Caput I Review

Pronunciation Long Vowels Short Vowels ā father dās, cārā a Dinah dat, casa ē they mē, sēdēs e pet et, sed ī machine hīc, sīca i pin hic, sicca ō clover ōs, mōrēs o orb, off os, mora ū rude tū, sūmō u put tum, sum y French tu, German Ǖber

Dipthongs Two vowel sounds collapsed together into a single syllable ae (ai) aisle cārae, saepe au (ou) house aut, laudō ei reign deinde eu e+u rapidly sue seu oe (oi) oil coepit, proelium ui u+i rapidly gooey huius, cuius, huic, cui, hui (* elsewhere, pronounced separately)

Consonants c – always hard can Never soft (city) g – always hard get Never soft (giant) i – functioned as consonant and vowel.

1. When before a vowel at the beginning of a word, functioned as consonant, pronounced like the y in yes. Iulius

2. When between 2 vowels within a word, it functioned as both a consonant and vowel. The –i forms as a dipthong with the preceding vowel, and as a consonant (y) with the 2nd vowel. maior

t – always as tired, never –sh as in nation v – always like w, vivō (wiwo) x – ks sound axle Never exert (gz) ch – Greek chi chorus Never as in church

Syllables There are as many syllables as there are vowels or diphthongs:

1. separate between two contiguous vowels or vowel and diphthong dea = de a theātrum = the ā trum

2. single consonant between 2 vowels goes with 2nd vowel amicus = a mi cus canina = ca ni na

3. two or more consonants stand between 2 vowels, the 2nd consonant usually goes with 2nd vowel mitto = mit to consumptus = con sum ptus

• However, a stop (p, b, t, d, c, g) + liquid (l, r) are considered a single vowel and go with the second vowel

patrem = pa trem castra = cas tra • Others as single consonants – qu, ch, ph, th

loquācem = lo qua cem

Syllable Quantity 1. syllable, long by nature – if contains long vowel or dipthong

laudō = lau dō Rōma = Rō ma

Caput I Review

2. syllable, long by position – if contains short vowel followed by 2 or more consonants or by x servat = ser vat patrem = pa trem

in/ve/ni/en/tur an/tī/qui/tā/te sen/ten/ti/īs

Verbs; 1st and 2nd Conjugations: Present Infinitive, Indicative, Imperative; Translating

Verbs Both English and Latin verbs have 5 characteristics:

1. person – the subject from the speaker's point of view 1st I, we 2nd you 3rd he, she, it, they

2. number – number of subject singular plural

3. tense – time of the action * Latin has 6 tenses present imperfect future perfect pluperfect future perfect

4. voice – whether the subject performs or receives action active passive

5. mood – manner of indicating action or state of being indicative – indicates facts imperative – gives a command subjunctive – hypothetical, potential, etc.

To Conjugate: literally means "to join together", conjugare Give all the characteristics of a particular verb Ex. 1st sing, pres, act, ind "I love, I am loving" 2nd sing, pres, act, imperative "call!" Latin can say "I am loving, you, etc" in a single word by adding personal endings to verbs. These personal endings indicate the person, number, and voice. Active Voice Personal Endings Singular Plural 1st -m/-o -mus 2nd -s -tis 3rd -t -nt

Caput I Review

All forms of verbs are created from its principle parts. Most regular verbs have 4 principle parts. Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum

• 1st principle part is the 1st person sing, pres, act, ind laudō, I praise

• 2nd principle part is the present active infinitive laudāre, to praise

Latin has 4 conjugations (they are just different ways to conjugate). Today we learn the 1st and 2nd.

* the 1st conjugation is characterized by –āre in the infinitive * the 2nd conjugation is characterized by –ēre in the infinitive

For the Present Active Indicative, add the active personal endings directly to the verb's stem. To find the stem of a verb, take the present infinitive (2nd principle part) laudāre = to praise then, drop the –re from the end laudā To this stem, add the personal endings. Singular Plural 1st laudō I praise, am praising, do praise laudāmus 2nd laudās you praise, are praising, do praise laudātis 3rd laudat he/she/it praises, etc laudant Macrons, long marks, must be memorized. Rules for endings of verbs: Long vowels are usually shortened

a. before another vowel (moneō) moneō

b. before –m, -r, -t at the end of a word laudat, monet

c. before –nd, –nt anywhere in the word laudant

Present Active Imperative Only occurs in 2nd and 3rd persons, but the 3rd person is rare so not covered in Wheelock.

