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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of rings of 4 or 5 carbons with Hydrogens and Oxygens attached to the carbon atoms
The basic building block of carbohydrates is glucose
Carbohydrate Functions
• Carbohydrates are used for energy production, energy storage, and cell structure.
Sugars and Complex Carbohydrates• Glucose is the main food molecule used by most
living things: other molecules are converted to glucose before being used to generate energy. Glucose can also be assembled into starch and cellulose.
• Complex Carbohydrates: Some is structural: the cellulose of plant cell walls and fibers is a polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules. The chitin that covers insects and crustaceans is another glucose polymer (with a bit of modification). Some is food storage: starch and its animal form glycogen. Also glucose polymers, but linked differently: we have enzymes that can digest starch. We animals store glycogen in the liver as a ready source of glucose, the basic food molecule needed by all cells.
Lipids (Fats)
•An Important Molecule for Living Things
Sources of Fatsin Our Diet
BAD
Red MeatButterCheese
OK
Olive OilCanola OilAvocado
GOOD
SalmonNutsFlaxseed Oil
Basic Structure
Two Parts:
Glycerol Head: •hydrophilic: attracted to water
Fatty Acid Tails: •hydrophobic: not attracted to water
Glycerol
Fatty acid
Four Main Types of Lipidsand their functions
1.Fats: energy storage and insulation
2.Phospholipids: biological membranes
3.Waxes: waterproofing and protection
4.Steroids: hormones/messaging
Proteins
An important molecule for your body
Where can you get proteins?
Why do you need protein?
• Transports materials across cell membrane
• Protects bones• Builds cartilage• Builds muscle• Helps chemical
reactions in your body (enzymes)
What are the subunits (monomers) of proteins?
• AMINO ACIDS
Talk about ways that proteins are different than carbohydrates
Think about sources, subunits, and functions.
Nucleic Acids
• Made of CHONP• Building blocks are
called nucleotides• Functions:– Storing genetic
information– Transmitting genetic
information– Protein building code
Molecules are organized into organelles
• Nucleus• Mitochondria• Cell wall• Cell membrane • Chloroplast• Ribosome
Organelles Compose Cells
• Cells themselves are made of smaller parts called organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, ribosome, cell membrane)
Organization of matter in living things• Cell = the basic unit of life’s organization• Eukaryotes = multi-celled organisms
containing internal structures (organelles)
– Plants, animals, fungi, protists– Ribosomes synthesize proteins– Mitochondria extract energy
from sugars and fats– Nucleus houses DNA
• Prokaryotes = single-celled organisms
lacking organelles and a nucleus
Hierarchy of matter in organisms
Matter is organized in a hierarchy of levels, from atoms through cells through organ systems