Md. Abdullah NayeemStudent ID. :141110

Carbohydrate Derivatives Are Extensively Used In Both

Medicinal And Pharmaceutical Field

Introduction:A carbohydrate is  a biological  molecule consisting 

of carbon (C), hydrogen (H)  and oxygen (O)  atoms,  usually  with  a hydrogen  :  oxygen atom ratio of  2:1  (as  in water);  in  other words, with  the empirical  formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could  be  different from n).   Some exceptions exist;  for  example, deoxyribose,  a  sugar component  of DNA,  has  the  empirical  formula  C5H10O4. Carbohydrates  are  technically hydrates of  carbon; structurally  it  is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.

Single  units  of  carbohydrates  called monosaccharides may  undergo various reactions to form carbohydrate derivatives.

Examples of some Carbohydrate Derivatives:

Glucose Family :β-D-Glucoseβ-D-Glucose 6

Phosphateβ-D-GlucosamineN-Acetyl- β-D-

GlucosamineN-Acetylmuramic Acidβ-D-Glucuronateβ-D-Gluconate

Amino Sugars:N-AcetylglucosamineGalactosamineGlucosamineSialic acidL-Daunosamine

Deoxy Sugars: DeoxyriboseFucose,Rhamnose

Artificial Sweeteners:AspartameSaccharinSucralose

Carbohydrate Derivatives containing drugs are following

Fergon®:Generic Name: ferrous gluconate (FER-us GLOO-

koe-nate)Brand Name: Examples include FE-40 and Fergon.

Uses of Fergon®:• Supplementing iron in the diet and preventing or

treating low levels of iron in the blood. • It also may be used for other conditions as

determined by your doctor.• Fergon® is an essential body mineral. It works by

providing iron to the body.

Dextrose:Generic Name: dextrose (DEX-trose)Brand Name: Generic only.Dextrose is used for:Providing fluids containing various amounts of sugars to

your body when you are not able to drink enough liquids or when additional fluids are needed. It may also be used as a way to give other injectable medicines.

Levemir®:Generic Name: insulin detemir (IN su lin DE te mir)Brand Names: Levemir, Levemir FlexPenUses of Levemir®:• Levemir® is used to treat type 2 diabetes in

adults.• Levemir® is also used to treat type 1 diabetes in

adults and children who are at least 2 years old.

Acarbose®:Generic Name: acarbose (AY-kar-bose)Brand Name: Precose (US)

Uses of Acarbose®: • Treating type 2 diabetes. It is used along with

diet and exercise.• It may be used alone or with other antidiabetic

medicines.• Acarbose® is a glucosidase inhibitor. It works by

slowing down the enzyme that turns carbohydrates into glucose. This results in a smaller rise in blood sugar levels following a meal.

Miglitol®:Generic Name: miglitol (MIG-li-tol)Brand Name: Glyset

Uses of Miglitol®:• Treating type 2 diabetes in adults. It is used

along with diet and exercise.• Miglitol® is a glucosidase inhibitor. It works by

slowing down the digestion of carbohydrates into glucose.• Miglitol® may be used alone or in combination

with other diabetes medicines (eg, insulin).

Voglibose®:Generic Names: Voglibose (OS: USAN, JAN), A 71100 (IS), AO 128 (IS:

Takeda), Glustat (IS), Voglibose (PH: JP XVI)Brand Name: Voglib, VolixChemical Name: 3,4-Dideoxy-4-[[2-hydroxy-1-

(hydroxymetyl)etyl]amino]-2-C-(hydroxymetyl)-D-epiinositol

Uses of Voglibose®:• This medication is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor,

prescribed for diabetes mellitus.  

• To determine the safety and efficacy of long-term use of Voglibose® (Basen) to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with impaired glucose tolerance in the routine clinical setting.

Relenza®:Generic Name: zanamivir (zan AM i vir)Brand Names: Relenza

Uses of Relenza®: • It blocks the actions of viruses in your body.• Relenza® is used to treat flu symptoms caused by

influenza virus in patients who have had symptoms for less than 2 days.• Relenza® may also be given to prevent influenza in

people who may be exposed but do not yet have symptoms. • Relenza® should not be used in place of getting a

yearly flu shot.

Tamiflu®:Generic Name: oseltamivir (os el TAM ih veer)Brand Names: Tamiflu

Uses of Tamiflu®: • Tamiflu® is used to treat influenza in people 2 weeks

of age and older who have had flu symptoms for 2 days or less. • Oseltamivir may also be given to prevent influenza in

people who are at least 1 year old, who may be exposed but do not yet have symptoms. • Tamiflu® will not treat the common cold.• Tamiflu® may also be used for purposes not listed in

this medication guide.

Hyalgan®:Generic Name: hyaluronate sodium (HYE-a-loo-RON-ate

SOE-dee-um)Brand Name: Examples include Hyalgan and Supartz

Uses of Hyalgan®:• Treating knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis who

have not received relief from other treatments.• Hyalgan® is a hyaluronic acid derivative. It works by

increasing the effectiveness of the fluid within the knee joint to act as a lubricant and shock absorber.

