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CONTENTS
1. SYNOPSIS
2. INTRODUCTION3. BLOCK DIAGRAM
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
6. IC DETAILS
7. PROGRAM
8. COMPONENT DETAILS
9. POWER SUPPTY
10.ADVANTAGES
11.APPLICATION
12.FUTURE MODIFICATION
13.CONCLUSION
14.BIBLIOGRAPHY
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SYNOPSIS
We have two stages for this project. One is a data transmitter section whichencodes a data and transmits it using RF modules. This data is encoded by a
microcontroller by our program.
On the other end there is a receiver stage which receives the transmitted data
by a RF receiver module and acts as a trigger signal for a microcontroller to
change the speed of a dc motor driven by the microcontroller and the driver
components of the circuit.
The microcontroller is programmed for PWM process to increase or
decrease the speed of the dc motor when it receives the data signal for
increment or decrement.
That is, on receipt of the increment data the ON time of the PWM
waveform is increased and during the slow down process the OFF time of
the PWM waveform is increased by our program.
ATMEL 89c51 is used as our microcontroller which exists from the family
of INTEL 8051 and it is communicated in ASSEMBLY language.
The block diagram gives a brief explanation of the project.
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INTRODUCTION
In school areas we need some kind of automation to bring down the speed
of the vehicles. To prove this concept we have to design a data transmitter
which transmits a data continuously & this transmitter is kept near the
school areas at least 100 meters before. The vehicle is designed with a
microcontroller based data receiver which enables a voice circuit to warn the
driver that he is entering the school area & he will be slowed down
automatically. Then the microcontroller is programmed to slow down the
vehicle. In real time applications the carburetor will be set to slow speed
setup by controlling the air input by means of a solenoid valve. In this case
the manual raising will be disabled. But in our circuit we program the
microcontroller to generate a PWM to slow down the motor as per our
circuit. That is to say that the off time of the motor is increased & the on
time is reduced to predetermined speed. The transmitter stage in our circuit
sends a 8 bit digital data continuously using a RF module TX434 with an
encoder HT12E & the receiver module has a RF receiver module RX434
with a decoder. Both the stages have been interfaced with a microcontroller
for data processing. The receiver end microcontroller has a data base 8bit
value, which would be compared with the transmitted 8 bit value, when boththe data values happen to be same, the microcontroller will start its
automation with voice warning & PWM motor control. Atmel 89c51 is used
as our microcontroller which exists from the family of INTEL 8051 & it is
programmed in assembly language.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
TRANSMITTER:
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RECEIVER:
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BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:
ENCODER:
An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes
such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or
adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to
another. In digital electronics this would mean that a decoder is a multiple-
input, multiple-output logic circuit (2 n-n).
18 PIN DIP
Operating voltage:2.4v~12v
Low power and high noise immunity COMS technology
Low standby current and minimum transmission word
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Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor
Easy interface with and RF or an infrared transmission medium .
RF TRANSMITTER:
The design of RF transmitter for wireless applications entails many
challenges at both architecture and circuit levels. The number of off-chip
components, the restrictions on unwanted emissions and the trade-offs
between the output power, the efficiency, and the required linearly directly
impact the choice of the transmitter topology and the implementation of
each circuit block. Furthermore, the disturbance of the transceivers
oscillators and receive path by the transmit path influence planning and the
limits the level of integration.
TRANSMITTER MODULE:
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Functional block of TX section where 1,2,3,4 are the pins
1- Antenna
2- Data input3- Ground
4- VCC
In this transmitting section the 1 st pin is the antenna pin where we
can able to fix the antenna for transmitting the data radio frequency, the 2 nd
pin is the data input pin in which the encoder is given; the 3 rd pin is ground
and the 4 th pin is the VCC which is given to operate the transmitter section.
RECIVER SECTION:
RF RECIVER:
A low voltage silicon bipolar RF (radio frequency) receiver front
end includes a low noise preamplifier and double-balanced mixer. The
receiver incorporates monolithic microstrip transformers for significant
improvements in performance compared with silicon broadband designs.
