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Can employers afford not to adopt evidence-based horse training methods in the workplace?

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Can employers afford not to adopt evidence‐based horse training methods in the workplace? Can employers afford not to adopt evidence‐based horse training methods in the workplace? Dr Andrew N McLean Australian Equine Behaviour Centre Equitation Science International
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Page 1: Can employers afford not to adopt evidence-based horse training methods in the workplace?

Can employers afford not to adopt evidence‐based horse training methods in the workplace?

Can employers afford not to adopt evidence‐based horse training methods in the workplace?

Dr Andrew N McLeanAustralian Equine Behaviour Centre

Equitation Science International

Page 2: Can employers afford not to adopt evidence-based horse training methods in the workplace?

The need for change: human safety

2

• Death rate: 0.5 ‐ 1 per million • Serious accident 1/350 hours 

= 20 times more than motorcyclists (Ceroni, 2007)

• Children: highest injury incidence (Hawson et al, 2010)

• 25% of all deaths in sport are horse related  (Kiss et al, 2008)

• Children: more likely to suffer head and neck injuries (Hawson et al, 2010)

• Horse behaviour in 61% of accidents (Williams & Ashby, 1995)

Page 3: Can employers afford not to adopt evidence-based horse training methods in the workplace?

The need for change: wastage

DEFINITION: Horses discarded by people –usually to abattoirs

• Ödberg and Bouissou(1999)

• von Butler and Ambruster(1984) 

• Ethics & Animal rights

Page 4: Can employers afford not to adopt evidence-based horse training methods in the workplace?

The need for change 

Will to Please

Trust

Partnership

Reprimands

Fairness

Respect

Page 5: Can employers afford not to adopt evidence-based horse training methods in the workplace?

Brain: human/horse differences

Humans:• Recall memory:    time‐

projection• Context‐generalised• Memory trace: 2‐3 seconds 

but DLPFC retrieval systems 

Horse:• No DLPFC• Recognition memory• Context‐specific• 2‐3 secondsBlaming horses…!

Page 6: Can employers afford not to adopt evidence-based horse training methods in the workplace?

When training goes wrong: Controllability & Predictability

1. Expt 1 grid electrified = controllable but unpredictable = anxious dogs2. Expt 2 light precedes shock = controllable & predictable = secure, confident  3. Expt 3 light only randomly predicts shock = uncontrollable, unpredictable

= escape, aggression, apathy

Seligman, M.E.P., & Maier, S.F. (1967) Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 1‐9.

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Aim: To investigate correlations in behaviour problems with inadequacies in basic responses in‐hand and under‐saddle (Go and Stop). 

1. Sometimes incorrect acceleration / deceleration response 

2. Delayed / heavy acceleration / deceleration response 

3.No self–maintenance of a response from acceleration / deceleration signals 

(McLean, 2005) 

Page 9: Can employers afford not to adopt evidence-based horse training methods in the workplace?

01020304050607080

In hand Under saddle

Bolt Rear Buck Shy Tense No Immobility Head toss

McLean, 2005

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Page 13: Can employers afford not to adopt evidence-based horse training methods in the workplace?

Training Principles That Arise From Learning Theory

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• The science of training and horse‐riding• Includes learning theory, ethology & 

cognition, biomechanics, psychology & sport science. 

• Identifies what can be defined and measured

• Does not deny other aspects yet to be defined and measured

So, we have 10 Principles…..

What is Equitation Science?

Page 15: Can employers afford not to adopt evidence-based horse training methods in the workplace?

1 of 10Train according to the horse’s 

ethology and cognition

“Over‐ or underestimating horses’ intelligence has negative welfare implications. Isolation, 

restricted locomotion and foraging have welfare implications”

•Ethology: Animal behaviour; Social organisation: resource allocation; 

Grazing budget; Attachment; Biomechanics. 

Cognition: Mental abilities & limitations, Context‐specific & generalised learning

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2 of 10Use learning theory appropriately1. Habituation: becoming accustomed to things (including 

desensitisation) 2. Operant conditioning: rewards and consequences 

1. Positive reinforcement2. Negative reinforcement3. Positive punishment4. Negative punishment

3. Classical conditioning: Predictable hints & signals

“The use of pressure/discomfort has the potential for serious welfare implications that range from escape, aggression and apathy to 

learned helplessness.”

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3 of 10Train easy‐to‐discriminate signals 

Ensure operantly conditioned responses to establish:

• Up/down gaits• Faster/slower• Longer/shorter• Turning of forelegs• Turning of hindlegs• Head/neck flexions/head carriage

“Blurred and ambivalent signals can lead to confusion, distress and responses that compromise performance and rider safety”

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4 of 10Shape responses and movementsTraining should begin by reinforcing basic attempts at a desired behaviour and then gradually increasing approximations toward the target behaviour. 

The order of shaping is:• Stimulus control, • Speed control, • Directional control, • Then refinements of the head and neck position, • Then reliability in different environments 

“Poor shaping can lead to confusion and responses that compromise performance and rider 

safety”

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5 of 10Elicit responses one‐at‐a‐time

Ensure individual cues/ signals are separated in time 

from each other. 

Like words, cues/signals should be separated.

“Clashing cues/signals weaken stimulus control and can lead to confusion and responses that compromise performance and rider safety”

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6 of 10Train only one response per signal

All cues/signals should have just one operant response associated with them

“Ambiguous rein and leg signals lead 

to confusion and responses that compromise 

performance and rider safety”

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7 of 10Form consistent habits

The training set‐up: • same contexts • same signals • same part of the horse’s body or After consolidation, locations can be gradually altered.  

Ensure transitions are of the same structure and duration each time until consolidation. 

“Inconsistent training can lead to dull responses that compromise 

performance”

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8 of 10Train persistence of responses (self‐carriage)

Train the horse to ‘keep going’ in rhythm, straightness and outline. 

Is the bird really trained to sit on your arm? 

“The consequences of a lack of self‐carriage range 

from dull responses to hyper‐reactive responses 

that compromise performance, welfare and 

rider safety”

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9 of 10

Flight responses have unique characteristics such as resistance to extinction and may reappear spontaneously.  • Short term: adrenaline• Long term cortisol. 

“Acute stress shows up as problem behaviours (escape, aggression, apathy) Chronic 

stress has very serious welfare implications including learned helplessness and can be fatal”

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10 of 10Demonstrate minimum levels of 

arousal sufficient for training (to ensure the absence of conflict)

Training should be able to show that the horse is at optimal relaxation levels for the task. 

Certain levels of arousal, muscle tone and attentiveness are required for successful 

learning but when these levels are exceeded, learning and welfare suffer. 

“Too much arousal may lead to compromised welfare, which may show up as acute/chronic stress (escape, aggression, apathy)”

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10070NAT Diploma of Equitation Science

Enterprise units:The copyright owner of the units of competency/modules developed for inclusion of this course is Equitation Science International Pty Ltd ‐ who owns copyright of the following units.

• ESIHTP501A  Develop a sequential horse training plan• ESIHTP502A  Train horses in‐hand using the principles of learning• ESIHTP503A  Train horses under‐saddle using the principles of learning • ESIHTP504A  Develop advanced skills for horse training

Training package units:The following units of competency have been imported from training packages:• HLTAID003 Provide first aid• BSBWHS401 Implement and monitor WHS policies, procedures and programs 

to meet legislative requirements• BSBRSK401 Identify risk and apply risk management processes          • TAEDEL301A Provide work skill instruction• SISOEQO414A Instruct horse riding and handling skills

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www.esi‐education.com

Thank you

Equitation Science InternationalDiploma in Equitation Science 


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