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Carbohydrates & Cell Energy
Honors Biology ch 4 & 15
Macromoleculesin the
Biosphere
Biosphere:The spacetime that life inhabits
Autotrophs:Convert light energy into chemical energyEx: plants, algae, & bacteria
Quick Review: Ecology
Matter (Carbon) cycles through the biosphere
Quick Review: Ecology
Carbon is an element:4 valence electronsAbility to make 4 stable covalent bonds
Quick Review: Biochemistry
Macromolecules are large organic carbon compoundsCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids
Life is built out of carbon molecules
Part 1: Carbohydrates
MonosaccharideSimple (one sugar) carbohydratesex: glucose (C6H12O6)
PolysaccharideComplex carbohydratesex: starches (C1nH2nO1n)
Carbohydrate Structure
Biological Functions:Short term energyStructural supportCell tags (antennae)
Human Acquisition:GrainsFruits
Carbohydrate Functions
Plants:Cellulose, Sucrose, Fructose…
Animals:Glycogen, Chitin…
Biological Examples of Carbs
How are these molecules constructed in the biosphere
Building Carbohydrates
Light energyCO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2(Carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose)
(oxygen)
Photosynthesis
Part 2: Photosynthesis
Light energyCO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2(Carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose)
(oxygen)
Photosynthesis
Plant StructuresPlant Organs:
Leaves are responsible for photosynthesisPlant Cells:
Contain chloroplast organelles
Chloroplast StructuresStroma:
Fluid inside the chloroplastThylakoid:
Saclike structure that contains chlorophyll
Chlorophyll Structure & FunctionPigment that absorbs light energy
Photosynthesis Detailed ProcessVery complex molecular process:
matter cycles and energy flows
Stage 1: Light Dependent Reactions (thylakoid)Water is split apart by light & Oxygen is
producedStage 2: Light Independent Reactions
(stroma)Carbon dioxide is fixed into Glucose
Photosynthesis Basic Process
Light dependent reaction: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535:
:535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120072/bio13.swf::Photosynthetic%20Electron%20Transport%20and%20ATP%20Synthesis
Light Independent Animation http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070960526/student_view0/chap
ter5/animation_quiz_1.html
Photosynthesis Rap http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wi60tQa8jfE&safety_mode=true&pe
rsist_safety_mode=1
Photosynthesis Animations
Aerobic
Part 3A: Cellular Respiration
Autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energyCO2 + H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + O2
Review Photosynthesis
Process that converts glucose energy into ATP energyOccurs in ALL living cells
Cellular Respiration
Adenosine Triphosphate is a usable form of cell energy
ATP Structure & Function
Type 1: Aerobic RespirationRequires O2
Type 2: Anaerobic RespirationDoes not require O2
Types of Cellular Respiration
Chemical process which occurs in the Mitochondria
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
Aerobic Cellular Respiration Basics
Matrix:Fluid inside the mitochondrion
Cristae:Internal membrane in the mitochondrion
Mitochondria Structures
Aerobic C.R. Detailed Process
Stage 1 Glycolysis (cytoplasm)C6H12O6 is broken down into smaller carbon
moleculesStage 2 Krebs Cycle (matrix)
Smaller carbon molecules are broken down into CO2
Aerobic C.R. Basic Process
Stage 3 Oxidative Phosphorylation (Cristae)O2, E-, & H+ from Stage 1 & 2 make ATP
molecules
Aerobic C.R. Basic Process
Start with Chemical Energy (Glucose)Convert to Usable Chemical Energy (many
ATP)Use ATP and release Heat Energy
Energy summary of Aerobic C.R.
Animation:http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anima
tions/content/cellularrespiration.html
Rap:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCpNk92us
wY
Audio/visual representations
Anaerobic
Part 3B: Cellular Respiration
Process that converts glucose energy into ATP energyOccurs in ALL living cells
Type 1: Aerobic RespirationRequires O2
Type 2: Anaerobic RespirationDoes not require O2
Review Cellular Respiration
Review Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Many organisms live without O2 and/or mitochondria
Life without O2
Chemical process which produces ATP without O2Stage 1 Glycolysis
Glucose smaller carbon moleculesStage 2 Lactic Acid Fermentation
C6H12O6 C2H5OH + CO2 + ATP
ORStage 2 Alcoholic Fermentation
C6H12O6 CH3CHOHCOOH + ATP
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
All Cells Undergo Cellular Respiration