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Canada & UN Peacekeeping: Canada & UN Peacekeeping: Absent With or Without Leave?Absent With or Without Leave?
Dr. Walter Dorn
Canadian Forces College10 January 2008
UN
Photo
“Concern for man himself and his fate
should be the chief interest of all
technical endeavors.
Never forget this in the midst of your
diagrams and equations.”
- Albert Einstein
Canadian Peacekeeping Tradition
1957
1988 1992
20001995
1994
20012003 2007
1993
1996
Kitsilano Recreation Centre
Cdn Fatalities Plaque
“We Remember”Gift of CSC 25
Dorn
Canadian Association of Veterans in UN Peacekeeping (CAVUNP)
Peacekeeping defined
the deployment of international military and civilian personnel
to a conflict area, with the consent of the major parties to the conflict, [acting impartially] in order to:
– stop or contain hostilities or– supervise the carrying out
of a peace agreement.
Source: modified from UN Website
UN
Peace Support Operation (NATO doctrine)
Peace Support Operation (NATO doctrine)
ViolencePotentialViolencePotential
Source: adapted from PSTC, EO 401.02
Increasing Force
PeaceMakingPeaceMaking
s
c
PeaceEnforcement
PeaceEnforcementPeace
KeepingPeace
KeepingHumanitarianAssistance
HumanitarianAssistance
UNHCR
UNHCR
PeaceBuildingPeace
Building
Evolution of Peacekeeping: Historical & Functional
Four Types/Generations
1 – Observer
2 – Interposition
3 – Multidimensional
4 – Transitional administration
Expanding functions
OBSERVER MISSIONSU
N
“The Soldier-Diplomat”
BGen. Angle
HammarskjÖld &
MGen. Burns
“Internationalization” (UN-NY)
Secretariat
General AssemblySecurity Council
INTERPOSITIONAL FORCES
- Separate combatants - Uses Peacekeeping Forces in
pre-formed units (battalions)
- Armed for self-defence
“Fathers of peacekeeping” or (more accurately)
“Founders of peacekeeping forces”
UN
UN
The Canadians are Coming!
Gardam
, The C
anadian Peacekeeper (1992)
First contingent of Canadian troops to reach Egypt (Abu Suweir airport near Ismailia), 24 Nov 1956
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE 1957
Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Prize acceptance, Oslo, Dec. 11, 1957
“To Canada's Lester Bowles Pearson was given primarily for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations.”
- Norwegian Nobel Committee Web site
UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (2000-)
ASMARA
ADDIS ABABA
Liaison officers
Military observers
The PeacekeepingForce R
.Rom
ses
THIRD TYPE/GENERATION:
MULTIDIMENSIONALOPERATIONS
CHANGING CONFLICT / CHANGING PEACEKEEPING
Cold War Post Cold War
Conflict Type Interstate, interalliance Intrastate, internalOrigins Power bloc rivalry Ethnic/tribal/religious animosities, secessionism
Main Threats Armed attack/invasion Civil war, human rights violations (includinggenocide, torture), terrorism
Goals Conflict management:ceasefire and withdrawalagreements
Conflict resolution: Comprehensive(multidimensional) peace agreements. Conflictprevention
Means Deterence, negotiation,classical peacekeeping
Cooperation, mediation, modern peace-keeping
PeacekeepingLocations
State boundaries Throughout a nation or region
Peacekeepers Soldiers (non-P5) Soldiers, civilian police, civilian monitors(elections, human rights); incl. P5
MULTIDIMENSIONALPEACEKEEPING
Political Humanitarian
Economic JudicialReconstructionSocial
Military Police
CIMIC
Difficult Missions, 1993-95
Force Commanders
BGen Robin Gagnon FC, UNTMIH
1997
Gen Maurice BarilFC, MNF (Eastern Zaire)
1996 None since
Eastern Congo: Robust Peacekeeping (MONUC)
Mi-25 Combat Helicopters
Uniformed UN Peacekeepers(Military and Police, 1991–2007)
FOURTH TYPE/GENERATION:
TRANSITIONAL
ADMINISTRATION
A BIG STEP …
• Governing a territory during a transitional period
• Goal: turn over power to a peaceful, stable country power governed by a local, democratically-elected leadership
• The “comprehensive approach”
East Timor: UNTAET
… UNMISET
UN
Photo, 27 S
ep. 2002UN membership
Canadian Uniformed Personnel in UN PKO(Total Military and Police), 1990-2007
Police: 101
Military: 56
(Oct 31, 2007)
Canadian Military and Police in UN PKOs (2000-2007)
“Canada Pulls Out of Peacekeeping” (UNDOF)
www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060324/golan_heights_060323/20060324/
Canadian Contributions
Currently: • 57 soldiers • 107 civilian police• 250 civilians
• 56th rank in UN (Mil+CivPol)
• Cold War: 10% vs current 0.01% (factor of 100)
Closeout of Op Danaca,UNDOF (Golan Heights, 25 March 2006)
Again thinking about Canada’s military, how many Canadians do you think are currently serving as peacekeepers overseas? Is it…?
