Date post: | 15-Apr-2017 |
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Science |
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Carbohydrates
Hydrates of Carbon Chemical Composition : (CH2O)nPolyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones
- most abundant class of organic compounds found in living organisms
- major source of metabolic energy
Classes• Monosaccharides
mono – ‘one’ saccharide – ‘sugar’simplest units of carbohydratessimplest form of sugarcomposed of C, H, O in ratios of 1:2:1 respectively are formed by only one polyhydroxy aldehydeidic or ketonic unit
• Monosaccharides
Glucose: the main sugar metabolized by the body for energy an important energy source
sources: starch, the major storage form of carbohydrate in plants
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose it has the same chemical formula but a completely
different 3-dimensional structuresources: fructose include fruit, honey and high-fructose corn syrup
Ribose is a water-soluble pentose sugar (5 C atoms) primarily seen as D-ribose that is an important component
of nucleic acid, nucleotides , the vitamin riboflavin, and various co-enzymes
Ribose
• Disaccharides "two sugars“commonly found in nature as sucrose, lactose and
maltose formed by a condensation reaction where one
molecule of water condenses or is released during the joining of two monosaccharides
glycosidic bond - bond that is formed between the two sugars
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
glycancomplex carbohydrates consists of more than 2 monosaccharides
linked together covalently by glycosidic linkages in a condensation reaction
monomers which consist of thousands of repeating glucose units
• Polysaccharides
Providing energy and regulating blood glucose
Functions
glucose is the only sugar used by the body to provide energy for its tissues
all digestible polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides must eventually be converted into glucose or a metabolite of glucose by various liver enzymes
Because of its significant importance to proper cellular function, blood glucose levels must be kept relatively constant hormones of importance in glucose regulation:
-epinephrine mimics the effects of glucagon while;-cortisol mobilizes glucose during periods of
emotional stress or exercise
Sparing the use of proteins for energyprovides energy for working musclesprovides fuel for the central nervous system,
enabling fat metabolism, and preventing protein from being used as energy
source of energy or fuel for muscle contraction and biologic work
body uses carbohydrates for energy instead of proteins
carbohydrates break down into glucose(cell’s energy source) in your body
protein breakdown may result in an increased stress on the kidneys, where protein byproducts are excreted into the urine
Breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis
Glucagons vs. Insulin Gluconeogenesis vs. Glycolysis What is ketosis? and how does it happen Detection and Prevention
Urine analysis Prevention
Keeping track of sugar Eating regularly
Flavor and Sweeteners
provides sweetness to foods
nutritive sweeteners not only impart flavor to the food,
but can also be metabolized for energy(sucrose, glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, and lactose)
alternative sweetenersprovide no food energy
(saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, and acesulfame)
Dietary fiber
vital for intestinal health eases waste elimination prevents intestinal diseases (eg. colon cancer) absorption of glucose is slowed Serum cholesterol levels are controlled
Thank you!
1. What is the general chemical equation for the production of carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide?
2. What is the most abundant class of organic compounds found in living organisms?
3. What is the simplest form of sugar?
Assessment
Assessment
4. Draw the chemical structure of glucose.
5. What is the only sugar used by the body to provide energy for its tissues?
6. What is broken down to make glucose if you burn through your stored carbohydrates?
7&8. What are the two kinds of sweeteners?
9&10. what are the two hormones of importance in glucose regulation?
Assessment