A Circle the conjugated verb and underline the subject in each sentence.
Susan Hi, I am Susan.Pablo Hello, my name is Pablo. Where are you from? Susan I am from the United States. Are you from Madrid?Pablo Yes, I go to the Colegio Miguel de Cervantes. Where do you study? Susan I study at Lincoln High School. I like Spanish a lot.Pablo Great! Who is your teacher? Susan Miss Garza is my teacher. She is very friendly and intelligent. Can I
practice my Spanish with you by email? Pablo Sure, I want to have an American pen pal.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Subjects and verbs in sentences
CAPÍTULO
1
In Spanish Sentences also have a subject and a verb. A subject can be a nounor a pronoun. Some pronouns you’ve seen are él, ella, tú, and usted. Unlike inEnglish, in Spanish the subject noun or subject pronoun can be left out of a sen-tence if everyone knows who or what you’re talking about. When this is the case,the verb, such as es, estoy, or estás, is enough!
La señora Pérez es mi profesora. Ella es de Madrid.Antonio es mi amigo. Es de España.¿Cómo estás?Estoy bien, gracias.
In English Sentences have a subject and a verb. The subject is the person orthing doing something or being described. The verb is an action word like run orsing, or a word like am, is, or are that links the subject to a description.
Mrs. Pérez is my Spanish teacher.She is from Florida.We like her very much.
English sentences always have a subject. The subject can be a noun or a pro-noun. A noun refers to a person, a thing, or a place. A noun can be replaced witha pronoun, which is a word that stands for the noun. Words such as I, you, he,she, it, we, and they are all pronouns.
Juan is a classmate. He is my best friend. (He stands for Juan.)
B Circle the conjugated verbs and underline their subjects in this conversation.
Miguel Hola, yo soy Miguel.Lola Yo soy Lola. ¿Qué tal?
Miguel Muy bien. ¿Quién es él?Lola Mi amigo se llama Santiago. Él es un compañero de clase. Él es de
Barcelona. ¿Y quién es la señora? Miguel La señora es la profesora Montero. Ella es mi profesora
de ciencias.Lola Muy bien. Hasta luego.
Miguel Adiós.
C Some subjects have been left out of the following conversation because theyaren’t needed. Underline all the verbs and then circle those verbs whose subjecthas been left out.
Arturo ¡Buenos días! Soy Arturo.Yolanda Encantada, Arturo. Yo soy Yolanda. Y éste es mi amigo José.
Es un compañero de clase.Arturo Mucho gusto, José. ¿De dónde eres?
Yolanda Soy de Cuba. ¿De dónde eres tú?Arturo Yo soy de Panamá. ¿Y quién es la muchacha?
Yolanda Ella es mi mejor amiga, Leticia. Es de la República Dominicana.Ah, y éste es el señor Ruiz. Es mi profesor de ciencias.
Arturo Encantado, profesor.Señor Ruiz Igualmente.
D Read the following sentences in English and Spanish. What would happen if youleft out the subject in English? Why do you think you can often leave out thesubject pronoun in Spanish?
A Circle the form of the verb to be in the following sentences, and underline thesubject of the sentence.
1. Yolanda is from Maracay, Venezuela.
2. It is ten o’clock.
3. Tomorrow is Thursday.
4. We are your cousins.
5. I am from Valparaíso, Chile.
6. You are a very good student.
7. Mr. Matute and Mrs. Shumway are our teachers.
8. You are my best friends.
B Circle the form of the verb ser in the following sentences. Underline the subjectof the sentence, or write an M when it is missing.
1. Es de Madrid, España.
2. Hoy es el tres de agosto.
3. Son las cuatro y veinte.
4. Ustedes no son mis compañeros de clase.
M
Nombre Clase Fecha
Present tense of the verb ser
CAPÍTULO
1
In Spanish The verb ser (to be) is also used to describe or define people orthings, to say where people are from, to give the date, day and time, and to give atelephone number. Just like to be in English, ser is conjugated. It changes itsform to match the subject. Here is the conjugation of ser:
yo soy nosotros(as) somostú eres vosotros(as) sois
él, ella, Ud. es ellos, ellas, Uds. son
In English The verb to be is the most common verb. It has many uses. Someof them are to describe or define people or things, to say where people are from,to give the date, day and time, and to give a telephone number. Like all verbs, tobe is conjugated, that is, it changes its form to match the subject.
I am Carlos. We are from Argentina.You are from Managua. You are high school students.Today is Friday, March 2. They are my friends.
5. Soy tu mejor amigo.
6. Nosotros somos de Valencia, España.
7. Ellas son profesoras.
8. ¿Cómo está usted?
C Circle the correct form of the verb ser in the following sentences.
1. Marta Valdés (soy/eres/es) mi mejor amiga.
2. Las profesoras Pérez y Garza (somos/sois/son) de Brownsville, Texas.
3. Yo (soy/eres/es) de Panamá.
4. Mis amigos y yo (soy/somos/son) compañeros de clase.
5. Usted (soy/eres/es) el profesor de ciencias.
6. Tú y Alicia (soy/eres/son) amigas.
7. Hoy (soy/es/son) el doce de octubre.
8. Tú no (soy/eres/es) de México.
D Complete the following conversation with the correct form of ser.
Blanca Jorge, ésta mi mejor amiga, Sonia.
Jorge Hola, Sonia. ¿Tú una compañera de clase?
Sonia Sí, una compañera de clase.
Jorge Ah. ¿Y el profesor Martínez, de dónde ?
Sonia Él de Uruguay, ¿Y tú, de dónde ? ¿de Perú?
Jorge No, no de Perú, de Ecuador.Y ustedes, ¿de dónde ?
Blanca Nosotras de Monterrey, México. ¿Qué hora?
Jorge las dos y media. Tengo que irme.
Sonia Adiós, Jorge. ¿Nosotros amigos?
Jorge Sí, mis compañeras de clase mis amigas. ¡Adiós!
E What are the differences between the conjugations of English to be and Spanishser? Which has more forms?
A Write the appropriate punctuation mark at the end of each sentence: (?) forquestions and (!) for exclamations.
1. Where are you from
2. See you tomorrow
3. That’s a great idea
4. What’s your name
5. Nice to meet you
6. How’s it going
7. What time is it
8. Goodbye
B Below are the same sentences from Activity A written in Spanish. Write theappropriate punctuation marks at the beginning and end of each sentence:(¿…?) for questions and (¡…!) for exclamations.
1. De dónde eres
2. Hasta mañana
3. Qué gran idea
4. Cómo te llamas
5. Encantada
6. Qué tal
7. Qué hora es
8. Adiós
Nombre Clase Fecha
Punctuation marks and written accents
CAPÍTULO
1
In Spanish Besides the punctuation marks used at the end of a sentence (?and !), upside-down punctuation marks such as (¿) and (¡) are placed at thebeginning of a phrase to signal a question or an exclamation. Both beginning and end marks must be used.
¿Cómo está usted? How are you?¡Hasta mañana! See you tomorrow!
In English Question marks (?) and exclamation points (!) are placed at theend of sentences that are questions or exclamations.
How are you? So good to see you!
EXP124GT_005-006_2p.qxd 1/5/05 6:49 PM Page 5
C Look again at Activity B. How many accent marks and tildes can you find insentences 1-8?
Accent marks Tildes
D Write a conversation between a new friend and yourself using the followingphrases. Use question marks, exclamation points, tildes, and accent marks where needed.
Adios. Como te llamas Que tal estas Soy de…Hasta manana Hoy es miercoles De donde eres Estoy bienQue dia es hoy Tengo que irme Encantado. Y tuCual es tu telefono Mas o menos Encantada Buenos diasDe donde eres Me llamo… Mi telefono es … Hola
In Spanish An accent mark is a tilted line (´) over a vowel (as in the worddías). It often tells you which syllable to stress. Placing accent marks is part ofcorrect spelling, so you should memorize them when you learn new words.
