harvesting, processing and marketing as much as possi ble,and direct sales to foreigners only when Canadian com­panies do not purchase the catch.

2. Private Sector Development - the fishery should beeconomically self-supporting; the private sector is bestable to do this and government should assist through taxincentives; government subsidies should be phased outexcept to help first time young fishermen.

3. A Market Orientation - the market is the key to the wholefishing industry; approach should be to establish marketrequirements and respond to them with appropriateharvesting and processing.

4. Distribution of Benefits - a prosperous fishery based onan economically viable mix of inshore and offshoreefforts and equitable access to the resource by all usergroups will do the most to maintain the social fabric;the number of participants must be consistent withresource availability and of marketability, and with thosein the industry having a reasonable expectation of fairreturn on their labour and capital.

5. A Balanced Development- harvesting, processing, distri­bution and marketing segments of the industry are allessential and closely interrelated; the fishery can only befully and effectively developed if there is an appropriatesize and geographical mix of large and small boats,processing plants and enterprises, communities andservices.

6. Government Regulation - government involvement inthe fishery should be as limited as is consistent with itsresponsibility to protect the resource and the province'sinterests; governments should move towards a role ofserving the industry, and away from controlling theindustry.

Regulation should focus on the protection and im­provement of the resource, protecting against monopolyconditions and, to a lesser extent, assisting in maintain­ing balance in the fisheries. The approach to maintainingthis balance should be to strengthen the weak rather thanto weaken the strong.

On the other hand, government regulations should notbe used to change the economic order or structure of theindustry or to discourage technical development orefficiency, since the industry must remain competitive inthe international marketplace. Neither should they beused as a means for government to become directlyinvolved in areas more appropriately handled by privateactivity.

Government must strive toward longer term policiesand regulations that are relatively consistent and stablewith time, which change gradually rather than in un­expected shifts and are based more on economics thanpolitics. There is enough uncertainty in the fisherieswithout the added uncertainty of unexpected changes ingovernment rules and regulations. Improving the stabilityof the environment in the fisheries will encourage andassist longer term investment decisions by fishermen andothers in the industry.

Such policies and regulations should also be geared tothe particular problems and opportunities of each areaand fisheries ofthe province. It must be accepted that thevarious geographical areas and types of fisheries in NovaScotia are, in many cases, not amenable to standardizedregulatory or developmental approaches.

Finally, the fisheries should be as self-regulating aspossible by those participating in, and dependent on, theindustry. Those in the industry should have an increasingrole in the development of regulatory approaches theyidentify as being needed and in the enforcement of such

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self-imposed rules. This would lead to more reasonableregulations and the greatest possible degree of respon­sible behaviour.

7. Fishermen - major thrust of policies must favour thosefor whom fishing is the primary occupation; fishermenshould possess qualifications based on acquired skills;the concept that fishermen should associate for their ownadvancement should be supported.

8. Resource Management - fisheries regulations must beaimed at providing a good return to the professionalfishermen and the industry at large while maintainingfish stocks in a healthy condition for future users; thecompetitive nature of fisheries must be maintained;reduction of gear conflict; an appropriate mixture ofoffshore vessels and small boat inshore fisheries; fullutilization of onshore processing plants throughout theyear as a development objective.

9. Management Structures - increasing self-management bythe industry through advisory councils with membershipfrom fishermen, processors, labour, federal and provin­cial governments, and outside independents. The govern­ment of Nova Scotia will establish a Nova Scotia FisheriesAdvisory Council to provide policy and program adviceto the provincial government in matters relating tofisheries.

We can only commend this document to all thoseconcerned with fisheries policy development - especially tofederal politicians and officials awl to the other provincialgovernments.Editorial Note: Reprinted from Fisheries Bulletin.

F.R.V.

Canadian Food Spending HabitsAccording to recent consumer surveys, Canadians now

are spending more of their food dollar outside the home.The average Canadian family spent nearly 31 Cl: out of

every food dollar away from home in 1978, as compared to22C1: in 1969.

Rising per capita incomes, smaller families, more womenentering the labor force and increased leisure time and travelhave combined to alter Canadian lifestyles. In turn, this hasaltered Canadian attitudes towards eating.

Generally, over the past decade, the share of food-at­home expenditures for red meats, dairy products, eggs andprocessed vegetables has declined. Instead, people arespending more for poultry, fish, fresh fruits and vegetables,beverages and frozen foods.

The need for more convenience, rising food prices and agreater awareness of health and nutrition have led to thesechanges.

Red meats, however, still take the biggest bite out of theconsumer's food dollar, representing almost 25% of total at­home food expenditures. Dairy products follow, making upabout 15% ofexpenses. Cereal and bakery products accountfor 11 % of food spending.

Food buying trends vary significantly with family in­come. Lower income families, earning on the average slightlymore than $6,000 annually in 1978, spent 81 % of their fooddollar for food to be eaten at home, and only 19% on mealseaten outside the home. High income families on the otherhand, averaging about $41,000 annually, spent 62% of theirfood dollar for food at home and 38% outside the home.

Differences in the type of food purchased is also notice­able between income groups, with lower income familiesbuying more cereal and bakery products, poultry, eggs, fatsand oils and beverages than did the average Canadian family.Higher income families bought more red meats, dairyproducts, fresh fruits and frozen foods.

J. Imf. Can. Sd. Technvl. Alimem. Va!. 14, No. 3. Juillel 1981

Senior citizens spent more money on food to be eaten athome, while younger families spent less.