Reactive feedback and coupling elements are used in place of resistors to
lower the front end noise figure through the reduction of resistor thermalnoise, and this also both circuits to operate at supply voltages below 2volts.
RF RECEIVER MODULE:
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Functional block of Rx section where 1,2,3,4 are the pins
1- Antenna2- Data input
3- Ground
4- VCC
In this receiving section the 1 st pin is the antenna pin where we can
able to fix the antenna for receiving the data radio frequency, the 2 nd pin is
the data input pin in which the decoder is given; the 3 rd pin is ground and the
4 th pin is the VCC. This is given to operate the receiver section.
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DECODER:
A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, un doing the
encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same methodused to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. In digital
electronics this would mean that a decoder is a multiple-input, multiple-
output logic circuit (n-2 n).
HD12D (Holteks decoder) Decoder:
Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
Low standby current
Capable of decoding 12 bits of information
Binary address setting
Received codes are checked 3 times
Address/Data number combination HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits
HT12F: 12 address bits only
Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor
Valid transmission indicator
Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium
Minimal external components 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package.
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ALERT SYSTEM:
In this system has one alert. This is used to give the alert to the
driver. In here we use the 4ohms speaker. This is producing the sound.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRANSMITTER:
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RECEIVER:
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IC DETAILS:
ATMEL89C51 MICROCONTROLLER:
FEATURES :
Compatible with MCS-51 TM products.
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4K BYTES of in system programmable flash memory
Endurance: 1000 write/erase cycles
Fully static operation: 0 HZ to 24 MHz
Three-level program memory lock
128* 8-bit internal RAM
32 programmable I/O lines
Two 16-bit timer/counters
Six interrupt sources
Programmable serial channel
Low-power idle and power-down modes
DESCRIPTION:
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only
memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard
MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
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memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which
provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The AT89C51 provides the following standard features:4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-
bittimer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex
serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the
AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency
and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the
RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions
until the next hardware reset.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
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PIN DIAGRAM:
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PIN DESCRIPTION:
VCC
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Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
PORT 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each
pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins
can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be
the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external
program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also
receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code
bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during
program Verification.
PORT 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port
1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs.
As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current(IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order
address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
PORT 2
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Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port
2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs.As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current
(IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address
byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to
external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this
application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During
accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI),
Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also
receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port
3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs.
As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current
(IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
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Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming andverification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a
constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external
timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped
during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can
be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is
active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is
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weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the
microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is
activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are
skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at
0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA
will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for
internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming
enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-
volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
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Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
O SCILLATOR C HARACTERISTICS
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting
amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown
in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To
drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left
unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no
requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to
the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but
minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be
observed.
I DLE M ODE
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals
remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip
RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this
mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a
hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard
ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it
left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takescontrol. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but
access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an
unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the
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instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes
to a port pin or to external memory.
P OWER -DOWN M ODE
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In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that
invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and
Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode isterminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset
redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should
not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and
must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and
stabilize.
P ROGRAM M EMORY L OCK B ITS
On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can
be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.
When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and
latched during reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch
initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It
is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current
logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly.
P ROGRAMMING THE F LASH
The AT89C51 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in
the erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The
programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-
voltage (VCC) program enable signal. The low-voltage programming mode
provides a convenient way to program the AT89C51 inside the users
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system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with
conventional third-party Flash or EPROM programmers. The AT89C51 is
shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode
enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes arelisted in the following table.
The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip FlashMemory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.
P ROGRAMMING ALGORITHM :
Before programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals
should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure
3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.
1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.
2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.
3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.
4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.
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5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock
bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5
ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire
array or until the end of the object file is reached.
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DATA P OLLING :
The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle.
During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result inthe complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been
completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin.
Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.
R EADY /B USY :
The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY
output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming
to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to
indicate READY.
PROGRAMS VERIFY:
If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code
data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock
bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by
observing that their features are enabled.
