HEALTH CARE IN CANADA

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ORgANIzATION Of THE HEALTH SERvICE SySTEm IN CANADA

Summary of Health Care System Delivery of Canada:

- fEDERAL gOvERNmENT:

Setting and administering national principles for the health care system through the Canada Health Act

Assisting in the financing of provincial/territorial health care services through fiscal transfers;

Funding and/or delivery of primary and supplementary services to certain groups of people. These groups include: 1.First Nations people living on reserves; Inuit; 2.serving members of the Canadian Forces; 3.eligible veterans; 4.inmates in federal penitentiaries; 5.and some groups of refugee claimants

Providing other health-related functions such as public health and health protections

Programs and health research

mAIN SOuRCES Of HEALTH ExpENDITuRE • Out-of-pocket(OOP) paymentOOP payments make up more than 50% of expenditure on privately financedhealth services and products. In particular, OOP payments form the chief sourceof funding for vision care, over-the-counter pharmaceuticals and complementery and alternatives medicines(CAM). • Private health insurance PHI is relegated to non-medicare sectors such as dental care, prescription drugs,long-term care and support, as well as a few non-medically necessary physicianand hospital services. • Other Financing Voluntary and charitable donations provide other sources of finance for healthresearch as well as supportive health services for patients and their families.Numerous nongovernmental organizations – from hospitals to disease-basedfoundations – regularly collect donations from the public. These funds arethen used to purchase capital or equipment, to provide services and to directhealth research. Volunteers also donate their time and skills to public andnongovernmental health service organizations and causes. According to onedecade-old estimate, the voluntary sector raises C$300 million a year for healthresearch (Health Charities Council of Canada, 2001).

ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL CARE TO RURAL POPULATION

MAIN PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY CARE ORGANISATION

• Early detection – members of the public, or another agency, find the incident and understand the problem

• Early reporting – the first persons on scene make a call to the emergency medical services and provide details to enable a response to be mounted

• Early response – the first professional (EMS) rescuers arrive on scene as quickly as possible, enabling care to begin

• Good on-scene care – the emergency medical service provides appropriate and timely interventions to treat the patient at the scene of the incident

• Care in transit – the emergency medical service load the patient in to suitable transport and continue to provide appropriate medical care throughout the journey

• Transfer to definitive care – the patient is handed over to an appropriate care setting, such as the emergency department at a hospital, in to the care of physicians

•  

ThE SYSTEM OF PROTECTION OF MOThERhOOD AND ChILDhOOD

• In Canada, a child's right to physical and mental health is protected under CHILD, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICE ACT (Part 3, division 1&3)

• Maternity Rights and Parental Leave• Maternity leave varies from province to province and qualification for maternity leave depends on

how long the woman has been employed by her current employer. • Federal law states that if employed by the same employer for at least 6 months, the maternity

leave entitlement is 17 weeks. This can be taken any time in the 11 weeks before the baby is due, but must end 17 weeks after the baby is born.

• Legally a pregnant woman's job must be kept open until she returns from maternity leave. It is illegal to fire an employee while she is pregnant. 

•  • Maternity and paternity benefits• Parental leave is also offered to anyone who becomes a parent. • It is offered across provinces and the entitlement is normally up to a year. • Parental leave is normally unpaid, with job seniority, benefits and pay protected.• It is possible to receive up to 50 weeks of maternity and paternity benefits in Canada, which can be

split between parents.

 ThE bASIC TYPE OF PEDIATRIC MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS

• The Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP), a joint project of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Paediatric Society, contributes to the improvement of the health of children and youth in Canada by national surveillance and research into childhood disorders that are high in disability, morbidity and economic costs to society, despite their low frequency.

• Program objectives of CPSP includes:• To maintain and enhance an active national and collaborative population-based surveillance

system to monitor low-frequency and high-impact conditions and diseases in Canadian children and youth.

• To involve paediatricians, paediatric subspecialists and other applicable medical professionals in related disciplines in the surveillance of low-frequency, high-impact childhood conditions that are of public health and medical importance.

• To facilitate research into these childhood disorders for the advancement of knowledge and the improvement of treatment, prevention and health-care planning.

• To encourage awareness and education within the medical profession and the general public of less common paediatric disorders.

• To respond rapidly to public health emergencies, where these relate to Canadian children and youth, by adaptation of surveillance activities or initiation of appropriate action/follow up.

• To participate in international paediatric surveillance efforts through the International Network of Paediatric Surveillance Units (INOPSU).