• 2nd sing is identical to the verb stem laudā • to form the 2nd pl, add –te to the stem laudāte

Translating

1. read sentence aloud 2. look for the verb – often at the end

if 1st or 2nd person, then already know subject 3. if 3rd person, look for possible subject

for now, to recognize it, the subject is usually 1st word 4. very basic word order

Subject-Object-Verb

Caput II Review

Nouns and Cases; First Declension; Agreement of Adjectives; Syntax

Latin is inflected language, i.e., words have endings which indicate their function in sentence. Ex. The girl gives the sailor's money to the poets. Puella poetīs pecuniam nautae dat. In Latin, Nouns have 3 characteristics Number – singular or plural (whether there is one or more) Gender – masc, fem, neuter; girl is feminine, man is masculine, war is neuter Case – indicates function of noun in sentence Helping words Case Function Nominative always subject of finite verb (finite –limited by person and #) of Genitive modifies or limits another noun; often shows possession

* modifies or limits means that it give more info, thus restricting generality

to/for Dative mostly I.O. Accusative D.O.; object of some prepositions From by w/ in Ablative modifies or limits verb – certain construction that

will be learned later; object of some prepositions Vocative direct address – set off by commas The listing of all the cases of a noun or adjective is called declension. Formation of the Declension of Nouns

Add endings to the base of the word. To find base, go to genitive form (nominative and genitive provided in vocabulary

list) and drop ending.

Ex. puella, puellae – puell is base fama, famae – fam is base

Endings of 1st declension Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.

Nom a ae Nom. puella puellae Gen ae ārum Gen. puellae puellārum

Dat ae īs Dat. puellae puellīs Acc am ās Acc. puellam puellās Abl ā īs Abl. puellā puellīs Voc a ae Voc. puella puellae

Caput II Review

Gender Latin makes distinction between masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. While some nouns can be easily determined, i.e. woman is feminine, man is masculine, the genders of most nouns must be memorized because there is no real pattern. 1st declension is comprised of feminine nouns with a few exceptions; these exceptions include individuals engaged in traditionally male occupations: acricola (farmer), auriga (charioteer), incola (inhabitant), nauta (sailor),

pirata (pirate), poeta (poet) Adjectives Adjectives modify nouns, i.e. they provide descriptive information about a noun. Adjectives decline in the same manner as nouns:

Add endings to the base of the word. To find base, go to the genitive form (later, feminine form) and drop ending.

tua, tuae – tu is base multa, multae – mult is base

Ex. your girlfriend

Sing. Pl. Nom. puella tua puellae tuae Gen. puellae tuae puellārum tuārum

Dat. puellae tuae puellīs tuīs Acc. puellam tuam puellās tuās Abl. puellā tuā puellīs tuīs

Voc. puella tua puellae tuae

! Adjectives agree with nouns they modify in case, number, and gender. An adjective that modifies more than one noun often agrees with the noun closest to it.

! Adjectives are usually located next to noun it is modifying (except poetry) and most often follow noun. When an adjective, however, denotes size or number or if it is a demonstrative adjective, then the adjective precedes the noun it modifies.

Ex. Many girls see the great beauty of my fatherland.

Multae puellae magnam formam patriae meae vident. Remember that a verb must agree with its subject in person and number. Syntax means giving form (case, number, and gender for nouns and characteristics of verbs) along with function.

Caput III Review

2nd Declension: Masculine Nouns and Adjectives; Apposition; Word Order

! Nouns in 2nd declension are either Masculine or Neuter

o Masculine 2nd declension nouns end in –us or –er in the nominative ! Same rules for forming 2nd declension as for forming the 1st

o add case endings to base o find base by dropping ending off genitive form o Ex. populus, populī popul- is stem

Endings Sing Plural Sing Plural Sing Plural Nom. us/er ī Nom. populus populī Nom. ager agrī Gen. ī ōrum Gen. populī populōrum Gen. agrī agrōrum Dat. ō īs Dat. populō populīs Dat. agrō agrīs Acc. um ōs Acc. populum populōs Acc. agrum agrōs Abl ō īs Abl. populō populīs Abl. agrō agrīs Voc. e/er ī Voc. popule populī Voc. ager agrī