C HIP E RASE :
The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination
of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array
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is written with all 1s. The chip erase operation must be executed before
the code memory can be re-programmed.
R EADING THE S IGNATURE BYTES :
The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification
of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be
pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.
(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel
(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51
(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming
(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming
P ROGRAMMING INTERFACE :
Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the
entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control
signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once initiated, will
automatically time itself to completion.
All major programming vendors offer worldwide support for
the Atmel microcontroller series. Please contact your local programming
vendor for the appropriate software revision.
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APR9600:
PINDIAGRAM:
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PIN DESCRIPTION:
Pin-out of the APR9600 is given in Figure 1. A typical
connection of the chip is given in Figure 2 (This is the circuit diagram of themodule). Pin functions of the IC are given in Table 1. During sound
recording, sound is picked up by the microphone. A microphone pre-
amplifier amplifies the voltage signal from the microphone. An AGC circuit
is included in the pre-amplifier, the extent of which is controlled by an
external capacitor and resistor. If the voltage level of a sound signal is
around 100 mV peak to- peak, the signal can be fed directly into the IC
through ANA IN pin (pin 20). The sound signal passes through a filter and a
sampling and hold circuit. The
Analogue voltage is then written into non-volatile flash analogue RAMs. It
has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply voltage is between 4.5V to 6.5V. During
recording and replaying, current consumption is 25 mA. In idle mode, the
current drops to 1 mA. During sound replaying, the ICs control circuit reads
analogue data from flash RAMs. The signal then passes through a low-pass
filter, a power amplifier and output to an 8 to 16 Ohm speaker. There is
different sound recording and replaying modes (see Table 2). These modes
are selected using MSEL1 (Pin 24), MSEL2 (Pin 25) and M8 (Pin 9). M1
to M7 keys have different functions in different modes.
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ULN2003:
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DESCRIPTION:
The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington
transistor arrays. It consists of seven NPN darlington pairs that feature high-
voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive
loads. The collector-current rating of a single darlington pair is 500mA. The
darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current capability. Applications
include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lampdrivers, display drivers (LED gas
discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2003 has a 2.7kW series base resistor for each darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5V
CMOS devices.
500mA rated collector current(Single output)
High-voltage outputs: 50V Inputs compatible with various types of logic.
Relay driver application
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LM7805:
DESCRIPTION :
The LM7805 monolithic 3-terminal positive voltage regulators employinternal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation,
making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided,
they can deliver over 1.0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage
regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card)
regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with
single-point regulation. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output
voltages and currents. Considerable effort was expended to make the entire
series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external
components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does
improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is
located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. The 5V, 12V, and
15V regulator options are available in the steel TO-3 power package. The
LM7805 series is available in the TO-220 plastic power package, and the
LM7805 is available in the SOT-223 package, as well as the LM340-5.0 and
LM340-12 in the surface-mount TO-263 packages.
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EATURES :
Complete specifications at 1A load
Output voltage tolerances of 2% at Tj = 25C and 4%
over the temperature range (LM340A)
Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of VIN at 1A load
(LM340A)
Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A (LM340A)
Internal thermal overload protection
Internal short-circuit current limit
Output transistor safe area protection
P+ Product Enhancement tested
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T YPICAL APPLICATIONS
F IXED O UTPUT R EGULATOR ADJUSTABLE O UTPUT R EGULATOR
Required if the regulator is located far from the power supply filter.
Although no output capacitor is needed for stability, it does help
transient
Response. (If needed, use 0.1 F, ceramic disc).
LM386:
DESCRIPTION :
The LM386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer
applications. The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low,
but the addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pins 1 and 8
will increase the gain to any value from 20 to 200. The inputs are groundreferenced while the output automatically biases to one-half the supply
voltage. The quiescent power drain is only 24 milliwatts when operating
from a 6 volt supply, making the LM386 ideal for battery operation.