• To establish and maintain a strong working partnership between the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) to support and collaborate around surveillance into child and youth issues in Canada.

POPULATION SIZE, RESIDENTIAL DENSITY, NATIONAL LANGUAGES,

RELIGION, TRADITIONS, AGE , SEXUAL COMPOSITION

Morbidity and injuries• In 2012, an estimated 186,400 new cases of cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) will be

diagnosed in Canada and 75,700 cancer deaths will occur.• Nearly 40% of all cancer deaths in Canada are due to lung and colorectal cancers.• Incidence and mortality rates for men surpass those for women at around age 55. • Overall, 70% of new cases and 61% of deaths occurring among those aged 50 to 79 years.• The highest proportion of cancer deaths will occur in Canadians 80 years and older (33.5%). • In particular, death rates from lung, colorectal, prostate, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, stomach, and

larynx cancers have decreased significantly among men. • In women, death rates have significantly decreased from breast, cervical, non-Hodgkin lymphoma

and stomach cancers.•  • Incidence rates in some cancers still rising• In the last decade the overall standardized cancer incidence rates have been stable, with marginal

increases of nearly 0.1% per year for males and 0.3% per year for females.•

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 2011

• In 2009-2010, 772,200 (4%) Canadians, aged 35 years and older, reported being diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking is the principal underlying cause of COPD and is responsible for about 80% of deaths from COPD.

•

• How does Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) affect Canadians? 

• Among Canadians with COPD, 45% reported their overall health as "fair or poor", and 33% reported their health as "somewhat worse or much worse" than a year ago. By comparison, of the 2009-10 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) respondents who did not report having COPD, 13% reported "fair or poor" health and 13% reported that their health was "somewhat worse or much worse" than a year ago.

Mental disordersTable 2-1 Twelve-month Prevalence of Mental Disorders and Substance Dependence Measured in the 2002 Mental Health and Well-being Survey (CCHS 1.2), Canada Mental Disorder or Substance Dependence 

Total** Men Women

Number % Number % Number %

*Respondents could have reported symptoms that met the criteria for more than one condition.**Numbers have been rounded to the nearest 10,000. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2002, Mental Health and Well-being, Cycle 1.2

Any measured mood disorder, anxiety disorder or substance dependence* 

2,660,000 11.0 1,220,000 10.2 1,440,000 11.7

Any mood 1,310,000 5.3 510,000 4.2 800,000 6.3

Major depression 1,200,000 4.8 450,000 3.7 740,000 5.9

Bipolar disorder 240,000 1.0 120,000 1.0 120,000 1.0

Any anxiety 1,160,000 4.8 430,000 3.6 730,000 5.9

Panic disorder 380,000 1.5 130,000 1.0 250,000 2.0

Agoraphobia 180,000 0.7 40,000 0.4 140,000 1.1

Social anxiety disorder (Social phobia) 

750,000 3.0 310,000 2.6 430,000 3.4

Any substance dependence

760,000 3.1 550,000 4.5 210,000 1.7

Alcohol dependence

640,000 2.6 470,000 3.9 170,000 1.3

Illicit drug dependence

190,000 0.8 130,000 1.1 60,000 0.5

Eating Attitude Problems

430,000 1.7 60,000 0.5 360,000 2.9

Moderate Risk for / or Problem Gambling 

490,000 2.0 320,000 2.6 170,000 0.5

Problem Gambling 120,000 0.5 70,000 0.6 50,000 0.4

Moderate Risk for Problem Gambling

370,000 1.5 250,000 2.0 130,000 0.1

diabetesIn 2008/09, almost 2.4 million Canadians (6.8%) were living with diabetes. According to data obtained from blood samples, about 20% of diabetes cases remain undiagnosed. While the prevalence increased with age, more than 50% of Canadians diagnosed with diabetes (1.2 million) were of working age, between 25 and 64 years of age. The overall prevalence was higher among males (7.2%) than females (6.4%).

In 2008/09, more than 200,000 Canadians were newly diagnosed with diabetes (6.3 cases per 1,000 individuals). Just under half of new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in individuals aged 45 to 64 years old. Survey data indicate that in this age group, 47.5% of individuals with diabetes were obese compared to 19.1% of individuals without diabetes, implying that obesity was a major contributor to diabetes in this age group.

Leading causes of death

Cancer cases 2003-2007

Population with a Disability

• About 4.4 million Canadians (14.3%) reported having a disability in 2006. The percentage of Canadians with disabilities increased with age, ranging from 3.7% for children 14 years and under to 56.3% for those 75 years and over.

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