CARBON CAPTURE,Abhishek Tomar,k3

8/4/2019 CARBON CAPTURE,Abhishek Tomar,k3

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POST COMBUSTIONPOST COMBUSTION

CARBON CAPTURECARBON CAPTURE

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

Submitted by:Submitted by:--Abhishek tomarAbhishek tomar


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CARBON CAPTURE ???CARBON CAPTURE ???

CO2 capture is the process of removing CO2CO2 capture is the process of removing CO2

produced by hydrocarbon combustion (coal, oilproduced by hydrocarbon combustion (coal, oil

and gas) before it enters the atmosphere.and gas) before it enters the atmosphere.

Most cost effective when it is used on large pointMost cost effective when it is used on large point

sources of CO2 such as power stations andsources of CO2 such as power stations and

industrial plants. These currently make up moreindustrial plants. These currently make up morethan half of all manthan half of all man--made CO2 emissions.made CO2 emissions.


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

CO2 capture is an existing industrial technology widelyCO2 capture is an existing industrial technology widelyused, on a smaller scale, in the manufacture of fertilizers,used, on a smaller scale, in the manufacture of fertilizers,the foodthe food--processing industry and within the oil and gasprocessing industry and within the oil and gassector.sector.

Depending on the industrial source CO2 content can varyDepending on the industrial source CO2 content can varyfrom a few percent to well over fifty percent.from a few percent to well over fifty percent.

The total US CO2 emissions for 2006 were 5934 millionThe total US CO2 emissions for 2006 were 5934 million

metric tons (Mt).metric tons (Mt).

More than one coal power plant per week has been builtMore than one coal power plant per week has been builtthere in recent years.there in recent years.


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WHY TO CAPTURE??WHY TO CAPTURE??

Largest contributor to global warmingLargest contributor to global warming

Higher concentrations can affect respiratory functionHigher concentrations can affect respiratory functionand cause excitation followed by depression of theand cause excitation followed by depression of the

central nervous systemcentral nervous system High concentrations of COHigh concentrations of CO22 can displace oxygen incan displace oxygen in

the air, resulting in lower oxygen concentrations forthe air, resulting in lower oxygen concentrations forbreathingbreathing

COCO22

can contribute to acid raincan contribute to acid rain

Inhalation of high concentrations of COInhalation of high concentrations of CO22 has beenhas beenreported to produce effects on vision. Direct contactreported to produce effects on vision. Direct contactwith liquefied COwith liquefied CO22 may cause freezing of the eye.may cause freezing of the eye.Permanent eye damage or blindness could result.Permanent eye damage or blindness could result.


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There are basically three methods available toThere are basically three methods available to

capture carbon dioxidecapture carbon dioxide

Post combustion processPost combustion process

Oxy fuel combustionOxy fuel combustion

Pre combustion processPre combustion process


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It involves removing the dilute CO2 from flue gases afterIt involves removing the dilute CO2 from flue gases afterhydrocarbon combustion. It can be typically built in tohydrocarbon combustion. It can be typically built in toexisting industrial plants and power stations (known asexisting industrial plants and power stations (known asretroretro--fitting) without significant modifications to thefitting) without significant modifications to theoriginal plant.original plant.

The most common method is passing the CO2 through aThe most common method is passing the CO2 through asolvent and adsorbing it and amine solvents are typicallysolvent and adsorbing it and amine solvents are typicallyused. A change in temperature and/or pressure will thenused. A change in temperature and/or pressure will thenrelease the CO2.release the CO2.

All of these require additional energy input to drive offAll of these require additional energy input to drive off

the CO2 from the solventthe CO2 from the solvent -- this typically results in extrathis typically results in extraenergy costs of 20energy costs of 20--30% compared to plants with no30% compared to plants with nocapture. New solvents are under development to reducecapture. New solvents are under development to reducethese penalties to 10%.these penalties to 10%.


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Operation at atmospheric pressure safe and

does not require exotic materials

It offers flexibility. If the capture plant shutsIt offers flexibility. If the capture plant shuts

down, the power plant can still operate.down, the power plant can still operate. It is compatible withIt is compatible with and can be retrofittedand can be retrofitted

It is the leading candidate for gasIt is the leading candidate for gas--fired powerfired power

plantsplants

Easy to transfer post combustion technology todeveloping countries simple process and

configuration


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High running costsHigh running costs absorber and degradedabsorber and degraded

solvents replacement.solvents replacement.