F EATURES
Battery operation
Minimum external parts
Wide supply voltage range: 4V12V or 5V18V
Low quiescent current drain: 4mA
Voltage gains from 20 to 200
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Ground referenced input
Self-centering output quiescent voltage
Low distortion: 0.2% (AV = 20, VS = 6V, RL = 8W, PO =
125mW, f = 1kHz) Available in 8 pin MSOP package
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ULN2003:
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
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SCHEMATIC (EACH DARLINGTON PAIR):
DESCRIPTION:
The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington
transistor arrays. It consists of seven NPN darlington pairs that feature high-
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voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive
loads. The collector-current rating of a single darlington pair is 500mA. The
darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current capability. Applications
include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LEDgas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2003 has a 2.7kW
series base resistor for each darlington pair for operation directly with TTL
or 5V CMOS devices.
500mA rated collector current(Single output) High-voltage outputs: 50V
Inputs compatible with various types of logic.
Relay driver application
CRYSTAL OSILLATOR:
A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical
resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an
electrical signal with a very precise frequency . This frequency is commonly
used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches ), to provide a stable
clock signal for digital integrated circuits , and to stabilize frequencies for
radio transmitters and receivers . The most common type of piezoelectricresonator used is the quartz crystal , so oscillator circuits designed around
them were called "crystal oscillators".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystal7/29/2019 Car Speed REPORT
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Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of
kilohertz to tens of megahertz. More than two billion (210 9) crystals are
manufactured annually. Most are small devices for consumer devices such
as wristwatches , clocks , radios , computers , and cell phones . Quartz crystalsare also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters,
signal generators , and oscilloscopes .
RESISTOR:
Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed
in series with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passingthrough the LED.
RESISTOR SYMPOL:
EXAMPLE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wristwatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wristwatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscope7/29/2019 Car Speed REPORT
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Small value resistors (less than 10 ohm)
The standard colour code cannot show values of less than 10 . To show
these small values two special colours are used for the third band : gold
which means 0.1 and silver which means 0.01. The first and second
bands represent the digits as normal.
EXAMPLE:
Red, violet, gold bands represent 27 0.1 = 2.7
green, blue, silver bands represent 56 0.01 = 0.56
Tolerance of resistors (fourth band of colour code)
The tolerance of a resistor is shown by the fourth band of the colour code.
Tolerance is the precision of the resistor and it is given as a percentage. For
example a 390 resistor with a tolerance of 10% will have a value within
10% of 390 , between 390 - 39 = 351 and 390 + 39 = 429 (39 is 10% of
390).
A special colour code is used for the fourth band tolerance:silver 10%, gold 5%, red 2%, brown 1%.If no fourth band is shown the tolerance is 20%.
Tolerance may be ignored for almost all circuits because precise resistor values are rarely required.
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RESISTOR COLOR CODE:
CAPACITOR
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a
pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential
difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is present in thedielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between
the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly
separated conductors.
The Resistor Color Code
Color Number
Black 0
Brown 1Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
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An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,
which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each
conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric
between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductorsand leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an
electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the
resonant frequency and quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation
and operating frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a high-
power system, and many other important aspects. A capacitor consists of
two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive
substance is called the dielectric medium, although this may also mean a
vacuum or a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the
conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with
no net electric charge and no influence from an external electric field. The
conductors thus contain equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces,
and the dielectric contains an electric field. The capacitor is a reasonably
general model for electric fields within electric circuits.
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR:
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting
liquid as one of its plates. Typically, this is all a lies with a larger
capacitance per unit volume than other types; they are valuable in relatively
high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case
in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output
voltage and current fluctuations, in rectifier output. They are also widely
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used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be conducted but
DC should not. Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance,
allowing filters made with them to have very low corner frequencies.
CERAMIC CAPACITOR:
Ceramic capacitors are a two-terminal, non-polar device. The classical
ceramic capacitor is the disc capacitor. Ceramic disc capacitors are in
widespread use in electronic equipment, providing high capacity & small
size at low price compared to other low value capacitor types. Ceramic
capacitors come in various shapes and styles. The ceramic capacitors come
in various shapes and styles.
