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THINKING beyond the canopy
Can we manage for timber andbiodiversity in the Congo Basin?
Workshop “Managing wild species andsystems for food security”
Robert Nasi
World Conservation Congress, Jeju, 08/09/2012
THINKING beyond the canopy
Logging concessions,management and biodiversity
THINKING beyond the canopy
LandDesignatedforprotection
Designatedforlogging
Countries Area(km2)Area(km2)
%Area(km2)
%
Cameroon 465,445 37,450 8.05 60,935 13.09CentralAfricanRepublic 620,152 76,743 12.37 34,293 5.53Congo 342,766 35,993 10.50 147,127 42.93DemocraticRep.ofCongo 2,328,225 261,063 11.21 248,276 10.66EquatorialGuinea 26,730 5,104 19.09 14,375 42.93Gabon 262,538 28,620 10.96 90,375 34.60CONGOBASIN 4,045,856 444,973 11.00 595,381 14.72
Landuse km2
“Ordinarylands” 448,801
Loggingconcessions 595.381
Communityforests ≈11.000
Protectedareas 444,973
Source:Nasietal,2011
THINKING beyond the canopy
Selective logging in the CongoBasin
Timber remains the sole managed commodity Highly selective, few individuals (less than 2) of few
commercial species (less than 5) represent more than75% of the volume harvested (less than 10m3/ha)
Rotation cycles of about 25-30 years; Minimum cuttingdiameter rules; No post-harvest silviculture
The area under proper management and certification isincreasing:
Year 1995 2008
Managed 0 11.3Mha
Certified 0 >3Mha
Managedinprep. 0 21.4Mha
Nasi et al. 2006; OFAC, State of Forest 2008
THINKING beyond the canopy
Harvestingintensityandresidualstands
Nasi&Forni,2006
543210
Are
a im
pact
ed (%
)
30
20
10
0 Rsq = 0.9427
Numberoftreesharvested/ha
THINKING beyond the canopy
Impactofcertificationonharvestintensity
Ceruttietal.2011
Certified concessionshave a significantlyreduced harvestingintensity
THINKING beyond the canopy
Graphique symétrique
(axes F1 et F2 : 54.36 %)
GroupeIndépendant
International
Aménagement en cours
Aménagé
Certifié
Non aménagé
2
3
4 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
20
21
22
23
26
1
-1.5
-1
-0 .5
0
0 .5
1
1.5
-1.5 -1 -0 .5 0 0 .5 1 1.5
F1 (44.24 %)
F2
(1
0.1
2 %
)
Variables supp. Observations
- Actions concrètes +
+
D
iffic
ulté
s r
encontr
ées
-
- Ni les méthodes
- Ni les capacités
actuellement
- Malgré
quelques actions
- Vise la certification
- Souhaite maintenir
ses efforts
- > 30 essences
exploitéees
Pas encore
de résultats
More Biodiversity activities ++
Mo
re p
rob
lem
s
ex
pre
ss
ed
++
Sust. Mangt Plan under way
No Plan
With PlanCertified
No methodsNo capacitiesLimited activities
Basicintentions,Limited results Activities limited to
legal requirementLimited results
Motivated CEO andsome staffLong term effortsEffective field activities
Billand et al. 2009
Pro-biodiversity activities in loggingconcessions
Only certifiedconcessionsshow significantactivities in favorof biodiversity
THINKING beyond the canopy
Managing for timber andwildlife
THINKING beyond the canopy
Estimates of the value of thebushmeat trade range from US$42to US$205 million per year inWest-Central Africa.
Current harvest in Central Africaalone may well be in excess of 5million tons annually, couldrepresent more than 20 million hadeforested for pasture!