Limited large scale operating experience.Limited large scale operating experience.


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USED IN CHEMICAL AND OIL INDUSTRIESUSED IN CHEMICAL AND OIL INDUSTRIES

PHYSICAL ABSORPTION DEPENDS UPONPHYSICAL ABSORPTION DEPENDS UPON

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONPRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE CONDITION

CHEMICAL ABSORPTION OF CO2 FROMCHEMICAL ABSORPTION OF CO2 FROM

GASEOUS STREAM DEPENDS UPON ACIDGASEOUS STREAM DEPENDS UPON ACID

BASE NEUTRALIZATION REACTION USINGBASE NEUTRALIZATION REACTION USING

BASIC SOLV

ENTL

IKE AMINES ,AMMONIABASIC SOLV

ENTL

IKE AMINES ,AMMONIASOLUTION,SELEXOL,RECTISOLSOLUTION,SELEXOL,RECTISOL


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Process uses a principle of separationProcess uses a principle of separationbased on cooling and condensationbased on cooling and condensation

Applied to CO2 capture where the gasApplied to CO2 capture where the gasstream contains high CO2 concentrationstream contains high CO2 concentration

Require significant amount of energy forRequire significant amount of energy for

separationseparation


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CO2 separation from flue gas in postCO2 separation from flue gas in post

combustion process generally use two differentcombustion process generally use two different

membranesmembranes

inorganic ceramic membranesinorganic ceramic membranes

organic polymeric membraneorganic polymeric membrane


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Solid adsorbent such as activated carbons, zeolitesSolid adsorbent such as activated carbons, zeolites

and mesoporous silicates, alumina, metal oxidesand mesoporous silicates, alumina, metal oxides

have been extensively used for gas separationhave been extensively used for gas separation

Gas adsorption by activated carbon fibres andGas adsorption by activated carbon fibres and

carbon fibre composites have been identified ascarbon fibre composites have been identified as

new alternativenew alternative Carbon fibre monolith composite have the abilityCarbon fibre monolith composite have the ability

to selectively adsorb gases due to their molecularto selectively adsorb gases due to their molecular

sieving characteristicssieving characteristics


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Current StatusCurrent Status

Currently, capture of CO2 is generallyCurrently, capture of CO2 is generallyestimated to represent 70estimated to represent 70--80% of the total80% of the totalcosts of a carbon capture, transport, andcosts of a carbon capture, transport, and

storage systemstorage system To date, all commercial postTo date, all commercial post--combustion CO2combustion CO2

capture plants use chemical absorptioncapture plants use chemical absorptionprocesses with mono ethanol amine (MEA)processes with mono ethanol amine (MEA)--

based solvents.based solvents. MEA was developed over 70 years ago as aMEA was developed over 70 years ago as a

general, nongeneral, non--selective solvent to remove acidselective solvent to remove acidgases, such as CO2 and hydrogen sulphide,gases, such as CO2 and hydrogen sulphide,from natural gas streams.from natural gas streams.


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Cost of captureCost of capture

The capital cost of the plant in $/kW increasesThe capital cost of the plant in $/kW increasesby 61%by 61%

electrical output decreases by 24% or a factorelectrical output decreases by 24% or a factorof 0.76of 0.76

30% more coal must be burned to produce the30% more coal must be burned to produce the

same amount of electricitysame amount of electricity the plants overall thermal efficiency (thethe plants overall thermal efficiency (the

fraction of the energy released by combustionfraction of the energy released by combustionof the fuel that is transformed into electricity)of the fuel that is transformed into electricity)

drops from 38.5% to 29.3%drops from 38.5% to 29.3%


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ResearchResearch

ShortShort--term research (improvement of existingterm research (improvement of existing

technologies) andtechnologies) and

longer term research (breakthroughlonger term research (breakthrough

technologies)technologies)

Solvent improvementSolvent improvement

SolventSolvent concentrationconcentration

Alternatives toAlternatives to MEAMEA

Solvent degradation and corrosionSolvent degradation and corrosion


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Adding carbon capture and storage technology to aAdding carbon capture and storage technology to apower plant requires energy. This means applying thepower plant requires energy. This means applying thetechnology reduces the efficiency and the output oftechnology reduces the efficiency and the output of

electricity from the power plant. This is what's known aselectricity from the power plant. This is what's known asanan energy penaltyenergy penalty..