CAPACITOR SYMBOL:
EXAMPLES:
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DIODE:
Diodes have two active electrodes between which the signal of
interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional electric current
property.
The directionality of current flow most diodes exhibit is sometimes
generically called the rectifying property. The most common function of a
diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the
forward biased condition) and to block the current in the opposite direction(the reverse biased condition). Thus, the diode can be through of as an
electronic version of a check value.
Real diodes do not display such a perfect on-off directionality but
have a more complex non-linear electrical characteristic, which depends on
the particular type of diode technology. Diodes also have many other
functions in which they are not designed to operate in this on-off manner.
Today the most common diodes are made from semiconductor materials
such as silicon or germanium.
DIODE SYMBOLS:
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EXAMPLES:
RELAY
An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field
at right angles to the direction of electron flow. If that conductor is wrappedinto a coil shape, the magnetic field produced will be oriented along the
length of the coil. The greater the current, the greater the strength of the
magnetic field, all other factors being equal.
Inductors react again changes in current because of the energy stored
in this magnetic field. When we construct a transformer from two inductor coils around a common iron core, we use this field to transfer energy from
one coil to the other. However, there are simpler and more direct uses for
electromagnets fields than the applications weve seen with inductors and
transformers. The magnetic field produced by a coil of current-carrying wire
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can be used to exert a mechanical force on any magnetic object, just as we
can use a permanent magnet to attract magnetic objects, expect that this
magnet (formed by the coil) can be turned on or off by switching the current
on or off through the coil.If we place a magnetic object near such a coil for the purpose of
making that object move when we energize the coil with electric current, we
have what is called a solenoid. The movable magnetic object is called an
armature, and most armatures can be moved with either direct current (DC)
or alternating current (AC) energizing the coil. The polarity of the magnetic
field is irrelevant for the purpose of attracting an iron armature. Solenoids
can be used to electrically open door latches, open or shut values, move
robotic limbs, and even actuate electric switch mechanisms. However, if a
solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch contacts, we have a device so
useful it deserves its own name: the relay .
POWER SUPPLY:
Power supply for the complete unit can be derived from the mains using a
step-down transformer of 230V AC primary to 12V-0-12V, 500mA
secondary. A full-wave rectifier followed by a capacitor filters the output
voltage and feeds the following 9-volt regulator whose output is used to the
power supply requirement of IR receiver, melody generator and counter
modules. It is also used to provide input to a 6-volt regulator IC used for feeding the transmitter circuit.
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RECTIFIER:
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a
rectifier to convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most
important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier
can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is
used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A
single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses the positive (+)parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.
B RIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is
also available in special packages containing the four diodes
required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses the entire AC
wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the
bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and
there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram
below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/powersup.htm#bridgerectifier%23bridgerectifierhttp://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/powersup.htm#singlediode%23singlediodehttp://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/powersup.htm#bridgerectifier%23bridgerectifierhttp://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/powersup.htm#singlediode%23singlediode7/29/2019 Car Speed REPORT
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pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must
be at least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can
withstand the peak voltages). Please see the Diodes page for more
details, including pictures of bridge rectifiers.
OUTPUT:
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/acdc.htm#rmshttp://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/diode.htm#bridgehttp://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/acdc.htm#rmshttp://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/diode.htm#bridge7/29/2019 Car Speed REPORT
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FILTER:
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor
connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to
the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The
diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed
DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying
DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.
Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to
almost the peak value (1.4 RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is
rectified to full wave DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge
rectifier), with smoothing this increases to almost the peak value giving
1.4 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/capac.htm#polarisedhttp://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/acdc.htm#rmshttp://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/capac.htm#polarisedhttp://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/acdc.htm#rms7/29/2019 Car Speed REPORT
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Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it
discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is
10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the
required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give lessripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.
C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothedDCf = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK
REGULATOR:
The output voltage from the capacitor is more filtered and finally
regulated. The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output
voltage constant irrespective of the change in supply variation, load
variation and temperature changes. Here we use one fixed voltage regulator
namely LM 7805. The regulator IC 7805 is a +5V regulator.
