WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUNDS A UNDERSTANDING CARBON COMPOUND Learning Outcomes You should be able to: State what carbon compound is, State the carbon compounds can be classified into two groups, i.e. organic and inorganic, State what organic compound is, Gives examples of organic and inorganic carbon compounds, State what a hydrocarbon is, List the sources of hydrocarbon, Identify the combustion products of organic carbon compounds Activity 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. 1 Carbon compounds are compounds that contain …………. as one of their constituent elements. 2 There are two groups of carbon compounds; ………………….. compounds and ……………….. compounds. 3 Carbon compounds that can be obtained from non-living things are classified as ………………..compounds. 4 Hydrocarbons are the simplest of all organic compounds. Hydrocarbon contains only two elements, ……………………… and ………………………. 5 Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen together with a few other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens are called …………………………… 6 Hydrocarbons can be classified into two , ……………………….. and unsaturated hydrocarbons. 7. Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bond is called ……………………. 1
State what carbon compound is, State the carbon compounds can be classified into two groups, i.e. organic and inorganic, State what organic compound is, Gives examples of organic and inorganic carbon compounds, State what a hydrocarbon is, List the sources of hydrocarbon, Identify the combustion products of organic carbon compounds
Activity 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
1 Carbon compounds are compounds that contain …………. as one of their constituent elements.
2 There are two groups of carbon compounds; ………………….. compounds and ……………….. compounds.
3 Carbon compounds that can be obtained from non-living things are classified as ………………..compounds.
4 Hydrocarbons are the simplest of all organic compounds. Hydrocarbon contains only two elements, ……………………… and ……………………….
5 Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen together with a few other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens are called ……………………………
6 Hydrocarbons can be classified into two , ……………………….. and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
7. Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bond is called …………………….
8 Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond is called ……………
9. Natural sources of hydrocarbons are ……………………, coal and natural gas.
10 Organic compounds burn in excess of oxygen gas to produce …………………….. and
state what alkane is, state what structural formula is, deduce the molecular formulae of the first ten alkanes Draw the structural formulae for the first ten straight-chain alkanes, Deduce the general formula of alkanes Name the first ten alkanes, Relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkanes molecules Explain the effect of the increase in number of carbon atoms in alkanes molecules on the molecules boiling
points, Describe complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes, Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes, Write chemical equations for combustion and substitution reaction of methane, Describe how methane affects everyday life.
c) Explain how methane can cause fire in landfills and peat swamps
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….……..
C ALKENES
Learning outcomes:You should be able to:
state what alkene is, deduce the molecular formulae of the first nine alkenes, deduce the general formula of alkenes, name the first nine alkenes, draw the structural formulae for the first nine straight –chain alkenes, relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkenes molecules, explain the effects on boiling points of alkenes due to increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkenes
molecules, describe chemicals properties of alkenes, compare and contrast alkanes with alkenes, relate the reactivities of alkanes and alkenes to their chemicals bonds. Generalise the characteristics of homologous series based on alkanes and alkenes
• state the general formula of alcohols,• identify the functional group of alcohols,• list the names and molecular formulae for the first four alcohols,• draw structural formulae for isomers of propanol (C3H7OH) and butanol (C4H9OH),• name isomers of propanol and butanol using IUPAC nomenclature,• describe the industrial production of ethanol.• ` describe the preparation of ethanol in the laboratory,• state the physical properties of ethanol,• predict the chemical properties for other members of alcohols,• explain with examples the uses of alcohol in everyday life,• explain the effects of the misuse and abuse of alcohols.
Activity 10
(a) Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable answer from the text box below
i) Alcohol is one of the Homologue Series that has functional group of ……………..
ii) The general formula for alcohol is ……………………………….
iii) The melting point of alcohol is ……………….. than alkane and alkene due to the
presence of ……………………………….
iv) This is because the functional group forms hydrogen bonding that is …………..
than the bonds between molecules of alcohol.
v) Methanol, ethanol dan propanol dissolve in water. The solubility of other alcohols
decreases as the………………………… increases.
vi) Naming the alcohol compound is likely to ………….. C1 is numbered from the carbon that
nearest to the functional group..
vii) Alcohols are used as fuels, ………………., in medicine, in making ………………….
state the general formula of carboxylic acids, identify the functional group of carboxylic acids, list the names and molecular formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid, draw structural formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid and name them using the IUPAC nomenclature, describe the preparation of ethanoic acid in the laboratory, state the physical properties of carboxylic acids, state the chemical reactions of ethanoic acids with other chemicals, predict the chemical properties for other members of carboxylic acid, explain with example the uses of carboxylic acids in everyday life
Activity 13
(a) Complete the diagram below.
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Functional group :
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Uses :a ………………………………
b ………………………………
c ……………………………… d ……………………………..
Ethanoic acid normally prepared by ………………… of an alcohol
names end with ‘……………..’ . Eg. ethanoic acid.
Physical properties
a …………………………………………..
b …………………………………………..
c ……………………………………………
d …………………………………………..
e …………………………………………..
General formula:
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound (b) Draw the structural formula of
Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid Butanoic acid
2-methylbutanoic acid Methyl propanoic acid
( c) A carboxylic acid, X has an empirical formula CH2O. Experimental determination shows that it has a molar mass of about 59 g mol-1
(i) What is the general formula of carboxylic acid?
(ii) Calculate the molecular formula of X
[ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ; O, 16 ]
(iii) Draw the structural formula of X and give name.
Activity 14
a) Figure shows a series of conversion starting from ethene to ethyl ethanoate.
