtech
inii
g
ula
ch
enek
a F
F F
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X
G.J
Ru
tace
ae
t'0
--
.]
Ach
ron
ych
ia p
ort
eri
ch
end
ero
h
dau
n sa
tu
F
Cit
rus
kum
unin
g sa
ng
kan
E
uo
dia
gw
bra
y
ak
chen
der
oh
s
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TIF
IC
NAM
E LO
CAL
NAM
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TES
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IRR
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DS
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ily
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specie
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l Po
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f Rb
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p cn
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t ?
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s B
p
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tace
ae
( co
nt.
) w
"-
' CX
J
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riL
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on
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rem
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go
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p.
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mac
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na
ta
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rmum
in
term
ediu
m
kik
i b
un
tal
bu
ah g
utu
F
F F
FL
s F
F b
X.
wa
Uic
hii
k
iki
bu
nta
l b
uah
li
ch
in
FL
F F
F F
X
chem
ba'
ak
gom
pal
mey
ang
bu
lu
X
rid
en
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ota
ceae
Chr
ysop
hyLL
um
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pu
lot
get
ah
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m
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h
cem
pel
ot
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um h
isp
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m
pal
an
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get
ah t
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aq
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m
pal
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us
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Pay
ena
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men
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h
f F
f F
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f F
f P.
m
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ayi
men
tuba
k fL
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f F
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F la
nch
er
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aro
ub
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e ;:t
> '1:
1
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ng
ia m
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pauh
L
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1 s
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z S
terc
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aceae
t::J
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sim
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mel
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mbi
um j
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m
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f b
b b
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rosp
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um j
avan
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b
ayu
r F
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NAM
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en
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>- 'l:J
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(co
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z
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hium
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><
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rcu
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b H
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lom
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batu
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terc
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sp.
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ng p
aya
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racaceae
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a:c
ben
zoin
ke
min
yan
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ina
nd
ra
( ? )
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mpo
nga
kela
t p
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f F
Gar
deni
a ca
rin
ata
ch
empa
ka
hu
tan
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ym
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a m
aZac
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is
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ang
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s
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nys
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s co
njU
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pen
gg
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iaceae
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wia
fi
bro
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a
dam
ak
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lu
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uri
foli
a
dam
ak
hal
us
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tom
ento
sa
chen
der
ai ta
nju
ng
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X
Pen
tace
fZ
ori
bu
nd
a
ba'a
ng
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trip
tera
p
elir
nb
ang
f
Sch
ou
ten
ia
(?)
acc
resc
ens
bay
ur
eher
ang
s.
(?
) co
rner
i ch
end
erai
bek
ud
aun
Ulm
acea
e
Celt
is
rig
esce
ns
sem
anti
t L
b
X
Gir
on
nie
ria
hir
ta
mes
kam
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new
osa
m
eska
m
w
X
<'0
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pa
rv·i
foZ
ia
mes
kam
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f X
lD
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sub
aeq
ua
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p
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po
ng
F
SCIE
NT
IFIC
NA
ME
Fam
ily
, g
enu
s,
specie
s
Urt
icaceae
SZ.o
etia
el-
onga
ta
Ver
ben
acea
e
Vit
ex p
ub
esce
ns
V.
trif
oZ
iata
Vio
lace
ae
Rin
ore
a s
p.
LOCA
L NA
ME
teb
akah
hal
eban
be
ram
bong
dau
n ti
ga
telu
r b
uay
a
PRIM
ATE
S SQ
UIR
RELS
H
s HZ
. Po
Pm
M
f Rb
R
a C
p C
n S
t ?
FfL
Ff
L
FfL
F
f F
f f
f F
F F
L L
F F
FL
X X
BIR
DS
C
Ps
B
p A
E
w
w
0 ::t>
'"0
~
z t:l
H
X
H
APPENDIX I 331
Data for primates comes from D.J. Chivers, J.J. Raemaekers, Sheila Curtin, F.P.G. Aldrich-Blake, J.R. and Kathy MacKinnon, Y.L. Mah and J.B. Payne; for squirrels from J.B. Payne and Kalang (see above), and for birds from D.R. Wells.