TRANSFORMER:
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with
little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the
reasons why mains electricity is AC.
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Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the
dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the
secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead
they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core
of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol
represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal tothe power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio,
determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large
number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high
voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output)
coil to give a low output voltage.
TRANSFORMER SYMBOL:
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EXAMPLE:
ADVANTAGES
This project decreases the rate of accidents in the highways and Ghats areas
Low cost and easy to implement.
Can cover maximum area in a zone.
This can be implemented with other wireless technologies for adding more stuff.
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DISADVANTAGES
Difficult in case of failure of RF transmitter.
RF Modules are to be protected from environment Hazards.
APPLICATIONS
It can be implemented in automated systems for wireless control.
Can be used at heavy traffic areas.
Used in school zones and ghat roads.
This can be uses in driving guidance systems and automatic navigation system
CODE
;...........speed control of dc motor usingRF ............................;...........................crystal frequency = 11.0592mhz............;...........................TRANSMITTERSECTION........................
$mod51
sw1 bit p2.0sw2 bit p2.1sw3 bit p2.2sw4 bit p2.3sw5 bit p2.4sw6 bit p2.5RS BIT P3.2
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RW BIT P3.3EN BIT P3.4
DAT EQU P0out equ p1
;...........................................
ORG 00HJMP START;---------------------------------------
ORG 030H
START:MOV SP,#08HMOV P1,#0ffHMOV P2,#0FFHMOV P3,#0FFHMOV P0,#0FFHCALL INIT_LCDCALL CLEAR_LCDMOV DPTR,#MSG1CALL DISPCALL DEBOUNCE
BEGIN:n0: jb sw1,n1
mov out,#1fHMOV DPTR,#MSG2CALL DISPCALL DEBOUNCEcall delay1call display1jmp n0
n1: jb sw2,n2mov out,#2fHMOV DPTR,#MSG3CALL DISPCALL DEBOUNCEcall delay1call display2jmp n0
n2: nop
n3: nop
n4: jb sw5,n5mov out,#5fHmov dptr,#msg6
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call dispcall debounce
n5: jmp n0
;--------------------------------------DEBOUNCE:MOV R6,#200DJNZ R6,$RET
;.......................................................................................; INITIALIZE THE LCD;---------------------------------------------------------INIT_LCD:
SETB EN ;enable lcdCLR RS ;It is a commandMOV DAT ,#32H ;8 Bit data,2lineCLR ENLCALL WAIT_LCDSETB EN ;enable lcdCLR RS ;It is a commandMOV DAT ,#38H ;8 Bit data,2lineCLR ENLCALL WAIT_LCD
;--------------------------------------------------------SETB ENCLR RSMOV DAT ,#0EH ;LCD ON -CURSOR ONCLR ENLCALL WAIT_LCD
;---------------------------------------------------------SETB EN
CLR RSMOV DAT ,#06H ;Auto increment cursorCLR ENLCALL WAIT_LCDRET