Orthovisc®:Generic Name: hyaluronan (HYE al URE oh nan)

Brand Names: Monovisc, Orthovisc

Uses of Orthovisc®:• Orthovisc® (hyaluronan) is similar to the fluid that

surrounds the joints in your body. This fluid acts as a lubricant and shock absorber for the joints.• Orthovisc® is used to treat knee pain caused

by osteoarthritis.• Orthovisc® is usually given after other arthritis

medications have been tried without success.

Lovenox®:Generic Name: enoxaparin (ee nox AP a rin)Brand Names: Lovenox

Uses of Lovenox®:• Lovenox® (enoxaparin) is an anticoagulant that helps prevent

the formation of blood clots.• Lovenox® is used to treat or prevent a type of blood clot

called deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which can lead to blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary embolism).• Lovenox® is also used to prevent blood vessel complications

in people with certain types of angina (chest pain) or heart attack.• Lovenox® may also be used for purposes not listed in this

medication guide.

Topamax®:Generic Name: topiramate (toe PYRE a mate)Brand Names: Qudexy XR, Topamax, Topamax

Sprinkle, Trokendi XR

Uses of Topamax®: • Topamax® (topiramate) is a seizure medicine, also called an

anticonvulsant. Topiramate is used to treat seizures in adults and children who are at least 2 years old.• Topamax® is also used to prevent migraine headaches in

adults and teenagers who are at least 12 years old. This medicine will only prevent migraine headaches or reduce the number of attacks. It will not treat a headache that has already begun.• Topamax® may also be used for purposes not listed in this

medication guide.

Heparin®:Generic Name: heparin (injection) (HEP a rin)Brand Names: Heparin Sodium ADD-Vantage, Hep-Pak

(obsolete), Heparin Lock Flush (obsolete), Hep-Lock (obsolete)

Uses of Heparin®: • Heparin® is an anticoagulant (blood thinner) that prevents the

formation of blood clots.• Heparin® is used to treat and prevent blood clots in the veins,

arteries, or lung. It is also used before surgery to reduce the risk of blood clots.• Heparin® injection should not be used to flush (clean out) an

intravenous (IV) catheter. A separate product is available to use as catheter lock flush.• Heparin® may also be used for purposes not listed in this

medication guide.

Arixtra®:Generic Name: fondaparinux (fon-DAP-a-rin-ux)Brand Name: Arixtra

Uses of Arixtra®:• Preventing blood clots in patients who will be having certain

types of surgery. • Arixtra® is also used with warfarin to treat blood clots in the

leg or lungs. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.• Arixtra® is an anticoagulant. It works by inhibiting one of the

steps necessary for the formation of blood clots, which helps prevent clots from developing or worsening.

Streptomycin®:Generic Name: streptomycin (STREP-toe-MYE-sin)Brand Name: Generic only.

Uses of Streptomycin®:• Treating tuberculosis (TB) and infections caused

by certain bacteria.• Streptomycin® is an aminoglycoside. It works by

killing sensitive bacteria by stopping the production of essential proteins needed by the bacteria to survive.

Konsyl®:

Generic Name: psyllium (SIL ee um)Brand Name: Fiberall, Hydrocil, Konsyl, Laxmar, Metamucil, Natural Fiber Therapy, Reguloid

Uses of Konsyl®:• Psyllium is a bulk-forming fiber laxative. Psyllium works

by absorbing liquid and swelling in the intestines to create a softer, bulky stool that is easier to pass.• Psyllium is used to treat occasional constipation or

bowel irregularity. • Psyllium may also help lower cholesterol when used

together with a diet low in cholesterol and saturated fat.• Psyllium may also be used for purposes not listed in this

medication guide.

Kondremul®:Generic Name: mineral oil (MIHN-er-uhl OYL)Brand Name: Examples include Kondremul and

Liqui-Doss

Uses of Kondremul®:• Mineral oil is used to treat constipation. It is known as a

lubricant laxative. It works by keeping water in the stool and intestines. This helps to soften the stool and also makes it easier for stool to pass through the intestines.• This medication should not be used in older adults,

children younger than 6 years, or in people who are bedridden.• Relieving occasional constipation and bowel irregularity.• Kondremul® emulsion is a lubricant laxative that works

by slowing the absorption of water from the bowel, which softens the stool.

CMC-capsul®: Generic Name: Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC),

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium Brand Name: CMC-capsul

Uses of CMC-capsul®:• The temporary relief of burning, irritation and

discomfort due to dryness of the eye or exposure to wind or sun.• May be used as a protectant against further

irritation.• Eye lubricant

Reference www. Drugs.com www.FDA.com https://clinicaltrials.gov/ www.DRUGS-ABOUT.Com www.medicinenet.com www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601104.html