Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Molecular Organization (explain)

Atom: smallest unit

Element: made of one type of atom

CO2

NaClC6H12O6

Molecule: Bonding of 1 or more elements

Compound: Combination of 2 or more elements

Cell: Collection of compounds, smallest unit of living organism

OR

6 Essential ElementsH He

Li Be B C N O F N

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha

e

CC HH NN OO PP SS

These six elements makeup all living organisms.

Carbon is an element.Carbon is the basis of all living things

++

+

+++ C

6

carbon

S

12.11

How many protons?How many neutrons?How many electrons?

6 atomic number6

=atomic mass

26Protons = atomic # Electrons = protons neutrons= mass -- atomic #

Types of Bonds• Covalent Bonds – sharing of electrons

• Ionic Bonds – gaining or losing electrons

• Hydrogen Bonds – how polar molecules “stick” together. (not a chemical bond)

Organic vs. Inorganic• Organic Compounds contain a carbon-

hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)

• Inorganic Compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (CO2, H2O)

C6H12O6

Functional Groups• Functional groups bond to the carbon in place of

an H to give the compound unique chemical and physical properties.

1.

CC C

H

H

OHH

HO

HCarboxyl

Group

Found in Proteins and Lipids (fatty acids)

Functional Groups

2.

3.

Hydroxyl GroupCC

H

H

OH

H

H

H

Phosphate Group

Found in Carbohydrates and Lipids (glycerol)

Found in Nucleic Acids

CC

H

H

O

H

H

H

O

O

O

P

_

_

4.

Functional Groups

5.

CC

H

H

N

H

H

H

H

H

Amine Group

CC

H

H

C

H

H

H

H

O Carbonyl Group

Found in Proteins

Found in Carbohydrates

Mini Quiz #1• 1. Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons

in the following elements:– Carbon (atomic # 6, atomic mass=12g)– Sulfur (atomic #=16, atomic mass = 32)– Oxygen (atomic #=8, atomic mass=16)

• 2. Is the compound C6H12O6 organic or inorganic? Why or why not?

• 3. Is water an organic compound? Why or why not?• 4. How are monomers similar to links in a chain?• 5. Provide the name and the elements present for the

following functional groups:– Carbohydrates --Lipids

Building Organic Compounds• Monomers

• Polymer

How are monomers similar to links in a

chain?

Carbohydrates1. Elements: C, H, O2. Monomers: Monosaccharide3. Structure: C

H

O

H

H

C

CC

C

C

H

HHH

H

H

H H

H

O

O

O

O O

Glucose (C6H12O6)

• Many monosaccharides bonded together form polysaccharides.

Building Carbohydrates

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

Polysaccharide

• Polysaccharides are known as starches.

• Will the taste of starches be the same as sugars?

• How many water molecules would be removed by making the polysaccharide?

Functions of Carbohydrates

• To provide a quick source of energy (by breaking the C-H bonds)

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

Energy

• Animals store excess sugars as a starch known as glycogen.

• Plants store excess sugars as a starch known as cellulose.

Proteins1. Elements: C, H, O, N, S2. Monomer: Amino Acids (20)3. Structure:

“R” is the functional group that varies

N

H

H

H

O

R

C C

O

H

Functions of Proteins• Proteins are a major structural component for

living organisms (ex. muscle)

• Proteins function as enzymes to carry out chemical reactions in the body.

Functions of Proteins

• Some hormones are protein (peptide hormones).

• Proteins also function to transport or carry substances in and out of cells.

Cell membrane channel protein

Lipids1. Elements: C, H, O2. Monomer: Technically, none3. Structure:

C

C

C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

O

O

O

C CCC

O

O

H H H

H

H H

H

H

C C

O

O CCH

H H

H H H

H

H

H H

O

O CC C C

H

H

H H

HH

Glycerol

Fatty Acid Tails

Lipids• The different types of lipids are determined

by the number of C-H bonds in the fatty acid chain.

C CCC

O

O

H H H

H

H H

H

H

Saturated Fatty Acid: maximum number of C-H bonds.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid: contains one double C-C bond. C C

O

O CCH

H H

H

H

H

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: many double C-C bonds.

O

O CC C C

HH

H H

H

H

C C

H H

Functions of Lipids• Lipids store energy, due to their numerous C-

H bonds.Energ

y

•Because they are insoluble in water (polar), lipids are found in animal cell membranes.

•Fats, oils, waxes and many hormones (steroids) are lipids

Nucleic Acids1. Elements: C, H, O, N, P2. Monomer: nucleotide3. Structure:

H

H2

H H

H3

HH

H

H

H

O

O

O

C C

C

N

N

PO

O

O

C

C

C C

C

O

OO

C

C

1.

2.

3.

Adenine

• Store genetic code (ATCG) - DNA

Function of Nucleic Acids

• Help make proteins (RNA)

Remember, all living organisms share a universal genetic code!

OverviewNow you should fill in the notes page that I have

provided to you (the 2 front/back pages)• The 4 biomolecules:– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic acids

• Other terms for biomolecules:– Carbon compounds– Organic compounds– Organic molecules– macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Elements Present

Used by organisms

for ...

BuildingBlock

Related Terms & Info

carbon hydrogen

oxygen

C:H:O = 1:

2 : 1 always

energy

structure

Monosaccharides

(simple sugars)

ex: glucose

C6H12O6

dissaccharide = 2 connected

monosaccarides (ex: maltose)

polysaccharide 3 or more connected

monosaccarides

(ex: starch, glycogen,

chitin, cellulose)

 

Proteins

amino acids

Elements Present Used by organisms for ... Related Terms & Info

carbon hydrogen oxygen

NITROGEN

(always those 4)

phosphorus sulfur

(possibly)  

structure & movement (muscles)

enzymes

antibodies

hormones

pigments

peptide bond = the bond that holds amino

acids together in protein molecules

dipeptide = two connected amino

acids

polypeptide = 3 or more connected

amino acids  

Building Block of Proteins:

Lipids

fatty acid :

glycerol : 

Elements  Present

Used by Organisms for ...

Related Terms & Info

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen ONLY !

There is no specific H:O

ratio.

Stored Energy

Structure  (important part

of cell membranes)

saturated fat = C-C bonds are all single bonds

unsaturated fat = contain at least one double or triple C-C

bond

Building Blocks of Lipids

Nucleic AcidsDNA RNA

FULL NAMEDeoxyribonucleic

acidRibonucleic acid

 BASIC STRUCTURE

2 long twisting strands of

nucleotides in the form of a

"double helix"

1 single strand of nucleotides

NUCLEOTIDE SUGAR

Deoxyribose Ribose

NITROGENOUS BASES

guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) thymine (T)

guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A)

uracil (U)

LOCATION IN A CELL

Nucleus(the chromosomes)

Nucleus, in the cytoplasm, & at the ribosomes

FUNCTION

the hereditary material

of a cell, directs & controls cell

activities

involved in protein synthesis

Mini Quiz #21) Fructose is a compound found in many fruits which give them their sweet taste. The suffix “ose” lets us know that fructose can be classified as a-

a) Carbon b) starch c)sugar d)protein

2) Starch and sugar are two types of _________.

3) The biomolecule which has functional groups that contain elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is________.