¿Cómo está usted? mediodía miércoles
The wavy line in the letter ñ is called a tilde. The ñ is pronounced much like nyin the English word canyon.
A Circle each adjective and underline the noun or pronoun it describes. Then checkoff whether the noun described is singular (S) or plural (P).
1. Dorothy is dark-haired.2. We are intelligent.3. My best friend is lazy.4. The boys are shy.5. Dwayne is handsome.6. The math books are boring.7. My classmates are athletic.8. I am friendly and outgoing.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Gender and adjective agreement
CAPÍTULO
2
In Spanish People or things are also described with adjectives. However,they change their endings to match the gender of the nouns or pronouns theydescribe. Most adjectives have a masculine form ending in –o and a feminineform ending in –a.
Raúl es listo. Marta es lista.
Adjectives that end in –e have the same masculine and feminine forms. Adjectivesending in a consonant do not add an –a, unless they refer to nationality or end in –or.
El profesor es inteligente. La profesora es inteligente.Él es intelectual y trabajador. Ella es intelectual y trabajadora.
Adjectives also agree with nouns in number. If the singular form ends in a vowel,add an –s to make it plural. If the singular form ends in a consonant, add –es. Todescribe a group of males and females, a masculine plural form is used.
Los profesores son extrovertidos. Susana y Marta son graciosas.Mis compañeras son interesantes. Mis amigos son intelectuales.
Teresa y Pedro son antipáticos y trabajadores.
In English Words that describe people or things are called adjectives. Theycan be used with the verb to be to say what someone or something is like.
Robert is tall. (Robert is a noun; tall is an adjective.)That pretty girl is also tall. (girl is a noun; pretty and tall are adjectives.)The teachers are funny and friendly. They are all tall as well.
(teachers is a noun; funny, friendly and tall are adjectives.)
The adjective tall, or any other English adjective, does not change form, no mat-ter whether it describes a noun that is singular or plural, masculine or feminine.
S P✓
B Circle each adjective and underline the noun or pronoun it describes. Then,check the right column to tell whether the noun described is singular (S) orplural (P), masculine (M) or feminine (F).
1. Rafael es moreno.
2. Nosotras somos inteligentes.
3. Mi mejor amiga es muy guapa.
4. Arturo y Julio son bajos.
5. Los profesores son divertidos.
6. Rosario es seria.
7. Emilia y Fátima son perezosas.
8. Mis compañeros de clase son simpáticos.
C Circle the appropriate adjective to complete each sentence.
1. Teresa es (pelirroja/pelirrojas).
2. Los estudiantes son (trabajador/trabajadores).
3. Nosotras somos (bonitos/bonitas).
4. Mi mejor amigo es (tímido/tímidos).
5. Mi profesora de ciencias es (simpático/simpática).
6. Ustedes son muy (inteligentes/inteligente).
7. La señora Hurtado es (aburrida/aburridos).
8. Elisa y Gabriel son (románticos/románticas).
D Rewrite the following sentences so the subject is feminine and plural. Then,answer the questions in c.
a. My friend is lazy. _______________________________________________
b. Mi amigo es perezoso.____________________________________________
c. Do words need to be changed in the English sentence? in the Spanish sen-tence? What do you conclude about adjective agreement in Spanish?
A Circle the correct question word to complete the following sentences.
1. (Where/Who) do you live?2. (What/When) is your favorite color?3. (Why /How) are you doing?4. (When/Who) is your birthday?5. (What/Where) restaurant did you eat at?6. (Who/What) is your teacher’s name? 7. (How many/Where) dogs do you have?
B Circle the correct question word to complete the following questions.
1. ¿(Cuántos/Cómo) años tienes? 2. ¿(Cómo/Cuándo) está usted?
Nombre Clase Fecha
Question formation
CAPÍTULO
2
In Spanish Some questions require sí or no as an answer. At the end of suchquestions, you must raise the pitch of your voice. The subject can go before orafter the verb, or it can be dropped altogether. In your answer, you must say notwice: once to mean no and a second time to mean not.
¿Eres trabajadora? Sí, soy trabajadora.¿Juan es bajo? / ¿Es bajo Juan? No, Juan no es bajo.
When you ask for more information, you use question words. They are all writ-ten with an accent mark.¿Cómo es Eugenia? What’s Eugenia like?¿De dónde eres? Where are you from?¿Quién es el profesor de ciencas? Who is the science teacher?¿Qué hora es? What time is it?¿Cuántos años tienes? How old are you?¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños? When is your birthday?
In English Some questions with the verb to be require yes or no as an answer.In such cases, the subject must usually go after the verb.
Is the teacher intelligent? Yes, the teacher is intelligent.Are you shy? No, I’m not shy.
In all other questions with to be, you must use a question word such as how,who, when, where, or what at the beginning of the sentence.
How old are you?Where are you from?What time is it?
3. ¿(Cuántos/Cuándo) es el cumpleaños de Luz María?
4. ¿(Qué/Cómo) te llamas?
5. ¿(Quién/Cuándo) es la profesora de español?
6. ¿(Qué/Cuál) es tu teléfono?
7. ¿(Cuándo/De dónde) es Miguel de Cervantes?
8. ¿(Cuántos/Cómo) es la compañera de clase? ¿Es divertida?
C Write an appropriate question for each answer.
1. —
—Daniel tiene catorce años.
2. —
—Estoy muy bien, gracias.
3. —
—La profesora es atlética y graciosa.
4. —
—Soy de Maracaibo, Venezuela.
5. —
—El profesor es el señor Herrera.
6. —
—Son las doce y media.
7. —
—Hoy es viernes, el quince de octubre.
D 1. Translate this yes/no question into English: ¿Juan es de España?
2. How is the word order different in English?
3. How would someone hearing the Spanish sentence know that it is a questionrather than a statement?______________________________________________________________
A Circle the definite articles in the following sentences, and underline the nouneach article goes with.
1. The musician plays jazz.
2. We won the volleyball game.
3. My mom dropped the salad.
4. The birthday party ended late.
5. He ate all the hamburgers.
6. My sister took the football.
7. The CD is scratched.
8. All the animals left the zoo.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Nouns and definite articles/plural nouns
CAPÍTULO
2
In Spanish All nouns have a gender: masculine nouns tend to end in –o (helado)and feminine nouns tend to end in –a (fiesta). To form a plural noun, add an –s toa noun ending in a vowel, or add –es to a noun ending in a consonant.
deporte sport deportes sportsanimal animal animales animals
When you you speak about a noun as a general category, you use definite article, which is equivalent to English the. In Spanish, the has different formsthat agree with the noun in gender and number:
MASCULINE FEMININESINGULAR el profesor la profesoraPLURAL los profesores las profesoras
You can also use the definite article after the verb gustar (Me gusta la pizza. Ilike pizza.)
In English Words used to name people, places and things are called nouns.Often a noun is introduced by the definite article the.
The teacher is intelligent. (teacher is a noun)Cristina listens to the radio. (radio is a noun)The Mexican restaurant is great. (restaurant is a noun)
The is used with all nouns: nouns that refer to the masculine gender (like boy),the feminine gender (like actress), and those that have no gender (like radio,restaurant, and most other nouns in English).
B Circle the definite articles in the following sentences, and underline the nouneach article goes with. Then check the appropriate column to tell whether thenoun is masculine (M) or feminine (F), singular (S) or plural (P).
1. Me gusta el ajedrez.2. ¿Te gusta la comida china?3. Las compañeras de clase son bonitas.4. Hoy es el cumpleaños de Ana.5. No me gusta la música pop.6. ¿Te gustan mucho las verduras?7. Los libros de aventuras son fenomenales.8. Me gustan más los deportes.
C Complete the following sentences with the correct definite article.
1. ¿Te gusta comida italiana?2. No, me gustan más frutas.3. ¿Te gusta más pizza o helado?4. Me da igual. Me gustan más verduras.5. ¿Te gustan videojuegos?6. No, me gusta más ajedrez.7. ¿Te gustan libros de ciencia ficción?8. Sí, y también me gustan películas de misterio.