Vocative of nouns ending in –ius and adj, meus: In singular, they have single –ī in voc, not double filius filī Vergilius Vergilī meus mī * Ex. O my son, Vergil, what do you see? O mī filī, Vergilī, quid vidēs? Adjectives Adjectives are formed in the same way as the nouns. To find the base, go to the feminine form and drop ending. magnus, magna magn- is stem Remember adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in case, number, gender Therefore, magnus populus The endings of nouns and their modifying adjectives may not always have the same endings.

Rōmānus poeta, Rōmānī poetae Apposition Apposition occurs when a noun is placed next to another noun and the modifying noun explains or gives information about the other noun. Ex. The poet, Vergil, praises Augustus Poeta, Vergilius, Augustum laudat. The appositive is often set off by commas, and agrees with the noun it is explaining always in case, usually in number and gender. Ex. I see Marcus, the farmer. The ancient poet, Sulpicia, is a girl. Marcum, agricolam videō. Poeta antiquus, Sulpicia, est puella.

Nouns ending in –er sometimes retain the –e in their base while in others, the –e drops out. ex. puer, puerī ager, agrī ** vir, virī ends in –ir, but follows pattern of puer Vocatives of these nouns are same as nominative.

Caput III Review

Word Order Word order is not always set. An author may place certain words in certain positions to emphasize those words. The first and last positions of a sentence are most emphatic. There is, however, an unofficial standard. The subject is often first because it stresses the person or thing doing the action and the verb is often last because the action is being stressed. The following list may be useful.

1. subject and modifiers 2. indirect object 3. direct object 4. adverbial words and phrases 5. verb

***Adjectives and Genitives usually follow nouns they modify***

Translating 1. read the sentence aloud 2. look at verb, and find out what person and number – if 1st or 2nd person, you know your subject,

otherwise look for a nominative form that agrees with verb in number. Check if there are any modifiers

3. once you have the subject and verb, then look for direct object. Check if there are any modifiers. 4. after, check if there is an indirect object and any modifiers 5. go back and translate prepositional phrases and adverbial words or phrases (translate them where

they belong with the aid of word order and sense)

Caput IV Review

Second Declension Neuters; Adjectives; Present Indicative of Sum; Predicate Nouns and Adjectives; Substantive Adjectives

Second Declension Neuter Nouns 2nd Declension neuter nouns are declined just like 2nd masculine nouns, but they have different case endings:

o Add endings to the base of the word o To find base, go to genitive form and drop ending.

Ex. donum, donī – don is base basium, basiī – basi is base

Nom. um a Nom. basium basia Gen. ī ōrum Gen. basiī basiōrum Dat. ō īs Dat. basiō basiīs Acc. um a Acc. basium basia Abl. ō īs Abl. basiō basiīs Voc. um a Voc. basium basia REMEMBER adjectives must agree in case, number and gender with the nouns that they modify.

Ex. ancient gift donum antiquum ancient gate porta antiqua ancient people populus antiqua BUT ancient poet poeta antiquus Present Indicative of Sum, to be The verb, sum, is irregular in form, but the personal endings are the same. 1st sum I am sumus we are 2nd es you are estis you are 3rd est he/she/it is sunt they are Sum is an intransitive verb, i.e., cannot take direct object.

• As a linking verb, however, it takes predicate nominatives and adjectives. • These predicate nominatives and adjectives are linked to the subject by the verb to be • The predicate nominatives and adjectives are equated with the subject, and therefore, agree in

case (i.e. nominative as we know so far) and number, and usually gender. Ex. Marcus, the farmer, is my friend. Marcus, agricola, est amicus meus.

O my son, Roman men and women are greedy. O mi fili, viri et feminae sunt avari.

The endings for the nom, acc, and voc are ALWAYS the same for neuters.

NOTA BENE: “Each and every day…Neuter plurals end in -A!”1

1in Nom. & Acc. Pl.

Caput IV Review

Substantive Adjectives In Latin, just as in English, adjectives sometimes act as substantives, i.e., they stand alone, taking the place of nouns.

