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About Boundless
• Carbohydrate Molecules
Carbohydrates
Polymers > Carbohydrates
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• Monosaccharides are simple sugars made up of three to seven carbons, and
they can exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules.
• Glucose, galactose, and fructose are monosaccharide isomers, which means
they all have the same chemical formula but differ structurally and chemically.
• Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction
(a condensation reaction); they are held together by a covalent bond.
• Sucrose (table sugar) is the most common disaccharide, which is composed of
the monomers glucose and fructose.
• A polysaccharide is a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds;
the chain may be branched or unbranched and can contain many types of
monosaccharides.
Carbohydrate Molecules
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Monosaccharides
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Polymers > Carbohydrates
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Appendix
Key terms
• biopolymer Any macromolecule of a living organism that is formed from the polymerization of smaller entities; a polymer that occurs in a living organism or results from life.
• dehydration reaction A chemical reaction in which two molecules are covalently linked in a reaction that generates H2O as a second product.
• isomer Any of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structure.
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Polymers
DisaccharidesSucrose is formed when a monomer of glucose and a monomer of fructose are joined in a dehydration reaction to form a glycosidic bond. In the process, a water molecule is lost. By convention, the carbon atoms in a monosaccharide are numbered from the terminal carbon closest to the carbonyl group. In sucrose, a glycosidic linkage is formed between carbon 1 in glucose and carbon 2 in fructose.
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Polymers
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides are classified based on the position of their carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the backbone. Aldoses have a carbonyl group (indicated in green) at the end of the carbon chain, and ketoses have a carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain. Trioses, pentoses, and hexoses have three, five, and six carbon backbones, respectively.
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Polymers
PolysaccharidesIn cellulose, glucose monomers are linked in unbranched chains by β 1-4 glycosidic linkages. Because of the way the glucose subunits are joined, every glucose monomer is flipped relative to the next one resulting in a linear, fibrous structure.
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Polymers
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Polymers
Which of the following describe disaccharides?
A) Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are the result of bonded monosaccharides after a dehydration reaction.
B) Glucose, galactose, and fructose are isomers with more than one asymmetric carbon.
C) They are a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
D) Cellulose is the result of two monosaccharides that have undergone a condensation reaction.
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Polymers
Which of the following describe disaccharides?
A) Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are the result of bonded monosaccharides after a dehydration reaction.
B) Glucose, galactose, and fructose are isomers with more than one asymmetric carbon.
C) They are a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
D) Cellulose is the result of two monosaccharides that have undergone a condensation reaction.
Attribution
• Connexions. "Carbohydrates." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44400/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "biopolymer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biopolymer
• Wiktionary. "dehydration reaction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dehydration+reaction
• Wiktionary. "isomer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isomer
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Polymers
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