D Write three sentences telling what you like or what your friend likes, using megusta or le gusta. Circle the definite article, then underline the noun and tellwhether it is masculine or feminine.
A Complete the following sentences with the possessive forms of the nouns inparentheses.
1. Our office is full of books. (teacher)
2. My anniversary is tomorrow. (parents)
3. The claws are very sharp! (cat)
4. violin lesson ends at seven. (Kathleen)
5. Your party was so much fun! (friends)
6. That man over there is uncle. (James)
7. Dora saw all the basketball games. (women)
8. My room is very messy. (sister)
B Complete the following sentences with the possessive forms of the nouns inparentheses.
1. Los libros son . (Marina)de Marina
teacher’s
Nombre Clase Fecha
Uses of de
CAPÍTULO
2
In Spanish The word de is used to show possession or relationship. Use dewith singular and plural nouns.
Es la casa de mis amigos. It’s my friends’ house.Es el profesor de mi mejor amiga. He is my best friend’s teacher.
You can also use de to indicate the kind of thing you’re describing.los libros de amor romance bookslas películas de ciencia ficción science fiction movies
You use de to say where someone is from.Viviana es de Colombia. Viviana is from Colombia.
When de is followed by the article el, both words combine to form the contrac-tion del.
Hoy es el cumpleaños del profesor. (de + el profesor)
In English An ’s (apostrophe s) is added to a singular noun to show posses-sion or relationship to one person. In the plural, an apostrophe alone (’) is addedafter the –s ending of most plural nouns.
Timmy’s books are in his backpack.My friend’s classes are wonderful.The teachers’ lounge is empty.The girls’ basketball team won the championship.
2. Son los videojuegos . (mi mejor amigo)
3. Hoy es la fiesta . (los estudiantes)
4. Es el carro . (el señor Rueda).
5. ¿Cuál es el correo electrónico ? (la profesora)
6. Es la pizza . (el muchacho)
7. Ricardo es amigo . (los animales)
C Answer the questions using the preposition de to say what kind of for each noun.
1. ¿Qué libros te gustan? (libros / amor)
2. ¿Te gustan mucho los libros? (libros / aventuras)
3. ¿Te gustan las películas? (películas / misterio)
4. ¿Quién es el señor Rodríguez? (profesor / ciencias)
5. ¿Te gustan los videojuegos? (videojuegos / ciencia ficción)
6. ¿Qué música te gusta? (música / fiestas)
D Translate the following phrases into English.
a. el libro de aventuras _____________________________________________
b. el libro de mi amigo _____________________________________________
c. la muchacha de Puerto Rico _______________________________________
E. In Activity D, how did you translate de in each case? What does this differencetell us about the different uses of de?
A Circle the verb that follows to like in each sentence. Then write whether it is aninfinitive or an –ing form.
1. Brad likes to surf the Web.
2. I like riding my bike.
3. We like eating at the Cuban restaurant.
4. My friends like to ski.
5. Do you like to play the guitar?
6. Albert likes fishing.
7. My best friend likes to run in the park.
8. Margarita likes reading novels.
B Circle the verb that follows gustar in each sentence. Then write whether it is an–ar, –er, or –ir infinitive.
1. A Benito le gusta navegar por Internet. –ar
infinitive
Nombre Clase Fecha
Gustar with infinitives
CAPÍTULO
3
In Spanish All infinitives have special endings. There are three types: thoseending in –ar, those ending in –er, and those ending in –ir.
–ar infinitives –er infinitives –ir infinitivesbailar to dance correr to run vivir to live
Infinitives, like nouns, can be used after a verb like gustar to say what you andothers like to do. Only infinitives can be used after this verb. Always use gusta(not gustan) with infinitives.
Me gusta el chocolate. I like chocolateTe gusta bailar. You like to dance.Nos gusta vivir aquí. We like living here.Le gusta escribir cartas. He likes to write letters.
In English An infinitive tells the meaning of a verb without naming any sub-ject. Infinitives do not have any special endings, but they almost always havethe word to before them.
to eat to run to play to draw
Just like nouns, infinitives can be used after another verb, such as to like. It isalso possible to have –ing forms of the verb following to like.
Jennifer likes music.I like to draw. I like drawing.We all like to swim in cold water. We all like swimming.
2. A Teresita le gusta montar en bicicleta.
3. Les gusta comer en el restaurante chino.
4. A mis amigos les gusta leer novelas.
5. Te gusta tocar el piano.
6. Me gusta salir con mis amigos.
7. A Asun le gusta correr por el parque.
8. No nos gusta ir de compras.
C You’re being interviewed about your friends and yourself. Answer the followingquestions using the correct form of the verb gustar.
1. ¿Te gusta leer libros o ver televisión?______________________________________________________________
2. ¿A tus amigos les gusta dibujar o escuchar música?______________________________________________________________
3. ¿A tu mejor amigo le gusta bailar o cantar?______________________________________________________________
4. ¿A tus amigos les gusta hacer ejercicio o hacer la tarea?______________________________________________________________
5. ¿Qué te gusta hacer por las tardes?______________________________________________________________
6. ¿Qué no te gusta hacer?______________________________________________________________
D Translate the following sentences, then answer the questions.
A In each sentence, circle the subject pronoun and underline the object pronouns.
1. I sent a message to you.2. She asked me to give it to her.3. They have no problem with it.4. They don’t have time for him.5. He’s heard a lot about us.6. She knows them very well.7. We saw you talking to her.8. Do they think it works for them?
Nombre Clase Fecha
Pronouns after prepositions
CAPÍTULO
3
In Spanish You know subject pronouns and those used with gustar.Pronouns have a different form when they come after a preposition, such as a(to), de (of, from, about), con (with) and en (in, at, on). Here are the forms:
Subject With After a Subject With After agustar preposition gustar preposition
yo ➔ me mí nosotros ➔ nos nosotrostú ➔ te ti vosotros ➔ os vosotrosél ➔ le él ellos ➔ les ellosella ➔ le ella ellas ➔ les ellasusted ➔ le usted ustedes ➔ les ustedes
Note the special forms conmigo (con + mí) and contigo (con + ti). Also, a +a pronoun can be used with gustar to clarify or emphasize who likes something.
Tú y tu amigo son divertidos. Me gusta salir con ustedes.A mí me gusta pasear contigo, y a ella le gusta salir conmigo.
In English Pronouns stand for a person or thing, yet often have different formsdepending on how they are used in the sentence. There are two kinds of pro-nouns in English: subject pronouns and object pronouns. A subject pro-noun stands for the subject of the sentence. An object pronoun can be theobject of the action of the verb, or it can come after a preposition (such as to).
I gave them a gift. She brought them to us.
Here are the subject pronouns and their corresponding object pronouns.I ➔ me we ➔ usyou ➔ you you ➔ youhe ➔ himshe ➔ her they ➔ themit ➔ it
B In these sentences, circle the subject pronoun and the pronoun coming after apreposition. Underline the pronouns used with gustar.
1. Yo soy Adela, y a mí me gusta patinar.
2. Nos gusta mucho salir contigo.
3. A ustedes les gusta hacer la tarea conmigo, ¿no?
4. ¿Y a Josefina? ¿Qué le gusta hacer a ella?
5. ¿Y a Agustín? ¿Cuál es el teléfono de él?
6. Tú eres atlético; a ti te gusta correr.
7. A nosotros no nos gusta nadar.
8. ¿Cuándo es el cumpleaños de ellos?
C Complete the following conversation with the correct pronouns.
Luis (1) soy Luis. ¿Y (2) ? ¿Cómo te llamas? Julián Me llamo Julián. Me gusta mucho leer. ¿Y a (3) qué te
gusta hacer?Luis A mí (4) gusta leer también. A mi amigo y a
(5) nos gusta escuchar música y nadar.Julián ¿Sí? ¿A (6) dos les gusta mucho estudiar también?