;----------------------------------------------------------
CUR_OFF:SETB ENCLR RSMOV DAT ,#0CHCLR ENLCALL WAIT_LCD
RET;----------------------------------------------------------
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CLEAR_LCD:SETB ENCLR RSMOV DAT,#01CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCDRET;----------------------------------------------------------WRITE_TEXT:
SETB ENSETB RSMOV DAT,ACLR ENLCALL WAIT_LCD
RET;----------------------------------------------------------WAIT_LCD:
SETB ENCLR RSSETB RWMOV DAT ,#0FFHMOV A,DATJB ACC.7 ,WAIT_LCDCLR ENCLR RWRET
;-----------------------------------------------------------; SUB SETS THE CURSOR POSITION.;--LINE 1;-----------------------------------------------------------PLACECUR:
MOV A, BADD A,#80H ; CONSTRUCT CONTROL WORD FOR LINE
1--SETCUR:
SETB ENCLR RSCLR RW
MOV DAT ,ACLR ENCALL WAIT_LCDRET
;-----------------------------------------------------------;--CURSOR POSITION LINE2;----------------------------------------------------------PLACECUR2:
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MOV A,BADD A,#0C0H
SETCUR2:SETB ENCLR RS
CLR RWMOV DAT,ACLR ENCALL WAIT_LCDRET
;-------------------------------;--DISP sub to display string;---------------------------------DISP: MOV B,#00
CALL PLACECURMOV R1, #16
J210: CLR AMOVC A, @A+DPTRCALL WRITE_TEXTINC DPTRDJNZ R1,J210
MOV B,#00CALL PLACECUR2MOV R1,#16
J211: CLR AMOVC A, @A+DPTR
CALL WRITE_TEXTINC DPTRDJNZ R1,J211RET
;---------------------------------------display1:
back: jnb sw6,gk1JNB SW5,GK1jb sw1,backmov out,#6fhmov dptr,#msgacall disp
call delay1
back1: jnb sw6,gk1JNB SW5,GK1jb sw1,back1mov out,#7fhmov dptr,#msgbcall disp
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call delay1
back2: jnb sw6,gk1JNB SW5,GK1jb sw1,back2
mov out,#8fhmov dptr,#msgccall dispcall delay1
back3: jnb sw6,gk1JNB SW5,GK1jb sw1,back3mov out,#9fhmov dptr,#msgdcall dispcall delay1
gk1: RET
;......................................................display2:
back0: jnb sw6,gk2JNB SW5,GK2jb sw2,back0mov out,#0afhmov dptr,#msgecall dispcall delay1
back10: jnb sw6,gk2JNB SW5,GK2jb sw2,back10mov out,#0bfhmov dptr,#msgfcall dispcall delay1
back20: jnb sw6,gk2JNB SW5,GK2jb sw2,back20mov out,#0cfhmov dptr,#msggcall dispcall delay1
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back30: jnb sw6,gk2JNB SW5,GK2jb sw2,back30mov out,#0dfh
mov dptr,#msghcall dispcall delay1
gk2: RET
;......................................................debounce2:
mov r2,#25gg20: mov r3,#255
djnz r3,$djnz r2,gg20ret
;.....................................................delay1:
mov r1,#7kk1: mov r2,#255kk2: mov r3,#255
djnz r3,$djnz r2,kk2djnz r1,kk1ret
;......................................................MSG1:DB' RF CONTROL OF ',' CAR ',0MSG2:DB' SPEED ',' INC ',0MSG3:DB' SPEED ',' DEC ',0MSG6:DB' ENGINE ',' STOPPED ',0MSGa:DB' LOW ',' speed ',0MSGb:DB' 2nd ',' speed ',0MSGc:DB' 3rd ',' Speed ',0MSGd:DB' 4th ',' speed ',0MSGe:DB' HI ',' Speed ',0MSGf:DB' 2nd ',' Speed ',0
MSGg:DB' LOW ',' speed ',0MSGh:DB' MOTOR ',' STOPPED ',0;----------------------------------------
end
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;.....RF BASED SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR.........;...RECEIVER SECTION......;............11.0592 MHZ...........