30 to 80% of the protein intake ofmany rural populations
Bushmeat huntingin Congo Basin
THINKING beyond the canopy
Main barriers Specific solutions
Bad governance, influence ofelites and corruption
Sensitisation at the level of elites
Strenghthen local governance
Strengthen law enforcement capacity
Lack of motivation fromsmall or economically
unstable logging companies
Create incentives to encourage the pricvatesector to engage in taking wildlife into
accountStrengthen technical capacities at the level of
national services and the private sectorUnclear definition of
responsabilities amongstakeholders
Clarify and formalize roles andresponsabilities
Barriers and solutions
(TRAFFIC workshop, Libreville, June 2010)
THINKING beyond the canopy
Main barriers Specific solutions
Additional costs are incurredto consider wildlife in
management
Allocation of a specific budget for wildlifeisssues
Logging revenus (taxes etc..) should also beallocated to support wildlife management
effortsPartnerships among stakeholders are crucial
External funding is needed
High demand of bushmeatfrom external urban areas
and little control/knowledgeabout the market chain
Sensitization of urban consumers
Better knowledge of the market chain
Lack of largely validatedscientific methods and
protocols to monitor wildlife
Develop research and coordinate thevalidation of monitoring methods
Barriers and solutions
THINKING beyond the canopy
Beyond boundaries:Landscape scale considerations
THINKING beyond the canopy
Why a landscape approach?
High mobility of wildlife (migration, dispersal, extensiveterritories…)
Conserving protected areas alone will not be enough toconserve large sized/highly mobile species with hugeranges (e.g. elephants) or locally rare plant species
The contribution of production forests to biodiversityconservation is increasingly recognized (e.g. North Congo wheregorilla densities are higher in logging concessions than in the neighbouringnational park)
THINKING beyond the canopy
Protected areas and loggingconcessions : surprisinglyclose neighbors
OFAC, State of Forest 2008
THINKING beyond the canopy
NationalParks
LoggingConcessions
Huntingareas
Parks, Concessions, Hunting areas : where are flagship species ?Some surprising assessments
Numberofapenests/km2
OFAC, State of Forest 2008
THINKING beyond the canopy
Integratedproduction /
conservation territory
Combine (at least) two major landuse types (e.g. a loggingconcession and a protected area)
with community-based managedareas
in one land-use management unitthat could become an integratedproduction/conservation landscape
Billand & Nasi 2006
THINKING beyond the canopy
Environmentalservices
Localincomes
Taxes,fiscalrevenues
SustainruralpopulationMixedarea:protectedareaand
conservationenterprise
ProtectedArea
Certifiedlogging
concession
Communityforest
Municipalforest
Agro‐industry
Hunting,Gathering,Informalsectors
Urban,socialspace
Billand & Nasi 2006
THINKING beyond the canopy
Realize the economic potential of theconservation side
Manage informal sectors like hunting, fishing orNTFP extraction for local livelihoods
Use part of the income generated by theindustrial production side for the conservationarea for reciprocal benefits
Foster certification (not limited to timberconsiderations)
Basic rules
THINKING beyond the canopy
Enabling conditions
Starting funds are needed to cover initial transactioncosts
The willingness of the production sector to engageinto certification or other biodiversity friendly practices
The willingness of the conservation community tocollaborate, share experiences and support theprivate sector in integrating conservation concerns inmanagement practices
A proactive political support (creating specific land-use units with specific instances for decision making)or, at least, neutral (no undue interference from theState).
THINKING beyond the canopy
The Congo Basin has identified 12 Landscapes designed for sharedproduction and conservation management of forests
Actors (public,private sectors)are aware aboutthe necessity toimprovecollaboration forconcerted orintegratedmanagement
But experiencesat field levelremain limited
Source : Carpe
THINKING beyond the canopy
THINKING beyond the canopy
We believe that management for bothtimber and biodiversity is possible in theCongo but it requires new thinking interms of land-use types and strongerprivate–public partnerships associatingproduction and conservation parts of thelandscape and a renewed long-termsupport from the international donorcommunity.
To conclude…
Nasi,R.,etal.ManagingfortimberandbiodiversityintheCongoBasin.ForestEcol.Manage.(2011),doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.005
THINKING beyond the canopy
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