Luis Sí, más o menos. A (7) también nos gusta estudiar ynavegar por Internet.
Julián Quiero estudiar. ¿Ustedes quieren estudiar (8) con ?Luis Sí, mi amigo y yo queremos estudiar (9) con . ¿Hoy?
Julián Sí, a las cuatro. ¿Cómo se llama tu amigo? ¿Cuál es el teléfono de(10) ?
Luis Se llama Santi. El teléfono es el 3-48-15-55. Y mi hermana es Gloria.Nos gusta estudiar con (11) también.
Julián Perfecto. ¡Hasta luego!
D Compare the subject pronouns and the pronouns after prepositions in Englishand in Spanish. In which language are they mostly different? In which languageare they mostly similar? What exceptions are there?
A Draw a straight line under the subject and a dashed line under the verb in eachsentence. Then circle the ending of each verb. Not all verbs have an ending.
1. The class interests me.
2. Rebecca sings well.
3. I almost never dance at parties.
4. You always talk to Juan.
5. Begoña plays her guitar every day.
6. We work hard at my school.
7. My mother listens to music after work.
8. My two best friends skate at the mall.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Present tense of verbs
CAPÍTULO
3
In Spanish Every verb has a stem which tells the meaning of the verb. Verbendings change according to the subject. (For this reason, the subject pronounsare often left out.) Changing the endings is called conjugating the verb. Whenthe infinitive ends in –ar, drop the –ar ending and attach the following endings:
cantar to singyo canto nosotros(as) cantamostú cantas vosotros(as) cantáis
usted, él, ella canta ustedes, ellos, ellas cantan
All regular –ar verbs have endings like cantar. The verb jugar has these end-ings, too, but its stem vowel changes from u to ue in all forms but nosotrosand vosotros. Other verbs, like ir, are unpredictable. They are irregular.
yo juego voy nosotros(as) jugamos vamostú juegas vas vosotros(as) jugáis vais
usted, él, ella juega va ustedes, ellos, ellas juegan van
In English Verbs are words that express actions or states of being. The end-ings of most verbs do not change, unless the subject (the doer of the action) ishe, she, it, or a single person, such as Rosa or my friend. Since other forms have noendings that tell who the doer is, the subject pronouns cannot be left out.
I eat dinner at 6, but you eat at 8.He sings well, but she sings badly.
Here are the subject pronouns and their corresponding forms for the verb to sing.I sing we sing
you sing you singhe, she,it sings they sing
EXP124GT_019-020_2p.qxd 1/5/05 6:49 PM Page 19
B In the following sentences, draw a straight line under a regular verb and a dashedline under an irregular verb. Then circle the ending of each verb.
1. Los fines de semana yo alquilo videos. ¿Y tú?
2. Yo bailo en las fiestas y paso el rato con mis amigos.
3. Mi mejor amiga monta en bicicleta todos los días.
4. Ustedes juegan al fútbol y tocan el piano también.
5. Mi hermano y yo cantamos en casa.
6. Mis hermanos van al parque y pasean.
7. Yo hablo por teléfono contigo.
8. Tú vas a la piscina y nadas por las tardes.
C Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Cuando hace buen tiempo, nosotros (practicar) deportes.
2. Yo (montar) en bicicleta.
3. Tú y tu hermano (jugar) al béisbol.
4. Tú también (ir) a la playa y (nadar).
5. Marisa (patinar) en el parque.
6. Cuando hace mal tiempo, nosotros (estudiar) en casa.
7. Tú (dibujar) y yo (alquilar) videos.
8. Mi madre (escuchar) música y (pasar) el rato sola.
9. Mis hermanos (jugar) a ajedrez, y ustedes (tocar) el piano.
10. Yo siempre (hablar) por teléfono contigo.
11. Tú y yo (ir) al parque y (jugar) al tenis.
D Compare the following Spanish sentences.
a. Tú estudias por la mañana y descansas por la tarde.
b. Usted quiere salir con Juana. Toca el piano muy bien.
What is the subject of descansas in a?
What is the subject of toca in b? Why is it unclear?
A Underline the indefinite articles or quantity adjectives in the followingsentences and circle the nouns they introduce.
1. We all have a hard test tomorrow.
2. There is little time to lose and much material to study.
3. How much paper do you need for the test?
4. Bart needs a lot of time to study.
5. Ricardo has many colored pens.
6. Monica wants a few black markers.
7. Andy has an eraser on the desk.
8. How many students will take the test?
Nombre Clase Fecha
Indefinite articles; ¿cuánto?, mucho, poco
CAPÍTULO
4
In Spanish The indefinite articles un and una are used to say a or an (orthe number one) before a singular noun, while unos and unas are used to saysome or a few before a plural noun. The form you use depends on the noun thatfollows: the indefinite article must agree with the noun in number and gender.
Masculine FeminineSINGULAR un lápiz una carpetaPLURAL unos lápices unas carpetas
Tengo unos zapatos y una regla.
To talk about amounts or quantities, we use ¿cuánto?, mucho, and poco,which also agree with the noun they describe in number and gender.
Masculine FeminineSINGULAR ¿Cuánto papel tienes? ¿Cuánta tarea tienes?
In English Indefinite articles introduce non-specific nouns. The indefinitearticles for singular nouns are a and an. For plural nouns, the words some anda few are used.
I need a backpack for school. Maria brings an eraser to class.I found some books. I still have a few exams left.
To talk about the quantity of things, we use the question words how much (ifyou cannot count the noun) and how many (when the noun can be counted).
How much homework is there? There is much/a lot of/little homework.How many books are there? There are many/a lot of/few books.
B Underline the indefinite articles or quantity adjectives in the followingsentences and circle the nouns they introduce. Then, indicate whether the nounis singular (S) or plural (P), and masculine (M) or feminine (F).
1. ¿Cuántas clases tienes?
2. Tengo unas materias fáciles.
3. Tienes poca tarea.
4. Necesitas muchos lápices.
5. ¿Cuántos profesores tienes?
6. No quiero un cuaderno verde.
7. Martica necesita una calculadora.
C Complete the following conversation with the correct form of the indefinitearticle (un, una, unos, unas), or a quantity word (cuánto, mucho, poco).
Juan ¿ cosas tienes en tu mochila?
María Tengo (1) diccionario para (2) clase fácil.
Juan ¿Tienes (3) clases?
María No, tengo (4) clases: sólo (only) dos.
Juan ¿Necesitas (5) útiles escolares?
María Sí, necesito papel y (6) libros.
Juan ¿(7) papel necesitas? ¿y (8) libros?
María Necesito (9) cuadernos (¡catorce!)
Juan ¿Tienes (10) lápices y reglas para la clase de arte?
María Sí, tengo (11) lápices, y (12) regla.
Juan También tengo (13) zapatos y (14) ropa:
¡un montón!
D Compare the translation of una in these sentences.
a. —¿Cuántas reglas tienes? —Tengo una regla. (I only have one ruler.)
b. —¿Qué necesitas? —Necesito una regla. (I need a ruler.)
What do you notice about una in spite of the difference in meaning?
A Circle the subject and underline the form of be going to + infinitive in thefollowing sentences.
1. We are going to plan our next vacation.
2. Edward is going to search the Internet.
3. My sisters are going to look into hotels.
4. My parents are going to pay for the whole thing.
5. You are going to come with us, right?
6. We are going to leave in three weeks.
7. I am going to have a great time.
B Circle the subject, if it is given, and underline the form of ir a + infinitive inthe following sentences.
1. Vamos a tener un examen mañana.
2. ¿Cuándo van a estudiar ustedes?
3. Después de clases, vamos a practicar deportes.
4. Primero voy a nadar en la piscina.
5. Mi hermana va a montar en bicicleta.
6. Después, mi madre y yo vamos a preparar la comida.
7. Mis padres van a ver televisión.
8. Nosotras vamos a hacer la tarea.
9. Muchos estudiantes van a pasar el rato con sus libros.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Ir a with infinitives
CAPÍTULO
4
In Spanish To talk about what someone is or isn’t going to do in the nearfuture, use the present tense of ir with a followed by an infinitive.