Second, because the application of carbon capture andSecond, because the application of carbon capture andstorage technologies to power plants is astorage technologies to power plants is a new industrynew industry,,the costs will initially be highthe costs will initially be high -- particularly compared toparticularly compared to

conventional coalconventional coal--fired power generation.fired power generation. According to a report by theAccording to a report by the Global Carbon Capture andGlobal Carbon Capture and

Storage InstituteStorage Institute, the cost of power generation can vary, the cost of power generation can varybetween 39 and 78% higher with carbon capture andbetween 39 and 78% higher with carbon capture andstorage compared to a power plant without it.storage compared to a power plant without it.


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ConclusionConclusion

A growing nations economy requires moreA growing nations economy requires more

electricity. Fossil fuel use is expected to continue toelectricity. Fossil fuel use is expected to continue to

dominate energy supply for decades to come.dominate energy supply for decades to come.

In India , it is expected to triple Indias currentIn India , it is expected to triple Indias current

emissions to almost 3.3 Gt CO2 /yr by 2030.emissions to almost 3.3 Gt CO2 /yr by 2030.

Carbon Capture has the potential to reduce impacts ofCarbon Capture has the potential to reduce impacts ofgreenhouse gas emissions on climate and oceangreenhouse gas emissions on climate and ocean

acidification.acidification.


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ReferencesReferences

[1][1] RameshRamesh Thiruvenkatachari, Shi Su*,Thiruvenkatachari, Shi Su*, HuiHui An,An, XinXin Xiang Yu, Post combustion CO2Xiang Yu, Post combustion CO2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbents, Progress in Energy and Combustioncapture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbents, Progress in Energy and CombustionScience 35 (2009) 438Science 35 (2009) 438455.455.

[2][2] RudraRudra V.V. KapilaaKapilaa, R. Stuart, R. Stuart HaszeldineaHaszeldinea, Opportunities in India for Carbon Capture, Opportunities in India for Carbon Captureand Storage as a form of Climate change mitigation, Energyand Storage as a form of Climate change mitigation, Energy ProcediaProcedia 1 (2009) 45271 (2009) 45274534.4534.

[3][3] ElianeEliane BlomenaBlomena, Chris, Chris HendriksaHendriksa*,*, FilipFilip NeelebNeeleb, Capture technologies:, Capture technologies:Improvements and Promising Developments, EnergyImprovements and Promising Developments, Energy ProcediaProcedia 1 (2009) 15051 (2009) 15051512.1512.

[4] Chris[4] Chris HendriksaHendriksa*, Erika de*, Erika de VisseraVissera ,, DaanDaan JansenbJansenb,, MichielMichiel CarbobCarbob,, GerritGerrit JanJanRuijgbRuijgb, John, John DavisoncDavisonc, Capture of CO2 from Medium, Capture of CO2 from Medium--scale Emission Sources, Energyscale Emission Sources, EnergyProcediaProcedia 1 (2009) 14971 (2009) 149715041504

[5] IEAGHG (2008).[5] IEAGHG (2008).A regional assessment of the potential for CO2 storage in theA regional assessment of the potential for CO2 storage in the

Indian Subcontinent.Indian Subcontinent. IEAGHG R&DIEAGHG R&D ProgrammeProgramme Report, International Energy AgencyReport, International Energy AgencyGreenhouse Gas R&DGreenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeProgramme, Cheltenham, UK., Cheltenham, UK.

[6] S.[6] S. ShackleyShackley and P.and P. VermaVerma (2008). Tackling CO2 reduction in India through the use(2008). Tackling CO2 reduction in India through the useof CO2 capture and storage (CCS): Prospects and challenges. Energy Policyof CO2 capture and storage (CCS): Prospects and challenges. Energy Policy 3636(9):(9):35543554--3561.3561.

[7] SARGAS Clean Power Solutions. Available at: www.sargas.no/ (accessed October[7] SARGAS Clean Power Solutions. Available at: www.sargas.no/ (accessed October2008).2008).

[8][8] HendriksHendriks, C. (1994) Carbon Dioxide Removal from Coal, C. (1994) Carbon Dioxide Removal from Coal--Fired Power Plants.Fired Power Plants.Dordrecht:Dordrecht: KluwerKluwer, 1994., 1994.


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