Ex. The strong shall survive. i.e. the strong (men/women) When translating, translate the adjective as a noun, supplying man, woman, thing or their plurals, in accordance with the gender of the substantive adjective. Multi sapientiam Vergilii saepe laudant. Multae … Many men often praise the wisdom of Vergil. Many women … Romani bona conservare debent. The Romans ought to preserve good things.

Caput V Review

1st and 2nd Conjugations: Future and Imperfect Tenses; -er Adjectives Imperfect Active Indicative

• The imperfect tense indicates continuous or progressive action in the past. • To translate use the helping words, used to, was –ing, kept –ing

To form the imperfect tense for 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs, find the stem, add –ba, then add personal endings. laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum stem = laudā stem = monē Imperfect = laudā + bā + personal ending Imperfect = monē + bā +ending 1st laudābam laudābamus 1st monēbam monēbāmus 2nd laudābās laudābātis 2nd monēbās monēbātis 3rd laudābat laudābant 3rd monēbat monēbant I used to praise, I was praising I used to warn, I was warning Ex. Agricola in agrīs remanēbat. The farmer was remaining in the fields. Future Active Indicative To form the future tense for 1st and 2nd conjugations, find the stem of the verb, add –bi, then add personal endings. * there are two exceptions: 1st person sing. the -i drops and –o is added (bo) 3rd person pl. the –i turns into –u (bunt) laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum

stem = laudā stem = monē Future = laudā + bi + personal ending Future = monē = bi = ending

1st laudābō laudābimus 1st monēbō monēbimus 2nd laudābis laudābitis 2nd monēbis monēbitis 3rd laudābit laudābunt 3rd monēbit monēbunt I will praise I will warn Ex. Agricola in agrīs manēbit. The farmer will remain in the fields. First and Second Declension Adjectives Ending in –er Just like some 2nd declension nouns, some 1st and 2nd declension adjectives end in –er. Some adjectives drop the –e in their base, while others retain the –e. In order to determine the base, look to the feminine form, then drop the ending. Ex. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum stem = pulchr liber, libera, liberum stem = liber Add the case endings to the base. Ex. free people free fatherland free gift populus liber patria libera domun liberum

Caput VI Review

Sum: Imperfect and Future Indicative; Possum: Present, Imperfect and Future Indicative; Complementary Infinitives

Sum, esse, fui, futurum – to be The forms of sum are irregular and thus must be memorized! The persons are easy to recognize since each form has personal endings. Present Imperfect Future 1st sum sumus 1st eram erāmus 1st erō erimus 2nd es estis 2nd erās erātis 2nd eris eritis 3rd est sunt 3rd erat erant 3rd erit erunt Translate: I am I was, used to be I shall be Possum, posse, potui, — – to be able, can Possum developed from the adjective potis (able, capable) plus the forms of sum. Present 1st possum possumus 2nd potes potestis An easy way to remember whether the form 3rd potest possunt is pot- or poss-, is the following rule:

If the form of sum begins with an -s, then Translate: the –t of the potis becomes an –s. I am able, I can Imperfect 1st poteram poterāmus 2nd poterās poterātis Remember: the –a + personal endings indicates the 3rd poterat poterant imperfect. Translate: I was able, used to be able Future 1st poterō poterimus 2nd poteris poteritis Remember: the –i + personal endings indicates future 3rd poterit poterunt Translate: I shall be able Complementary Infinitive A complementary infinitive is used to complete the meaning of the verb. Some verbs like possum and debeo require such an infinitive. Ex. The words of our friend were not able to conquer the anger in the people's minds. Verba amicī nostrī iram in animīs populī superāre poterant. You always ought to praise the glory of gods. Gloriam deōrum semper laudāre debēs.

Caput VII Review

Third Declension Nouns The 3rd declension contains nouns of all three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.

