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Rekayasa RadioTTG4B3

SEMESTER GANJIL 2015 2016

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E1

First use was for telephony (voice) in 1960s with PCM anTDM of 30 digital PCM voice channels which called E1

E1 is known as PCM-30 also

E1 was developed slightly after T1 (1.55 Mbps) was deve

in America (hence T1 is slower)

T1 is the North America implementation of PCM and TDM

T1 is PCM-24 system

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E1 Frame

30 time division multiplexed (TDM) voice channels, each running a

(known as E1) E1 rate is 2.048 Mbps containing thirty two 64 kbps time slots,

30 for voice, One for Signaling (TS16) One for Frame Synchronization (TS0)

E1 (2M) Frame rate is the same PCM sampling rate = 8kHz, Frame dkHz = 125 s (Every 125 us a new frame is sent)

Time slot Duration is 125 s/32 = 3.9 s

One time slot contains 8 bits A timeslot can be thought of as a link running at 8000 X 8 = 64 kbps E1 Rate:

64 X 32 = 2048000 bits/second

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GSM coding and TDM in terrestrial E

As we know PCM channel is 64Kb/s

Bit rate for one voice GSM channel is 16Kb/s between BTS and BSC(terrestrial)

One GSM E1 is 120 GSM voice channels

The PCM-to-GSM TRAU (transcoder) reduces no of E1s by 4

Each GSM radio carries 8 TCHs in the air, this equivalent to8x16Kb/s=2x64Kb/s between BTS and BSC.

Each GSM radio has 2 time slots in the GSM E1.

Example: 3/3/3 site require 9x2=18 E1 time slots for traffic and timslot(s) for radio signaling links

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PDH Multiplexing

Based on a 2.048Mbit/s (E1) bearer

Increasing traffic demands that more and more of these

basic E1 bearers be multiplexed together to provide

increased capacity

Once multiplexed, there is no simple way an individual E1

bearer can be identified in a PDH hierarchy

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European PDH Multiplexing Structur

1

30

1 E1

4 x E1

16 x E1

4 x 34

Higher order multiplexing

2048 kbps

8448 kbps

34,368 kbps

139,264 kbps

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European PDH Multiplexing Structure-used

MUX

DEMUX

Primary PCM

Multiplexing

BTS

Multiplexing

Data

Multiplexing

MUX

DEMUX

MUXDEMUX

MUXDEMUX

MUX

DEMUX

1st order

2.048 Mbps

E1

2nd order

8.228 Mbps

E23rd o

34.368

EVF

Data

mobile

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PDH Problems

Inflexible and expensive because of asynchronous multiplexing

Limited network management and maintenance support capabilitie

High capacity growth

Sensitive to network failure

Difficulty in verifying network status

Increased cost for O&M

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SDH

Synchronous and based on byte interleaving

provides the capability to send data at multi-gigabit rates over

fiber-optics links.

SDH is based on an STM-1 (155.52Mbit/s) rate

SDH supports the transmission of all PDH payloads, other than

8Mbit/s

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SDH Bit Rates

155.52 Mbit/s

622.08 Mbit/s

2.48832 Gbit/s

STM-1

STM-4

STM-16

4

4

3

STM-0 51.84 Mbit/s

STM-64

4

9.995328 Gbit/s

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From 2 Mbps to STM-1

STM-1VC-4

+ POH+ POH

VC-122 Mbits

(Justification)

+ SOH

SOH: Section Overhead

POH: Path Overhead

VC: Virtual Container

SDH

MUX

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SDH Benefits over PDH

SDH transmission systems have many benefits over PDH:

Software Controlallows extensive use of intelligent network management software for high and easy re-configurability, and efficient network management.

SurvivabilityWith SDH, ring networks become practicable and their use enables autom

reconfiguration and traffic rerouting when a link is damaged. End-to-end m

allow full management and maintenance of the whole network.

Efficient drop and insertSDH allows simple and efficient cross-connect without full hierarchical mu

multiplexing. A single E1 2.048Mbit/s tail can be dropped or inserted with

even on Gbit/s links.

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SDH Benefits over PDH

Standardizationenables the interconnection of equipment from different suppsupport of common digital and optical standards and interface

Robustness and resilience of installed networks is increased.

Equipment size and operating costsreduced by removing the need for banks of multiplexers and d

multiplexers. Follow-on maintenance costs are also reduced.

Backwards compatiblywill enable SDH links to support PDH traffic.

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Sistem Modulasi

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Sistem Modulasi

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Sistem Modulasi

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Sistem Modulasi

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Contoh Hubungnan Modulasi dan Capacity

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Contoh Hubungnan Modulasi dan Capacity

9500 MPRFull IP Microwave

Frequency Range 6 GHz to 38 GHz, 80 Ghz

Modulation schemes 4 QAM /16 QAM /32 QAM /64 QAM /128 QAM /256 QAM

Interfaces 10/100/1000 Ethernet, E1, ATM

Throughput Up to 350 Mb/s per radio carrier

Channel Spacing 7 MHz, 14 MHz, 28 MHz, 56 Mhz

Configurations 1+0, 1+1 HSB, Frequency Diversity, Space Diversity,Nodal configurations up to 6 radio paths per shelf

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A

B

C

D

E

F

G

G sebagai Hub Site/ Collector Site

D LOS hanya ke C

A LOS ke C dan BF LOS ke A, C dan B

C LOS ke E dan G

B LOS ke C, E dan G

E LOS ke G

Jika Masing2 BTS pada lokasi Site/

Tentukan link transmisi dan kapas

Radio MW yg disediakan:

2E1

4E1

8E1

16E1