¿Qué vas a hacer? Voy a comer fruta.¿Van a salir ustedes? Sí, vamos a ir al cine.
In English To talk about the near future, or what someone is going to do, weuse a present tense form of the verb to be followed by going to and an infini-tive. To be going to acts as an auxiliary verb.
I am going to buy some clothes.We are going to study for the test this afternoon.Elizabeth is going to run for an hour.
EXP124GT_023-024_2p.qxd 1/5/05 7:13 PM Page 23
C Complete the sentences expressing what the following people are going to do oneach day of the week.
1. Esta semana, nosotros ___________________________________________
2. El lunes, yo ____________________________________________________
3. El martes, mis amigos ___________________________________________
4. El miércoles, tú _________________________________________________
5. El jueves, todos nosotros _________________________________________
6. El viernes, mi mejor amiga _______________________________________
7. El fin de semana, mis amigos y yo __________________________________
8. El sábado, la profesora ___________________________________________
9. El domingo, mis padres y yo ______________________________________
10. La próxima semana, yo __________________________________________
D Answer the following questions negatively. Use ir a + infinitive in your answer.
A Circle the tag questions in the following sentences.
1. You have a date for tomorrow, don’t you? .
2. This chess board is yours, isn’t it?
3. You’re coming with us, right?
4. You locked the door, didn’t you?
5. You are fifteen years old, aren’t you?
6. Monica and Sebastian went to the supermarket, didn’t they?
7. Martina is winning the game, isn’t she?
8. We have to leave soon, don’t we?
B Circle the tag questions in the following sentences.
1. Te gusta la novela, ¿verdad?
2. Tu madre es muy atlética, ¿no?
3. Tienes seis clases, ¿verdad?
4. Vas a comer con nosotras, ¿no?
5. Quieres nadar en la piscina, ¿no?
6. Necesitas muchas cosas para tus clases, ¿verdad?
7. Este fin de semana hay partido de béisbol, ¿no?
8. Pasado mañana vamos al concierto, ¿verdad?
Nombre Clase Fecha
Tag questions
CAPÍTULO
4
In Spanish Tag questions may also be attached at the end of a sentence. Themost common tag questions are ¿no? and ¿verdad? Verdad is used for questions that include the word “no”.
La clase de matemáticas es interesante, ¿verdad?Te gustan los videojuegos, ¿no?
In English Certain words or phrases may be added at the end of a sentence tomake it a question. These words or phrases, called tag questions, include isn’tit, right, and don’t you. You expect the answer to confirm what you werethinking.
He is going to the movies tonight, right?The final game is tonight, isn’t it?You know the truth, don’t you?
EXP124GT_025-026_2p.qxd 1/5/05 7:13 PM Page 25
C Change the following sentences to questions using tag questions.
A Complete the sentences with the possessive adjectives that go with the underlinedpeople.
1. Miss Garza set books down on the desk.
2. My parents have 25th wedding anniversary tomorrow!
3. Did you say that brothers were students here too?
4. Marisa says that science teacher is brilliant.
5. The boys left backpacks on the playground.
6. I just stopped by to say hello to uncle.
7. Like everyone else in family, Luke has blue eyes.
8. Petra and Cristina are both shy, but brother is outgoing.
her
Nombre Clase Fecha
Possessive adjectives
CAPÍTULO
5
In Spanish Possessive adjectives include mi(s), tu(s), su(s), nuestro/a(s)and vuestro/a(s). The same word su(s) is used to mean his, her, their and your(plural). The context usually makes the meaning clear.
Nuestros amigos están en nuestra casa.Jaime vive con su hermano en casa de sus abuelos.Sofía trabaja en su oficina con sus compañeros.
While the root of a possessive adjective refers to the owner, the ending mustagree in gender and number with the noun that comes after it.
La señora Lacôuture habla francés con sus hijas.Comemos en casa de mis abuelos todos los domingos.Pedro y yo traemos a nuestros hermanos de la escuela.¡Vuestra casa es muy bonita!
In English Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, our and their) showownership or relationship between people. They do not change forms, regardlessof whether they modify singular or plural nouns. The distinction between his,her and their tells us whether something belongs to a male or female, or tomore than one person.
My books are more expensive than my backpack.Your uncle is taller than our uncle.My sister Susan drives to school in her car.Sam eats dinner with his grandparents. Their house is nearby.
B Underline the possessive adjective and circle the noun it describes. Then indicatewhether the noun is singular (S) or plural (P), masculine (M) or feminine (F).
1. En mi familia somos siete personas.
2. Roberto baila con sus amigas.
3. Venimos de la casa de nuestro primo.
4. Veo a tus abuelos en el parque.
5. Hay mucha comida en nuestra mesa.
6. ¿Tienen ustedes aquí su clase de ciencias?
7. Los padres hacen mucho por sus hijos.
8. Nuestras materias no son fáciles.
C Write a sentence saying where these people work or where they are right now.
1. La esposa de Paco
2. El abuelo de nosotras
3. El mejor amigo de mis padres
4. Las profesoras de nosotros
5. El hermano mayor de ustedes
6. Las hijas de Celia
D Compare the following sentences.
a. Sus hijos son altos. Your sons are tall.b. Su hija es bonita. Their daughter is pretty.
When might you have to clarify who the possessive adjective refers to in Spanish?What about in English? Explain.
A Circle the verb to be in each sentence, and underline the preposition that indi-cates location.
1. Dave’s bedroom is over the kitchen.
2. My shoes are under the sofa.
3. Our town is near a big city.
4. My books are on the dining room table.
5. My father’s garden is behind the garage.
6. The gym and the swimming pool are next to the library.
B Circle the verb estar in each sentence, and underline the preposition that indi-cates location.
1. Sacramento está en California.
2. El pueblo de mis primos está lejos de la ciudad.
3. La casa de mis primos está delante de la iglesia.
4. Sus habitaciones están encima del garaje.
5. Nuestra casa está en las afueras de la ciudad.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Estar with prepositions
CAPÍTULO
5
In Spanish The verb estar (to be) can be used to say where someone or some-thing is. Estar is an irregular verb.
yo estoy nosostros(as) estamostú estás vosotros(as) estáis
Ud., él, ella está Uds., ellos, ellas están
The verb estar is also used with prepositions to say where something orsomeone is in relation to something else.
El gato está debajo de la silla.El libro está encima de la mesa.Estamos delante del cine.Los dos restaurantes están cerca de la escuela.Su casa está al lado de un parque.
In English The verb to be can be used to talk about location.Prepositions show where something or someone is in relation to somethingelse. Some prepositions are made up of more than one word.
Our apartment is in a big building.The cat is under the table.Those two cities are far from here.
EXP124GT_029-030_2p.qxd 1/5/05 7:12 PM Page 29
6. Estamos muy cerca del campo.
7. Nuestro jardín es grande, y está detrás de la casa.
8. Tenemos un patio pequeño, y está al lado del jardín.
C Tell where each of these things or people are in your house with respect toanother thing. Use a different preposition for each sentence.
1. mi padre
2. el baño
3. mi mochila
4. los cuadernos
5. las plantas
6. mis hermanos
D Express the opposite of these sentences by using a different preposition.
1. El comedor está debajo de la habitación.
2. El gimnasio está cerca del auditorio.
3. La piscina está detrás del estadio.
E 1. Translate the following sentences.
a. My aunt is smart. _______________________________________________
b. She is in the kitchen. _____________________________________________
2. How did you translate is in each case? How did you know which verb to use?
3. I am hungry because I ate nothing this morning.
4. Nobody comes around here anymore.
5. There is nothing to do at my house.
6. I am not going to watch any movies tonight.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Negation
CAPÍTULO
5
In Spanish Several different words can also be used to make negative sentences,such as no (not), nunca (never), and tampoco (neither, not either). Nunca andtampoco can take the place of no before the verb, or they can come at the end ofa sentence that already has no.