• characterized by –is in the genitive case • the nominitives do not follow any pattern, so it is imperative to memorize the

nominative, genitive, and gender Formation To find the stem of any 3rd declension noun, go to the genitive, drop the –is ex. sāl, sālis – is = sal lītus, lītoris – is = lītor Then, add the endings (masculine and feminine share endings): Masculine/Feminine Neuter Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom ---- ēs Nom ---- a Gen is um Gen is um Dat ī ibus Dat ī ibus Acc em ēs Acc ---- a Abl e ibus Abl e ibus Voc ---- ēs Voc ---- a sal, salis M. lītus, lītoris N. Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom sāl sālēs Nom lītus lītora Gen sālis sālum Gen lītoris lītorum Dat sālī sālibus Dat lītorī lītoribus Acc sālem sālēs Acc lītus lītora Abl sāle sālibus Abl lītore lītoribus Voc sāl sālēs Voc lītus lītora Noun-Adjective Agreement 3rd declension nouns may be modified by 1st or 2nd declension adjectives *** Remember, adjectives must agree in case, number, and gender (not necessarily declension) with the nouns they modify. sal, salis M. lītus, lītoris N.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom sāl bonus sālēs bonī Nom lītus bonum lītora bona Gen sālis bonī sālum bonōrum Gen lītoris bonī lītorum bonōrum Dat sālī bonō sālibus bonīs Dat lītorī bonō lītoribus bonīs Acc sālem bonum sālēs bonōs Acc lītus bonum lītora bona Abl sāle bonō sālibus bonīs Abl lītore bonō lītoribus bonīs Voc sāl bone sālēs bonī Voc lītus bonum lītora bona

Caput VIII Review

Third Conjugation: Present Infinitive, Imperative, Present System in the Indicative

* Present system includes the present, imperfect and future tenses.

The 3rd conjugation is distinguished from the rest by the short –ere in the infinitive. Ex. Third Conjugation gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum

• be careful not to confuse the 3rd conjugation verbs with the 2nd Second Conjugation moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum

Present Tense To find the stem of the verb, follow the same rules for the 1st and 2nd conjugations: drop the –re from the infinitive gerere – re = gere gere is the stem To form the present tense, change the stem vowel, –e– , to an –i– and then add the personal endings. Exception: In the 3rd person plural the stem vowel changes to an –u–. Sing Plural 1st gerō gerimus 2nd geris geritis 3rd gerit gerunt Imperfect Tense The formation of the imperfect tense is the same for all conjugations: –ba + personal endings are added to the stem For the 3rd conjugation, the stem vowel lengthens from a short –e– to a long –ē–. Sing Plural 1st gerēbam gerēbāmus 2nd gerēbās gerēbātis 3rd gerēbat gerēbant Future Tense The tense indicator –bi– is NOT used to indicate the future for the 3rd conjugation. To form the present, the stem vowel lengthens from a short –e– to a long –ē– and the personal endings are added. Exception: 1st person singular has an –a– instead of an –ē– Sing Plural 1st geram gerēmus 2nd gerēs gerētis 3rd geret gerent Present Imperative The 2nd person singular present active imperative is formed just as the 1st and 2nd conjugations, the stem of the verb. gere manage! To form the plural, change the stem vowel to an –i– and add –te. gerite! (you all) manage! There are a few verbs whose singular imperatives are irregular (the plural forms are regular):

dīc (dūcō), dūc (dicō), fac (faciō), fer (ferō)

Caput IX Review

Demonstratives Demonstratives, when modifying a noun, act as adjectives. Since they are emphatic by nature, they precede the nouns they modify. Demonstrative Pronoun- this, these Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom hic haec hoc this Gen huius huius huius of this Dat huic huic huic to/for this Acc hunc hanc hoc this Abl hōc hāc hōc f/b/w/this Plural Nom hī hae haec these Gen hōrum hārum hōrum of these Dat hīs hīs hīs to/for these Acc hōs hās haec these Abl hīs hīs hīs f/b/w/these Demonstrative Pronoun- that, those

Demonstrative Pronoun – that of yours, such

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom ille illa illud that Gen illius illius illius of that Dat illī illī illī to/for that Acc illum illam illud that Abl illō illā illō f/b/w/that Plural Nom illī illae illa those Gen illōrum illārum Illōrum of those Dat illīs illīs illīs to/for those Acc illōs illās illa those Abl illīs illīs illīs f/b/w/those

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom iste ista istud Gen istius istius istius Dat istī istī istī Acc istum istam istud Abl istō istā istō Plural Nom istī istae ista Gen istōrum istārum istōrum Dat istīs istīs istīs Acc istōs istās ista Abl istīs istīs istīs

Hic, haec, hoc refers to or points out something that is close to the speaker. Ex. This (here) is my book. Hic est meus liber.