21%
43%
20%
5%
11%
Around 500 Around 5,000 Around 10,000 Around 50,000 Don't know
Navigator-Dominion Institute Poll, taken August 2002, www.navltd.com
Public Opinion: Canadian soldiers serving as peacekeepers
Canadians View Canada
“Canada is an essential contributor
to peacekeeping”
Agree: 87%
Disagree: 13%
“World Sees Canada as Tolerant, Generous Nation”November 12, 2006 (Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research)
Cdn Uniformed Personnel (Percentage of UN, 1990-2007)
Canada's Rank Among UN Contributors(by contribution of uniformed personnel to
UN peacekeeping, 1991–2007)
Darfur: Responsibility to Protect
www.mosaicinstitute.ca/file/POLLARA_Report_on_Darfur_Crisis_%28May_07%29.pdf
Cdn uniformed personnel with UNAMID: 1 police; CF in support of AU: 11 officers
PM Martin Extracts a Promise
“I made four demands of Hillier before I agreed to the [Afghanistan] mission.
– “I want in but I want out”– “Peacemaking and reconstruction”
– Darfur “all the troops I need”– Haiti “if that blows up again”
… none constrained by Afghanistan “or I wouldn’t agree to the mission.”
– Paul Martin, quoted in Janice Gross Stein and Eugene Lang, Unexpected War, p.191
Explaining the disconnect
• Afghanistan
• The Military – CDS Hillier– 3BW– Concentration– Value of peacekeeping– NATO
• The Critics
The Critics
A “Peacekeeping Myth”?– CF “only” peacekeepers– CF doesn’t need arms as peacekeepers– Canada acting with purely “altruistic” motives– Canada automatically participates– UN useless
“There is little or no point in committing Canada to UN operations until or that deficiency is rectified, should that ever occur.”
- Sean Maloney, Cdn Military Journal, Spring 2007
Granatstein: "Who Killed the Canadian Military?"
• “The Pearsonian peacekeeping myth …
continues today to hurt the military
(peaceful intervention leads to the faulty
deduction that there is no need to acquire
arms for the military).
• “Mike Pearson killed the military.”(2004)
“Cold War by Other Means” (Maloney)
The Canadian peacekeeping myth now swung into full operation and the real reasons for Canadian involvement with UN peacekeeping, that is, power projection on behalf of NATO interests, was forgotten or at least deeply submerged in the halls of the Pearson building. There was now a significantly greater willingness to reactivity submit to UN requests for Canadian involvement: Isn't that what Canada just did? We've always done it, haven't we? After all, we invented peacekeeping, didn't we?
Helpful Fixer or Hired Gun: Why Canada Goes Overseas. Sean M. Maloney, IRPP conference,"Challenges to Governance:Military Interventions Abroad and Consensus at Home“, Montreal, Nov 2000.
9/11 Changed Everything“Walter Dorn remains convinced that there is no life after or outside of the United Nations (UN). Holding such a view was once considered a sine qua non of respectability within the Canadian academic community. Given the events of 9/11, even the die-hard Canadian liberal left has moved on to a more reasoned and responsible position regarding Canada’s place in the world. Dorn has not. He is trapped well within the mystique of the blue beret, a mythological throwback to simpler times.”
- Prof. James Finan & Major Michael Boire, RMC
Canadian Military Journal
• “Great Canadian Peacekeeping Myth”– ideology of “Canadian Exceptionalism”: Canada is
different from the US in terms of “moral superiority” (Maloney); Anti-Americanism
– Canada motivated to keep the peace primarily by altruism and moral virtue: “false and misleading” (E. Wagner)
– “Canadian peacekeeping myth promulgated by observers such as Dorn and Newman is false”
Ignatieff Rejects “peacekeeping paradigm”
– In failed and failing states, “there is no peace to keep,” making peacekeeping “so flawed that it must be abandoned altogether.”
– Recommends UN Secretariat should “stop running peacekeeping operations”
Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada
From the Left
• Canada's Peacekeeping MythBy Richard Sanders
The belief that Canada is a major force for global peace forms the basis of a powerful myth that is integral to our culture. This myth shapes the image that we have constructed of ourselves and moulds the way that others see us. Like all myths, it has very little basis in reality.
Ways to Improve Peacekeeping(Canada)
• Greater awareness of success
• Rapid & Proactive
• Funding and resources– Intelligence
• Developed/Developing world partnership
• SHIRBIRG
• Technology
TECHNOLOGYTO THE RESCUE?