$MOD51
RX_DATA EQU P1OUT EQU P2.0RELAY_F EQU P2.2RELAY_R EQU P2.1
;..............................................ORG 00HJMP START
ORG 030HSTART:
MOV P1,#0FFHMOV P2,#1fH
N0: MOV A,RX_DATACJNE A,#0F1H,N1CALL RUN
N1: CJNE A,#2fH,N2CALL SPEED300
N2: CJNE A,#3fH,N3CALL SPEED600
N3: CJNE A,#4fH,N4CALL SPEED1200
N4: CJNE A,#5fH,N5CALL SPEED1400
N5: CJNE A,#6fH,N6CALL SPEED1200D
N6: CJNE A,#7fH,N7
CALL SPEED600D
N7: CJNE A,#0cfH,N8CALL SPEED300D
N8: CJNE A,#0dfH,N9CALL RUND
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N9: nop
NA: nop
NB: CJNE A,#5fH,NC
CALL STOPNC: JMP N0
;.................................................................................RUN:BACK: CLR OUT
CALL DELAY1SETB OUTCALL DELAY9MOV A,RX_DATACJNE A,#6fH,K1JMP BACK
K1: RET;.................................................................................SPEED300:BACK2: CLR OUT
CALL DELAY2SETB OUTCALL DELAY8MOV A,RX_DATACJNE A,#7fH,K2JMP BACK2
K2: RET;..................................................................................SPEED600:BACK3: CLR OUT
CALL DELAY4SETB OUTCALL DELAY6MOV A,RX_DATACJNE A,#8fH,K3
JMP BACK3K3: RET;............................................................................SPEED1200:BACK4: CLR OUT
CALL DELAY7SETB OUT
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CALL DELAY3MOV A,RX_DATACJNE A,#9fH,K4JMP BACK4
K4: RET
;..........................................................................SPEED1400:BACK5: CLR OUT
MOV A,RX_DATACJNE A,#1fH,K5JMP BACK5
K5: RET;..........................................................................RUND:BACK6: CLR OUT
CALL DELAY1SETB OUTCALL DELAY9MOV A,RX_DATACJNE A,#6fH,K10JMP BACK6
K10: RET;.................................................................................SPEED300D:BACK7: CLR OUT
CALL DELAY2SETB OUTCALL DELAY8MOV A,RX_DATACJNE A,#0cfH,K20JMP BACK7
K20: RET;..................................................................................SPEED600D:BACK8: CLR OUT
CALL DELAY4SETB OUTCALL DELAY6MOV A,RX_DATACJNE A,#0bfH,K30JMP BACK8
K30: RET
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;............................................................................SPEED1200D:BACK9: CLR OUT
CALL DELAY7
SETB OUTCALL DELAY3MOV A,RX_DATACJNE A,#0afH,K40JMP BACK9
K40: RET;.........................................................................
DELAY1:MOV R1,#2
X1: MOV R2,#230DJNZ R2,$DJNZ R1,X1RET
;........................................................................DELAY2:
MOV R7,#2X2: CALL DELAY1
DJNZ R7,X2RET
;........................................................................DELAY3:
MOV R7,#3X3: CALL DELAY1
DJNZ R7,X3RET
;........................................................................DELAY4:
MOV R7,#4X4: CALL DELAY1
DJNZ R7,X4
RET;........................................................................DELAY5:
MOV R7,#5X5: CALL DELAY1
DJNZ R7,X5RET
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;........................................................................DELAY6:
MOV R7,#6X6: CALL DELAY1
DJNZ R7,X6RET;........................................................................DELAY7:
MOV R7,#7X7: CALL DELAY1
DJNZ R7,X7RET
;........................................................................DELAY8:
MOV R7,#8X8: CALL DELAY1
DJNZ R7,X8RET
;........................................................................DELAY9:
MOV R7,#9X9: CALL DELAY1
DJNZ R7,X9RET
;........................................................................
STOP:clr P2.0RET
;.........................................................................
END
CONCLUSION
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The project VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM USING RF COMMUNICATION
has been successfully designed and tested.
It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used. Presence
of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of
the unit. Thus the data to be sent is encoded within the transmitted signal so that a well designed
receiver can separate the data from the signal upon reception of this signal. The decoded data can
then be used to perform specified tasks.
Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project
has been successfully implemented.
This is a very useful technique to control the vehicle speed automatically.
By using Microcontroller , we Controlled the speed of the vehicle according to zones
It is mainly useful in the areas where high rate of accidents are recorded.
As in city traffic control to conserve the fuel and implement the traffic rules.
BIBILOGRAPHY
1. Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications Principles and Practices,
second edition,2001
2. Lathi, Digital Communications ,g.k publisher,2003
3. Sklar ,Digital Communications, second edition
WEBREFERENCES:
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1. www.electronicstutorials.com
2. www.aimglobal.com
3. www.kernel.org
4. ONLamp.com