Ille, illa, illud points out something that is distant from both the speaker and addressee. Ex. That (over there) is Gaius' book. Ille est liber Gaiī

Iste, ista, istud points to something that is close to the addressee. It also often has negative connotations. Ex. Such (an awful) man leads. Iste ducit.

Caput IX Review

Special -ius adjectives Nine adjectives of the first and second declensions have a genitive singular that ends in -īus (the genitive of alter is usually -ius) and a dative singular that ends in -ī in all genders. These nine adjectives are alius, another, sōlus, only, tōtus, whole, ūllus, any, nūllus, no, ūnus, one, alter, the other, uter, which (of two), and neuter, neither. In the plural, the case endings of these adjectives are exactly the same as they are for magnus. Note also the ending -ud in the neuter of alius.

Unus, -a, -um one, single, alone Nullus, -a, -um no, none, not any Ullus, -a, -um any Solus, -a, -um alone. only, the only Neuter, -tra, -trum neither Alius, alia, aliud (gen. alterius) another, other Uter, -tra, -trum either, which (of two) Totus, -a, -um whole, entire Alter, -tra, -trum the other (of two) One, Single, AlonE

No, None, Not, Any

Any

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom unus una unum Gen unīus unīus unīus Dat unī unī unī Acc unum unam unum Abl unō unā unō

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom nullus nulla nullum Gen nullīus nullīus nullīus Dat nullī nullī nullī Acc nullum nullam nullum Abl nullō nullā nullō Plural Nom nullī nullae nulla Gen nullōrum nullārum nullōrum Dat nullīs nullīs nullīs Acc nullōs nullās nullōs Abl nullīs nullīs nullīs

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom ullus ulla ullum Gen ullīus ullīus ullīus Dat ullī ullī ullī Acc ullum ullam ullum Abl ullō ullā ullō Plural Nom ullī ullae ulla Gen ullōrum ullārum ullōrum Dat ullīs ullīs ullīs Acc ullōs ullās ullōs Abl ullīs ullīs ullīs

Caput IX Review

Alone, Only, the Only

Not either, either

Other, another (aliĪ…AlIĪ: some…others)

either (which of 2)

whole, entire

The other (of 2), second

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom solus sola solum Gen solīus solīus solīus Dat solī solī solī Acc solum solam solum Abl solō solā solō Plural Nom solī solae sola Gen solōrum solārum solōrum Dat solīs solīs solīs Acc solōs solās sola Abl solīs solīs solīs

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom neuter neutra neutrum Gen neutrīus neutrīus neutrīus Dat neutrī neutrī neutrī Acc neutrum neutram neutrum Abl neutrō neutrā neutrō Plural Nom neutrī neutrae neutra Gen neutrōrum neutrārum neutrōrum Dat neutrīs neutrīs neutrīs Acc neutrōs neutrās neutra Abl neutrīs neutrīs neutrīs

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom alius alia aliud Gen alīus/alterius alīus/alterius alīus/alterius Dat aliī aliī aliī Acc alium aliam aliud Abl aliō aliā aliō Plural Nom aliī aliae alia Gen aliōrum aliārum aliōrum Dat aliīs aliīs aliīs Acc aliōs alias alia Abl aliīs aliīs aliīs

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom uter utra utrum Gen utrīus utrīus utrīus Dat utrī utrī utrī Acc utrum utram utrum Abl utrō utrā utrō Plural Nom utrī utrae utra Gen utrōrum utrārum utrōrum Dat utrīs utrīs utrīs Acc utrōs utrās utrōs Abl utrīs utrīs utrīs

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom totus tota totum Gen totīus totīus totīus Dat totī totī totī Acc totum totam totum Abl totō totā totō Plural Nom totī totae tota Gen totōrum totārum totōrum Dat totīs totīs totīs Acc totōs totās totōs Abl totīs totīs totīs

Masc Fem Neut Singular Nom alter altera alterum Gen alterius alterius alterius Dat alterī alterī alterī Acc alterum alteram alterum Abl alterō alterā alterō Plural Nom alterī alterae altera Gen alterōrum alterārum alterōrum Dat alterīs alterīs alterīs Acc alterōs alterās altera Abl alterīs alterīs alterīs