The senior citizen also spent less money on dairyproducts, meats, canned and dried vegetables, frozen foodsand partially or totally prepared foods. They spent consider­ably more on cereal and bakery products, poultry, cannedand dried fruits, fresh vegetables and beverages.

In families with both spouses working outside the home,more of the food dollar was spent away from home and moremoney went to the buying of convenience foods.

Canadian Wine ExportsCanadian table wines have become the standard-bearers

in an aggressive export marketing push by Canadianwineries.

Last year, Ontario and British Columbia wines were soldin the United States, New Zealand and several othercountries.

Most domestic wineries regularly supply wines to Cana­dian embassies for exposure and prestige, but with 1979export sales totalling only about $1.7 million, winery spokes­men say the international wine market is still virtuallyuntouched.

Because of location and relatively low shipping costs, theUnited States is the prime target for Canadian wine exports.Canadian producers are carefully selecting brands to avoidcompeting with well-entrenched California products.

Jordan Wines, which has exported small quantities to theUnited States for about ten years, is looking at internationalmarkets with renewed interest.

New hybrid grape varieties are allowing Canadianwineries to compete better in world markets. Most wineexported to date has been made from the Labrusca variety.

The winery is focusing its export attention on Japan.Three shipments, containing up to 1,200 cases of 350 mL and750 mL bottles, have been distributed through Japanesedepartment stores in the past two years. The Japanese like"pop" wines and have shown little interest in the better tablewmes.

Bright's Winery recently launched a vin ordinaire pro­gram to make its red and white House Wines, which havebeen popular with United States tourists, available across theborder.

Bright's also exports its President champagne and otherworld-class wines to Canadian embassies and armed forcesbases. A special shipment of Baco Noir was sent toSwitzerland last year.

One of Canada's farthest-flung wine sales was a 1,000­bottle shipment of Barnes Wines' Ontario Country whitewine to New Zealand.

lain Higgins, Barnes national sales manager, says thewinery also is marketing five generic table wines and threetypes of sherry in the United States, where products will beara Maple Leaf emblem.

Barnes' lines are listed with the New Hampshire StateLiquor Commission, and the winery plans to tap other NewEngland, southeastern United States and West Indiesmarkets this year.

Andres Wines has successfully marketed its light, spark­ling Baby Duck wine in England. The company sendsNiagara Peninsula Concord grape concentrate to a Britishmanufacturer which has sold more than 1,000,000 bottles ofBaby Duck in the United Kingdom. The company's BritishColumbia and Ontario wineries have also sold significantquantities ofsparkling Moody Blue wine to the United Statesin the last three years.

Canadian wineries are encouraging world wine fanciers to"think Canadian," but the wine industry spokesmen point

Can. Inst. Foud Sci. Technol. J. Vol. 14. No. 3. July 1981

out that they face stiff c0J:l1petttlOn here at home fromimports, with wine imports totalling more than $135 millionin 1979.

Winery spokesmen say their prime aim is to increase saleswithin Canada, where per capita wine consumption hasnearly doubled since 1977, reaching almost two gallons percapita.

Peanut-Processing PlantCanada's first peanut-processing plant has been opened

in southwestern Ontario.The opening of this plant represents a major step towards

establishing peanuts as a new commercial crop in Canada.Located in Wind ham Centre, Ont., this is the first

cleaning, shelling and grading plant to be built by Canadians.It is owned and operated by a grower, Jim Picard, and has acapacity of 5,000 tons. The plant can shell, fry or roastpeanut production for 4,000 acres annually.

Last year, peanuts were harvested from 180 acres on sixfarms, yielding an average of between 2,000 and 2,200lb. per acre.

Peanuts represent a promising new crop, particularly inOntario where peanut plants can thrive in the sandy lands ofNorfolk, Elgin and Oxford Counties.

Canada annually imports 74,000 tons of peanut productsvalued at nearly $60 million.

Peanuts now are a viable commercial crop because of theintensive efforts of the federal government, the Ontariogovernment, the University of Guelph and enterprisingindividuals such as Mr. Picard.

Agriculture Canada's involvement came through both theNew Crop Development Fund and the Department's Re­search Branch.

Since the introduction of the New Crop DevelopmentFund in 1974, more than $500,000 has been invested inpeanut research. This represents more than 60% of totalfinancial investment for research and development ofpeanuts in Ontario.

Field trials carried out at Agriculture Canada's researchstation in Delhi, Ont., concentrated on identifying avigorous-growing plant that was tolerant to cold, earlyflowering and maturing and high yielding. Effective weedcontrol programs were also investigated.

During five years of research, some 3,600 peanut varietieswere studied and the Valencia peanut proved to be the bestvariety for Ontario growing conditions; it is one of the mostflavourful of all peanut varieties.

Domestic peanut manufacturers are also pleased with theadvancement of Canada's own peanut industry. Tradition­ally, they have had to rely on imports ofshelled peanuts fromthe United States.

New Facilities for Atlantic SugarAtlantic Sugar Limited has constructed new facilities at

its Montreal and Toronto warehousing and distributioncentres at a cost of more than $1,000,000 to provide for thereceiving, blending, storage and shipping of the newsweetener High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS).

Leo E. Labrosse, president, said that, in addition,receiving, storage and shipping areas for existing liquidsugars will be modernized and expanded. Enclosed shippingfacilities will be a feature. Automated equipment will enableAtlantic to blend HFCS, invert, liquid sucrose and glucose toany customer requirements.

HFCS, a product of the corn wet milling process, hasgained about 17% of the United States sweetener market inthe eight years it has been sold on a serious commercial basis,and a similar trend is expected in Canada.

Institute Affairs/ 161