Nunca como chocolate. = No como chocolate nunca. I never eat chocolate.Tampoco como helado, = No como helado tampoco. I don’t eat chocolate
either.The word nada can mean nothing and the word nadie can mean nobody wheneither one comes before the verb. If they come after the verb, however, the wordno must go before the verb. In that case, nada is translated as not anything andnadie as not anybody.
Nada es fácil. Nothing is easy.Nadie puede ir al cine. Nobody can go to the movies.No quiero beber nada ahora. I don’t want to drink anything now.No hay nadie en casa. There isn’t anybody at home.
In English Several different words can be used to make negative sentences, suchas no, not, never, nobody, nothing, none, neither, no one, and so on.
I never wake up so late.Nobody comes to school on Saturdays.Nothing is more important to me than music.I am not going to buy anything.
Two negative words cannot be combined to form a negation in English.INCORRECT: Nobody did not call today. CORRECT: Nobody called today.
B Circle the negative word or words in each sentence.
1. Esteban nunca va a la playa.
2. Tampoco le gusta ir al cine.
3. Nadie sabe qué le gusta hacer.
4. No baila nunca en las fiestas.
5. No come con nadie.
6. Nunca hace la tarea.
7. Pero nada es difícil para él: nunca tiene problemas en clase.
8. Parece que no le gusta nada. Pero es muy inteligente y simpático.
C Rewrite the following sentences about school life using the word no.
A Circle the form of the verb to be in each sentence. Then indicate whether itdescribes a specific quality (S) or the general nature (G) of something.
1. Sofrito is a spicy Cuban dish.
2. My mom’s sofrito is very spicy.
3. Apples are good for your health.
4. This apple is rotten.
5. Orange roughy is my favorite fish.
6. This fish is fresh.
7. How is your meal?
8. Peppers in Spain are mild.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Ser and estar
CAPÍTULO
6
In Spanish There are two Spanish verbs that mean to be: ser and estar. We useestar to talk about variable qualities, such as how something looks, tastes or feels.Ser is used to describe the general nature of something.
El helado italiano es muy bueno. (General nature of that ice-cream)Este helado está riquísimo. (Specific quality of one ice-cream)
Estar is also used to say where something or someone is, and to say how someonefeels. Ser is used for identification: defining people and things, saying what theyare like, saying where they are from, and giving the day, date and time.
—¿Cómo estás? —No estoy bien porque mi padre está lejos de aquí.—Sonia es mi profesora. Es baja y simpática. Es de Seattle.—Son las ocho de la tarde. Hoy es lunes, y es el 21 de octubre.
In English There is only one verb that means to be. It can be used both to sayhow something normally tastes, looks, or feels, and also to comment on howsomething tastes, looks, or feels at a specific time:
Italian ice-cream is very good. (General nature of a kind of ice-cream)This ice-cream is great. (Specific quality of this ice-cream)
To be is used to say where something or somebody is, and to say how people aredoing. We also use to be to identify people, to say where they are from, todescribe what somebody is like, and to give the day, date, and time.
Now that the dishes are in the kitchen, I’m happy.Jorge is my friend. He is from Mexico. He is short and friendly.Today is Monday. It is October 24. It is now ten in the morning.
S G✓
B Circle the form of ser or estar in each sentence. Then indicate whether itdescribes a specific quality (S) or the general nature (G) of something.
1. El gazpacho es una sopa fría de España.
2. Tu sopa no está caliente.
3. La salsa de Perú es muy picante.
4. Esta salsa está riquísima.
5. Las papas fritas están saladas.
6. Este jugo de naranja no está frío.
7. No me gusta el atún. Es muy salado.
C For each of these situations, write a complete sentence using the correct form ofser or estar. Then say whether it is a specific or general quality of the food.
1. tell your mother that the sweet roll is delicious (el pan dulce/delicioso)
D Circle the correct verb to complete each sentence.
Me llamo Andrew. Tengo quince años. (Soy/Estoy) estadounidense, pero mispadres (son/están) colombianos. Vivo en San José, California. Mi casa (es/está) enla avenida Washington. (Es/está) una casa grande. Yo (soy/estoy) jugador de bás-quetbol. Hoy (soy/estoy) bien porque no tengo clase. Mis clases (son/están)interesantes, y yo (soy/estoy) un estudiante muy intelectual. Mi hermana se llamaMatilda. Hoy (es/está) jueves. Ahora (son/están) las siete, y ella (es/está) en suclase de baile. Su profesora (es/está) de Venezuela. Ellos bailan muy bien, ydespués comen arepas. Las arepas (son/están) una comida venezolana y colom-biana. Yo (soy/estoy) muy atlético, pero bailo mal. Pero me gusta comer, y ahoracomo arepas también: estas arepas de mi madre (son/están) riquísimas.
A Circle the direct object pronoun and underline the noun it refers to.
1. I saw that film, and enjoyed it immensely.
2. They were not using their mountain bikes, so they sold them.
3. I met your sister at the game. I had never met her before.
4. I bought an apple for later, but I ate it immediately.
5. Do you like these flowers? I bought them for my mom.
6. If you are interested in this boardgame, I can lend it to you.
7. Do you know Russell? Let me introduce him to you!
B Circle the direct object pronoun and underline the noun it refers to.
1. La torta está deliciosa. La quiero probar.
2. En el restaurante ustedes piden espinacas. No las pueden preparar en casa.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Direct object pronouns
CAPÍTULO
6
In Spanish Direct object pronouns are also used to refer to someone orsomething that receives the action of the verb. These pronouns must agree with thenouns they stand for. For third person objects we have the following pronouns:
MASCULINE FEMININESINGULAR lo him, it la her, itPLURAL los them las them
Direct object pronouns usually go before the conjugated verb. If an infinitive fol-lows the conjugated verb, the pronoun can either go before the conjugated verbor be attached to the end of the infinitive.
¿Quién pone la mesa? Mi hermana la pone.
¿Quién va a hacer las camas? { Mi hermano las va a hacer.Mi hermano va a hacerlas.
In English A direct object is a person or thing receiving the action of the verb.I sent you a novel. (a novel answers the question What did I send you?)She took Peter home.(Peter answers the question Who did she take home?)
Direct object pronouns can also be used to avoid repeating nouns that havealready been mentioned. Singular forms are me, you, him, her, and it. Pluralforms are us, you and them.
I sent you my first novel. You never read it, did you?Mom took Peter to school and picked him up afterwards.I wanted to see two movies, but my friend had already seen them.
3. La ensalada está en la mesa. La voy a servir.
4. Andrés está en la cocina. Lo veo.
5. Me encantan los cereales, pero prefiero comerlos por la noche.
6. Mi madre sirve café con leche por las mañanas. Casi siempre lo bebemos.
7. Tu sopa no está caliente. Tienes que calentarla.
C Answer the following questions using direct object pronouns. When there is aninfinitive, answer in two ways by changing the position of the direct objectpronoun.
A Circle the verbs that express commands. Underline the direct object pronoun if there is one.
1. You left your umbrella here. Please take it with you.
2. Here is your apple. Cut it into pieces before eating it.
3. It’s raining. Drive carefully.
4. You’re so nervous. Calm down!
5. I fried these plantains for us. Try them!
6. The air conditioning is off. Please turn it on.
7. You’re friends. Forgive and forget!
8. Please turn down the radio, it’s very loud.
B Circle the command forms. Underline the direct object pronoun, if there is one.
1. La torta está deliciosa. Pruébala.
2. Las zanahorias están en el refrigerador. Sácalas y ponlas en la mesa.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Affirmative informal commands
CAPÍTULO
6
In Spanish Informal commands are used to tell a friend or relative (some-one you address as tú) to do something. Affirmative informal commands areformed by taking the tú form of the present tense and dropping the final –s.
calientas ➔ calienta Calienta la leche.comes ➔ come Come las espinacas.
