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Carbon as a Wonder Compound
What Is Carbon ?
CARBON is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive
Types of hydrocarbons
SATURATED HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Saturated hydrocarbonsA Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon.In a saturated hydrocarbon, all the bonds are single bonds.Alkane is another name for a saturated hydrocarbon.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons A h y d r o c a r b o n t h a t c o n t ai n s one o r m o r e d o u b l e o r t r I p l e b o n d s I s a n u n s a tu r a t ed h y d r o c a r b o n .T h e r e a r e t h r e e t y p e s o f u n s a tu rated h y d r o c a r b o n s : a l k e n e s , a l k yn e s & a r o m a t I c h y d r o c a r b o n s .
CHARACTERSTICS OF HYDROCARBONS
Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are:The number of carbon atomsHow the atoms are arranged:
1. Straight chain2. Branched chain3. Ring Or Cyclic
Straight ChainsA hydrocarbon can contain one carbon atom, as in methane or thousands of carbon atoms, as in cellulose.
One carbon MethaneTwo carbon ethaneThree carbon propane
Four carbon butaneFive carbons pentaneSix carbon hexane
Branched Chains
Carbon has an ability to form branches with other carbon atoms. Simple branched alkanes often have a common name using a prefix to distinguish them from linear alkanes, for example n-pentane, isopentane, and neopentane.IUPAC naming conventions can be used to produce a systematic name.
The Ring Or CyclicCarbons can be arranged in the form of a ring or cyclic, such as cyclobutane , Benzene etc .
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
GRAPHITE DIAMOND
Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, known as allotropes of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the element's atoms are bonded together in a different manner. For Example --
FULLERENE
Graphite In g r a p h I t e e a c h c a r bo n a t o m Is b o n d e d t o t h r e e o t h e r Ca rbo n a t om o n t h e s a m e pl a ne I n a h e x a g o n a l A r r a y .
Fullerene This is also a form of carbon allotrope. The first one to be identified was C-60 which has carbon arranged in the shape of a football.As it resembled to the geodesic dome designed by US architect Buckminster Fuller ,So the molecule was named fullerene.
In diamond, each carbon atom is tetra headedly attached to four other carbon atoms forming a rigid three dimensional structure. Thus it is the hardest substance known.
Diamond
Isomers T h e o r g a n I c c o m p o u n d s w h i c h hav e s a m e m o l e c u l a r f o r m u l a b u t d i f f e r e n t s t ru c t u r a l f o r m u l a ,t h e s e a r e c a l l e d I s o m e r s a n d t h e p r o p e r t y I s c a l l e d I s o m e r I s a t i o n .
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.
FUNCTIONAL GOUPS SUFFIX / PREFIX & SYMBOLS
ALDEHYDE Suff – ‘al’ ALCOHOL Suff – ‘ol’ KETONE Suff–‘one’
CARBOXYLIC ACID Suff – ‘oic acid’
HALOGEN Pref – chloro , bromo, floro, iodo
SOME FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
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