Frugivorous birds mostly eat figs, but there is great specialisation according to the size of the bird; large birds, such as hornbills, eat the largest figs, medium-sized birds, like parrots and pigeons eat the middle-sized figs, and the smaller birds, such as bulbuls and barbets, eat the smallest figs.
Dr David Wells submitted records for about 13 species of bird of six families, to which we have added observations for several more species including two more families, mostly by John Payne (see table 2.2, pp. 52-53, and table 9.1, pp. 263-265):
Pycnonotidae (bulbuls) Pycnonotus simpLex P. brunneus
Aegithinidae (leaf birds) Irena puel,l,a
Eurylaimidae (broadbills) CaLyptomena viridis
Capitonidae (barbets)
Dicaeidae (flowerpeckers)
We present incomplete information on birds, in the hope that it will stimulate further literature searches and field study; we recognise, however, that many of the fruit eaten by primates and squirrels are too large or thick-skinned to be eaten by most birds (see Chapter 2).
APPENDIX II
LONG-TERM OBSERVATIONS OF SIAMANG BEHAVIOUR
Background information on the quantitative analysis of dawnto-dusk Observations of the behaviour of the siamang group TSl at Kuala Lompat on 487 days in 65 months from April 1969 to April 1979 inclusive will perhaps be of interest to readers who wish to pursue certain points. We clarify here the distribution of samples (fig. 8.15) and present mean values for each sample period for measures of activity period, environmental features and ranging and feeding behaviour; the percentages and indices used in the analyses (figs. 8.15-18) were calculated from these means.
Figures given are means for each period, except for CALLING where numbers of days on which calling occurred, and the number of bouts during the sample period, are presented. For FEEDING, differences between sums of food types (excluding figs) and mean daily feeding time represent differences in recording the start and stop of bouts and 10-min samples of major activity respectively, as well as unidentified feeding observations. CANOPY LEVEL is given as the percentage of 10-min samples during the activity period, and WEATHER was sampled at 10- or 15-min intervals from dawn to dusk for the sample period, with rainfall in mm. for the whole month in which the sample was taken.
Following the table, data from short sample periods (10-20 days) from 1969 to 1973 inclusive (Chivers et al., 1975) are displayed to illustrate the extent of Variation about the mean values used in this analysis. There are observations of the siamang group TSl in the fruiting seasons of 1969, 1971 and 1972, and in the dry seasons of 1970 and 1973. They provide us with an opportunity to see how behaviour changes with time (see Chapter 8), how variable behaviour may be within a sample period, and how simi1ar may be the behaviour of different, but adjacent- groups in the same forest at the same time (since data are available for siamang group TS1a from 1971-73). The data presented here are concerned with different aspects of feeding and ranging behaviour.
The two siamang groups were very simi1ar to each other in their ranging and feeding behaviour in each of the three observation
(continued on p. 338)
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336 APPENDIX II
20 NO of HECTARES TS1A
10
0
2000 DAY RANGE
H mtrlrtrs
1500
~f 1000
t,fJ 500
0
600 NIGHT POSITI SHIFT
r f 400
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600 MAXIMUM RADIUS
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0
S..'7. ~Sro F,M,A1 month no. days
1971 72 73 y~:or
30 NO. of HECTARES TS1 20
10
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~9. MA A S F1M1A1 montl-1 " ,. na. doys
1969 70 71 72 73 ytor
APPENDIX II 337
25 FOOD TREES/DAY
TS1A NO
20
l'l 15 t I coog• TOTAL
10 ~' , m•oo
o I
'' ''' '' ''' '• .. • 'in 1i•-- FIGS 0
60 0/o FEEDING
TIME
40
20 ' !! 0
500 FEEDING TIME /DAY
400
rl 300
1-;-FRUIT 1 !-LEAVES
200 i-;-I'LOWERS
' . !-JNSECTS
' I I
100 I+ I o
'' ' .. ' .. '' •I
0 ~ ' .. ~.<?. '\, FMA month
1971 72 73, s s no. dcys yt:ar
20 NO FOOD TREES/ DAY
11
TS1
15
10
' 0
.. •.• 80
"lo FEEDING TIME 60
40
20
0
400 FEEDING TIME/DAY I H coog• mms. T
j TOTAL
r ~ ~ m!l'an
300 11 200 ++F iGS
' .. h-FRUIT ' ' ' '
I ' : :-LEAVES 100 ' ' ]jFLOWERS
I.: . ~INSECTS 1: I
0 Ii I
FMA month
1969 70 1010 71 72 73 SI no. doys.