Some verbs have irregular affirmative informal command forms.tener ➔ ten ir ➔ ve hacer ➔ hazvenir ➔ ven ser ➔ sé salir ➔ salponer ➔ pon decir ➔ di
When you use a pronoun with an affirmative informal command, attach it to theend of the verb. The stressed vowel of the verb will then have an accent mark,unless the verb is only one syllable long.
¿Abro el libro? Sí, ábrelo.¿Cuándo hago las camas? Hazlas ahora.
In English All affirmative commands are formed by using the infinitive form ofa verb, without the word to. There are no irregular commands in English.
Eat your vegetables! Please stop yelling! Be nice!
When a direct object pronoun is included in the sentence, it follows the verb.Here is your key. Keep it safe.I’m very interested in your paintings. Show them to me some day.
EXP124GT_037-038_2p.qxd 1/5/05 6:48 PM Page 37
3. Mañana tenemos examen. Estudia mucho.
4. Pascual tiene partido de fútbol. Llévalo al partido.
5. Tus tíos están de visita. Habla con ellos.
6. Es muy tarde. Ve a la cama y duerme.
7. Quisiera unos cereales. Sírvelos en el plato hondo.
8. Sal de casa y ven al parque conmigo.
C Your friend is asking you for advice. Answer the following questions using anaffirmative command. Use a direct object pronoun when appropriate.
Nos gustan las papas al horno. Las comemos todas las semanas. Laspodemos comer hoy también. ¿Quieres comerlas? Aquí tienes unas papas.Ponlas en el plato y cómelas.
We like baked potatoes. We eat them every week. We can eat them today,too. Do you want to eat them? Here are some potatoes. Put them on theplate and eat them.
Where does the Spanish direct object pronoun go when the verb is conjugated?What happens with affirmative commands? What if there is an infinitive? Does itwork the same way in English?
A Circle the reflexive pronoun and the subject it refers to. Underline the verb.
1. I drag myself out of bed at 5 AM!
2. You cut yourself on the glass?
3. The cat cleans itself.
4. We admire ourselves in the mirror.
5. Babies cannot feed themselves.
6. You found yourselves a new hobby.
7. She treated herself to ice cream after finishing the race.
8. He bought himself a CD at the store.
B Circle the reflexive pronoun and the subject it refers to, if it is given. Underlinethe reflexive verb.
1. Por la mañana, yo me despierto a las seis y media.
2. Mi hermana se levanta más tarde.
3. Ella y yo nos vestimos después de desayunar.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Verbs with reflexive pronouns
CAPÍTULO
7
In Spanish Reflexive pronouns can also be used when the subject and objectof a verb are the same. The infinitive of a reflexive verb always contains se:bañarse. When you conjugate a reflexive verb, the reflexive pronoun changes tomatch the subject of the verb.
yo me baño nosotros(as) nos bañamostú te bañas vosotros(as) os bañáis
usted, él, ella se baña ustedes, ellos, ellas se bañan
Reflexive pronouns either go before the conjugated verb, or are attached to theend of an infinitive. With affirmative informal commands, they must beattached to the end of the verb. When using a reflexive verb with a body part orclothing, use a definite article instead of a posessive adjective.
¿Me lavo las manos? Sí, lávate las manos.Nos tenemos que vestir. ¿Vamos a vestirnos ahora?
In English A reflexive pronoun can be used to show that the subject actsupon itself. The reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, herself,itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.
He bathes himself.I made myself some dinner.The children dress themselves for school.
EXP124GT_039-040_2p.qxd 1/5/05 6:48 PM Page 39
4. Mi padre se afeita por la mañana.
5. Mi madre se lava la cara y las manos.
6. Tú tienes que peinarte todas las mañanas.
7. Mis hermanas siempre quieren maquillarse.
8. Niño, lávate los dientes antes de salir de casa.
C Complete the sentences with the correct form of each reflexive verb in parentheses.
1. Normalmente yo a las diez y media. (acostarse)
2. Mis hermanos a la misma hora. (acostarse)
3. Todos nosotros para ir a la cama a las diez. (prepararse)
4. Yo el piyama antes de leer un rato. (ponerse)
5. Leo en la cama porque necesito (relajarse).
6. Mi hermano mayor la ropa y luego
los dientes. (quitarse, lavarse)
7. Mi hermana menor y luego
el pelo. (bañarse, secarse)
8. Nadie quiere ni (=or) por
la noche. (afeitarse, maquillarse)
9. Tú siempre tienes que antes de acostarte. (estirarse)
10. Es porque tú quieres en forma. (mantenerse)
D In Spanish you can often use the same verb with a reflexive pronoun or with a directobject pronoun. For the subjects given below, write two sentences with the same verb:one with a reflexive pronoun and one with a direct object pronoun.
A Circle the verbs that express commands. Then indicate whether the command isaffirmative or negative.
1. If you go to the gym, don’t forget your ID.
2. Be quiet! The teacher is talking.
3. I’m bored. Please take me home.
4. We are inside a building. Don’t smoke!
5. I like this show. Don’t turn it off!
6. Do not step on the grass. It’s wet.
7. Please tell me the truth.
8. Don’t go to the movies tonight.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Negative informal commands
CAPÍTULO
7
In Spanish Negative informal commands are used to tell a friend or rela-tive (someone you address as tú) not to do something. Use the word no followedby the verb form. For most –ar verbs, you form this command by dropping thefinal –o of the yo form, and adding –es. For most –er and –ir verbs, you also dropthe final –o of the yo form, and add –as.
These verbs have irregular negative informal commands.dar ➔ no des ir ➔ no vayas ser ➔ no seas
A pronoun in a negative command must go between no and the verb.Lee esta novela. Pero no la leas en la cama y no te acuestes muy tarde.Read this novel. But don’t read it in bed, and don’t go to bed too late.
In English An affirmative command tells someone to do something. It isformed by using the infinitive form of the verb (but without the word to). Anegative command tells someone what not to do. You form a negative com-mand by placing the word(s) don’t or do not before the command. Pronounsalways go after.
Eat your meal. Don’t eat so much.Talk to your uncle. Do not talk in class.Wake yourself up. The coffee is cold. Don’t drink it.
Affirmative Negative
✓
B Circle the verbs that express commands. Then indicate whether the command isaffirmative or negative.
1. No duermas hasta las doce.
2. No trabajes demasiado.
3. Haz tu tarea todos los días.
4. Despiértate temprano.
5. No seas malo con tus compañeros de clase.
6. No vayas mucho al centro comercial.
7. Prepárate bien para los exámenes.
8. No leas novelas cuando hay examen.
C A friend is coming to stay at your house for a month. Use the information pro-vided to make up a list of house rules for him or her. Use pronouns if needed.
1. no comer en la sala y no fumar en ninguna parte
A Circle the demonstrative adjective and indicate whether it is singular or plural.Also underline the phrase that expresses the comparison.
1. This movie is longer than Ben-Hur.
2. That shirt is more expensive than mine.
3. Those men are as rich as the Vanderbilts.
4. That kid is smarter than Einstein!
5. My backpack is as heavy as those dumbells.
6. This dress is less stylish than that skirt.
7. You’re as crazy as that March hare.
In Spanish Demonstrative adjectives also point out people and things.They must agree in number and gender with the nouns they describe. We use formsof este for things that are nearby, and forms of ese for things that are further away.
SINGULAR PLURALeste/esta this estos/estas theseese/esa that esos/esas those¿Te gustan estos zapatos, o prefieres esas sandalias?
Use these expressions to compare things with adjectives. The adjective agrees ingender and number with the first noun in the comparison.
más + adjective + que Ella es más lista que yo.menos + adjective + que Pedro es menos fuerte que Sansón.tan + adjective + como Esas chicas son tan altas como tú.