Monitoring and Surveillance Technologies
Tools of the Trade? (independent commissioned report)
TRADITIONAL TOOLS
• The Human Eye ... sometimes aided by binoculars
OBSERVATION TOWER
PROBLEMS OF UNAIDED MONITORING
Limited capabilities ...
– over large areas
– at night
– for underground detection
– in remote/difficult terrain
– information recording, analyzing, sharing and
storage
Tools of the Trade
Conclusions
1. No technological fix … but technology can be of
immense value in monitoring, preventing and
mitigating conflict.
2. Technical monitoring can increase the safety and
security of peacekeepers as well as the
effectiveness of the mission.
BENEFITS OF MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
• Increases range and accuracy of observation
• Permits continuous monitoring
• Increases effectiveness (including cost-effectiveness in some cases)
• Decreases intrusiveness
• Increases safety
• Provides recordings
Satellite imagery
Aerial surveillance
• UAVs in EUFOR in DRC
Night Vision
www.imaging1.com
Radars
Ground
Aerial
Underground
MULTISENSOR SYSTEMS
• Reconnaissance Vehicles
• Coyote with – GSR– low light TV– IR sensors– laser range finder– Extendible mast
• Mobile
Special Committee on Peacekeeping
March 2007
UN Photo/Paulo Filgueiras
UN Special Committee“45. The Special Committee welcomes the study launched by the
Secretariat on the use of advanced monitoring and surveillance technologies to tangibly improve operational capabilities, achieve results in the field and promote the safety and security of peacekeeping personnel. Recognizing the urgent need for Peacekeeping Operations to standardize the use of advanced technology, particularly in missions operating in dangerous environments or mandated with challenging tasks, the Special Committee requests the Secretariat to develop appropriate modalities for the use of advanced monitoring and surveillance technologies with due attention to legal, operational, technical and financial considerations as well as the consent of the countries concerned with regards to their application in the field.”
Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping, 23 May 2007
Monitoring technologies not yet “tools of the trade,” but they can
and should be.
Canada can lead.
“BUILD ON THAT FOUNDATION”
“We made at least a beginning then. If, on that foundation, we do not build something more permanent and stronger, we will once again have ignored realities, rejected opportunities and betrayed out trust.”
– Lester B. Pearson,
Nobel Prize acceptance speech,
Oslo, Dec. 11, 1957
“Canadians are still the best peacekeepers on this earth at all levels: senior appointments, staff, and the basic soldier.”
-Col. Mike Hanrahan, Military Adviser at the Canadian Mission to the United Nations, CFC, 15 November 2004
EXTRA SLIDES
Other Organizations
NATO
UN
Source: Richard Gowan and Ian Johnstone, “New Challenges for Peacekeeping: Protection, Peacebuilding and the War on Terror”, International Peace Academy, March 2007
Figure 7. Gross National Income (GNI) Share and PK Rate 2006 for the Top 10 Contributors.
30.2
12.5
4.7
5.0
4.7
3.8
2.2
2.2
5.8
1.7
26.7
19.5
8.7
7.4
7.3
4.9
2.8
2.5
2.5
0.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
USA
J apan
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Canada
Spain
China
Mexico
Per centage
GNI Share PK Assess 2006
(56% higher)
(26% higher)
(11.6% lower)
© W.Dorn, 2006
PKO Payments from Top 10 Contributors in 2005 (US$ million)
1,108
793
393
338
272
213
144
104
71
63
700
USA
J apan
Germany
France
United Kingdom
Italy
China
Canada
Spain
Netherlands
Others
USA
J apan
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Canada
Spain
Others
China
Neth.
W.Dorn, 2006
Standby High Readiness Brigade for UN Peacekeeping
ww
w.shirbrig.dk
Canadian civilians deployed
Number two in UN PKOs 287 Cdn civilians
About 2,000 “relating” to peace operations 1,200-1,500 public servants in “hardship” posts (embassies, consulates,
CIDA field offices) over 500 employed by international organizations and NGOs
Tasks: Managing missions Administering war zones Negotiating with warlords Delivering humanitarian assistance Organizing elections Monitoring human rights Helping to secure safety of vulnerable populations Advising fledgling governments
Source: UN; PPC 2007
Rank Country # of Int’l Staff
%
1 US 328 6
2 Canada 287 63 Kenya 212 4
4 UK 201 4
5 France 185 4
6 Philippines 182 4
7 India 140 3
8 Ghana 124 2
9 Ethiopia 111 2
poll of Jul-Aug 2007, www.angus-reid.com/uppdf/Iraq_Global.pdf
Canada: 58% support, 26% oppose