yt:ar
338 APPENDIX II
periods pertaining to both groups. The only noticeable difference in ranging occurred in 1972, when TSl was decreasing its ranging as the observation period progressed, but TSla was increasing these values, especially those for night position shift and maximum radius (the farthest point reached from the previous sleeping position).
In 1973 TSl maintained a fairly constant level of feeding (with high fig intake), while TSla showed a steady decrease in feeding time about the TSl level, as the lone male shifted from a predominance of leaf-eating to one of fruit-eating. Otherwise, levels and changes were very similar between the groups.
Day-to-day changes in behaviour can be more marked than changes between observation periods; nevertheless, these changes represent the unevenness of movement areund the home range, as the group exploits food sources heavily in one part of the home range before moving on to another, and over a period of 5-10 days such behaviours average out at levels indicative of the circumstances of that period ( see Chapter 8) .
The map below s hows the philopatry of each group: TSl in particular visited that part of their home range marked as the 'core area' in each sample period, irrespective of whether they were mainly using the drier northern part, or the wetter south-east corner, of their range; TSla also spent most of its time in certain parts of their home range. Group calls (marked) and night sleeping trees occur mostly in the area marked as the 'territory', which coincide with the usual limits of ranging in any sample period.
*
* TS1b
*
TS1 TS1a CORE AREA 10.6 lS --- 6.8 13 ___ % home range
'TERRITORY' 26.0 °2 18.9 °3
HOME RANGE 42.2 . ..... - 29.8 hectares
Call locatlons • 0
1969-73
: •
':u· ....... /·( .. -.
15
'·
' ' '
0
0
0
100 200
metres
. . ··· ...• ·. ( .,- - .... ,, .
'' '
0 0
300
'b ..... ·· ..
~ !
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AUTHOR INDEX
ABE, T. 32 ALDRICH-BLAKE, F.P.G. 3,17,18,
23,66,71,227,229,246,255, 259
ALTMANN, S.A. 2,71,286 ANDREWS, P. 193,200 ANGST, W. 147,298,300,301 ASHTON, P.S. 4 AVIS, V. 200 BAKER, H.G. 33 BALDWIN, L.A. 66,68 BARTELS, E. 261 BAUCHOP, T. 107,287,305 BELL, R.H.V. 287 BENNETT, E.L. 315 BERKSON, G. 68 BEFNSTEIN, I.S. 16,18,27,111,
144,147 BOULBET, M. 310 BOURLIERE, F. 32 BOURNE, G.H. 2 BOUSSET, J. 89,287 BRANDON-JONES, D. 15,189 BROCKELMAN, W.Y. 66,68,244,247,
308 CALDECOTT, J.O. 19,63,315 CARACO, T. 301 CARPENTER, C.R. 16,65,68,70,71,
78,101,244,245
CHALMERS, N. 3,291,303,306 CHANTHAROJVUNG, G. 66 CHARLES-DOMINIQUE, P. 303 CHIA, L.S. 210,211,213 CHIANG, M. 16,18,27,147 CHIVERS, D.J. 2,7,9,16,17,18,19,
MACAQUES description 147 distribution 11-12 long-tail 10,147,251 pig-tail 10,49,148,167,168,169,
171,176,186,198,201,272,298 other 11,151,299,301,308
MAMMALS (see Primates, Squirrels) 266-267 bear, sun 268 binturong 268 civet 34,261 colugo 261 flying squirrel 268 fruit bat 34,368 sloth 289 tree shrew 268,289