In English Demonstrative adjectives point out people and things. Theymust agree in number with the nouns they refer to. We use this and these forthings that are nearby, and that and those for things that are further away.
SINGULAR PLURALthis I like this shirt. these Do you like these shirts?that I need that book. those He wants those notebooks.
The following formulas are used to make comparisons with adjectives:adjective + -er than She is taller than me.more + adjective + than He is more intelligent than Gunther.less + adjective + than Roberta is less careful than Monica.as + adjective + as That tree is as tall as our house.
The adjective + -er than formula is generally used when the adjective is only one syllable long. (quicker than, lighter than, stronger than).
Singular Plural✓
B Circle the demonstrative adjective and indicate whether it is singular (S) or plural(P), masculine (M) or feminine (F). Underline the phrase expressing comparison.
1. Esa blusa es más pequeña que mi camisa.
2. Estos calcetines son tan largos como esos calcetines.
3. Mi vestido es menos bonito que ese vestido azul.
4. Tu chaqueta de cuero es más cara que esa chaqueta.
5. Esos pantalones cortos son más feos que tus pantalones cortos.
6. Ese sombrero está menos pasado de moda que otros.
7. Esta falda de algodón es menos corta que una minifalda.
C Make sentences with these words and using all of the different comparisonformulas. Be sure that the demonstrative adjectives agree with the nouns.
1. Este / profesora joven / estricto / ese/ profesor mayor
A Underline the verb in each sentence. Then indicate whether the verb is in thepresent or past tense.
1. Marion worked at the ice cream stand.
2. Edwin talked to Susana all afternoon.
3. You play racquetball with Arnulfo?
4. Marianne cleans her room every day.
5. They planted lots of pretty flowers.
6. I finished the book on Monday.
7. Gabriel lived in Cienfuegos for ten years.
8. My uncle fought in the war.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Preterite tense
CAPÍTULO
8
In Spanish The preterite tense, like the simple past tense in English, is usedto talk about what happened or what someone did at a specific point in the past. Toform the preterite of –ar verbs, attach these endings to the verb stem:
yo canté nosotros(as) cantamostú cantaste vosotros(as) cantasteis
usted, él, ella cantó ustedes, ellos, ellas cantaron
The nosotros form of –ar verbs looks the same as in the present. The contextwill help you decide whether it is present or past. Some verbs, like ir, are irregu-lar. Stem-changing –ar verbs show no changes in the preterite.
yo fui nosotros(as) fuimostú fuiste vosotros(as) fuisteis
usted, él, ella fue ustedes, ellos, ellas fueron
Tú me llamaste, y yo hablé contigo ayer.Ellos fueron al centro comercial y encontraron un abrigo barato.
In English The simple past tense expresses an action that already took place. Forregular verbs in English, the past tense is formed by adding –ed to the verb.
I walked we walkedyou walked you walkedhe, she, it walked they walked
The past tense conjugation is the same for all persons . Some verbs, like to go,are irregular in the past tense (went).
Martha played soccer yesterday. We went to the game but only watched.
Present Past
✓
EXP124GT_045-046_2p.qxd 1/5/05 6:47 PM Page 45
B Underline the verb in each sentence. Then indicate whether the verb is in thepresent or preterite tense.
1. Ignacio habló mucho en la clase.
2. Petra y su hermanito bailaron en la fiesta.
3. Yo lavo la ropa todos los días.
4. Te quedan muy bien esas sandalias.
5. Anteayer miré las vitrinas por la calle.
6. Esa chaqueta cuesta mucho dinero.
7. Tú gastaste cien dólares en ese anillo.
8. Nosotros cantamos muy bien ayer.
C Pablo asks Leticia about several activities, and she tells him that they were doneyesterday. Fill in Leticia’s answers.
A Underline the direct object. Then, tell whether it refers to a person or thing.
1. You wrote too many letters to him.
2. I took your brother to the game.
3. They took the trash out.
4. She picked me up at 8 PM..
5. I met that actress at a party.
6. We bought lots of presents for Mark.
7. He’s known that teacher since he was a kid.
8. Robert is athletic, and plays many sports.
things
Nombre Clase Fecha
Personal a with direct object
CAPÍTULO
9
In Spanish The direct object also receives the action of the verb. When the recipi-ent of the action is a person, the word a comes before it. This a is called personal a,meaning that it refers to a person as a direct object. It has no translation in English. Toask a question about a direct object person, use a quién:
—¿A quién viste en la tienda? Who(m) did you see at the store?—Vi a Tere y a Jaime. ¿Los I saw Tere and Jaime. Do you know
conoces? them?—Conozco a Tere, y quiero I know Tere, and I want to meet Jaime.
conocer a Jaime.
When the recipient of the action is a thing, no a is needed. Notice that both peopleand things are substituted by the same direct object pronouns: lo, la, los, las.
¿Ves esos restaurantes? Los Do you see those restaurants? I knowconozco muy bien. them very well.—¿Conoces a mis amigos? Do you know my friends?—No, no los conozco. No, I don’t know them.
In English Nouns The direct object is the noun that receives the action of theverb. It answers the questions whom? or what? Thus, the recipient of the action can bea person or a thing.
I saw Lucy and Jack at the store. Who(m) did you see? I know Lucy, I’d like to meet Jack. Who(m) do you know?
Who(m) would you like to meet?They were buying a book. What were they buying?That store sells many things. What does that store sell?
B Underline the direct object. Then tell whether it refers to a person or thing.
1. Llevé a tu hermano al partido.
2. Escribiste muchas cartas.
3. Sacaron la basura.
4. Me llevó a casa a las ocho.
5. Conocí al abogado en la fiesta.
6. Compramos muchos regalos para Mark.
7. Conoce bien a ese profesor.
8. Roberto es atlético y practica muchos deportes.
C A friend wants to know what you did and saw at the party on Friday. Answerusing the following as direct objects. Use personal a to refer to a person.
1. ¿Qué viste en la fiesta? ¿A quién viste? (decoraciones/gente)
A Change the tense in the following sentences from present to present progressive.
1. I write letters.
2. You watch the birds.
3. Cliff tells stories.
4. The sun shines.
5. She plays guitar.
6. We sing along.
B Change the tense in the following sentences from present to present progressive.
1. Pepita habla por teléfono.
2. Se lavan las manos.
3. Yo me peino.
4. ¿Vendes todos tus CDs?
5. Claudia los compra.
6. Joaquín duerme en la sala.
Pepita está hablando por teléfono.
I am writing letters.
Nombre Clase Fecha
Present progressive
CAPÍTULO
9
In Spanish The present progressive also tells what is happening right now. It isformed by combining a present form of estar with the present participle. The presentparticiple is formed by replacing –ar with –ando and –er or –ir with –iendo. For –erand –ir verbs whose stem ends in a vowel, –iendo changes to –yendo.
hablar ➔ hablando correr ➔ corriendointerrumpir ➔ interrumpiendo leer ➔ leyendo—¿Qué estás tomando? —Estoy bebiendo un vaso de leche.
The present participles of stem-changing –ir verbs change o ➔ u and e ➔ i.dormir ➔ durmiendo pedir ➔ pidiendo
Pronouns can go before the conjugated form of estar or be attached to the end ofthe –ndo form. In the latter case, an accent mark must go over the stressed vowel.
—¿Estás sirviendo la cena? —Sí, la estoy sirviendo. = Estoy sirviéndola.—¿Estás afeitándote? —Sí, me estoy afeitando. = Estoy afeitándome.
In English Nouns The present progressive is the verb tense used to talkabout what is happening right now. It is formed by combining the verb to be in thepresent tense with the –ing form, or present participle, of the main verb.
We are reading this novel. It is snowing.
It can also be used to talk about future events.Tomorrow I’m leaving for Perú. John is going next summer.
C Your best friend’s sick and can’t come to your birthday party, but is keeping ontop of it by instant messaging. Tell him or her what’s happening as it happens,using the present progressive. Use direct object pronouns in your responses.