Based on the figure above, state Reaction I :………………………………………………………
Reaction II :………………………………………………………
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IEthene Ethanol Ethanoic acidII
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound b) Draw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory Write the chemical reaction that involve.
c) Write the observation of every test for ethanoic acid below.
state the general formula of esters identify the functional group of esters List the names and molecular formulae of simple esters. Draw structural formulae of simple esters and name them using the IUPAC nomenclature, Describe the preparation of ester in the laboratory, State the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate. Predict the ester produced from the esterification reaction. Write equations for the esterification reactions, state the natural sources of ester, state the uses of ester in everyday life.
Activity 15 (a) Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise
the esters name.
Formula Name Carboxylic acid Alcohol
Example :HCOOC2H5 Ethyl methanoate Methanoic acid Ethanol
a) CH3 COOCH3
b) CH3 COOC3H7
c) C2H5 COOCH3
d) C3 H7COOC3H7
b) Draw the structural formula for the compound form in the reaction between alchol and carboxylic acid below.
b) Write the fruit flavour for each of the ester below
(i) n-pentyl ethanoate : ………………………….
(ii) Octyl ethanoate : ………………………….
(iii) Ethyl butanoate : ………………………….
Order in homologous series
Learning outcomes:You should be able to :
describe the systematic approach in naming members of homologous series. describe the order in the physical and chemical properties in homologous series.
Activity 17
ESTERS
Ester is a ………………….. organic compound
contain ………………, ………………… and …………………………….
The general formula is
……………………………
the functional group is –COO- or ……………. group
the name of an ester consists of two words. The first word originates from……………., the second is from the …………………….. All of them end with ‘ ………..’
product of an …………. reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
The ……………of flowers and fruits is due to the presence of esters
State what oils are State what fats are State the importance of oils and fats for body processes State the sources of oils and fats List the uses of oils and fats State the differences between oils and fats Identify structural formulae for fat molecules of certain fatty acids State what saturated fats are State what unsaturated fats are Compare and contrast between saturated and unsaturated fats Describe the effects of eating food high in fats on health Describe the industrial extraction of palm oil Justify the use of palm oil in the food production
Activity 18
Butan-1-olC4H9OH Compound P
Porcelain chips
II
III Hydrogen chloride
Compound Q
IAcidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution
Compound R
ethanol
Compound SIV
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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound (I) Fill in the blank by choosing the correct answer from the table below. ester solid heart
attackhydrogenation harden stroke carbon high blood
pressuremargerine
saturated,
ester link
lipid trigleycerides Chlorofom liquid glycerol energy fatty acid
a) Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called ………………...
b) They are natural ……………………..
c) They are product of the reaction between …………………. and ……………………
d) Fats are usually found in animal and they are ………………….while oil is fat from plant
and also from animal but they are ………………………… at room condition.
e) Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 ……………… atoms per
molecule.
f) A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a monoester, diester
or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins to the glycerol molecule
and the resulting bond formed is called an …………………(-COO-).
g) Most fats and oils are …………………….
h) As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as ………………….
i) Fats are an important source of ……………………… for our body.
j) ……………… fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and making them
……………….. . This can lead to ………………………, ……………………….and
……………………………..
k) Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats by a process called ………………….
l) …………………… is made by hydrogenating some of the carbon-carbon double bond in
vegetable oil.
(II) Compare fats and oils
Comparison Oils Fats
Source
Melting point o C < 20 / lower > 20 / higher
Physical state at room temperatureCholesterol content
Examples Peanut oil, soybean oil Butter , lard
Molecular structure
(III) Write the Similarities of fats and oils
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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound In terms of Similarities
Molecular formula
Type of compound
Type of bond.
Activity 19a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.
b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils
i) ………………………………………………………………….
ii) ……………………………………………………………………
iii) …………………………………………………………………..
iv) ………………………………………………………………….
v) ………………………………………………………………….
I NATURAL RUBBER
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Oil palm fruit bunches
Stripping
Pressing
The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large pressure vessels at 140o C for 60-90 min.The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria
Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the palm oil fruits
The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification tank. The oil is skimmed off and dried in a vacuum drier.
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound Learning outcomes:You should be able to :
List examples of natural polymers and their monomers, Draw the structural formula of natural rubber, State the properties of natural rubber, State the uses of natural rubber Describe the coagulation process of latex Describe the method used to prevent latex from coagulating, Describe the vulcanization of rubber, Describe how the presence of sulphur atoms changes the properties of vulcanised rubber, Compare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised natural rubber.
Activity 20
a) Give explanation for every situation below:
i) Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air.
ii) When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly.
iii) When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.
b) Compare the unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in step II.
…………………………………………………………………………
(c) (i) Name the type of reaction occurring in step III.
………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) A catalyst is needed for the reaction in step III. Name the catalyst.
…………………………………………………………………………
(d) (i) Describe briefly how to carry out the reaction in step IV.
………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) What do you expect to observe when the reaction in step IV is carried out?
……………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Draw the possible structural formulae of C3H7OH formed in step V.
(f) (i) Name the type of reaction occurring in step VI.
………………………………………………………….
(ii) Give one use for ( C3H6)n formed in step VI.
………………………………………………………….
(g) Compare and explain the sootiness of C3H6 and C3H8 when each of these hydrocarbons is burnt in excess air. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12) [4]
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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound 2 Diagram below shows the molecular formulae of 4 carbon compounds.
(a) Write the general formula of the homologous series of compound B.
……..………………………………………………………………………………………(b) State the functional group of compound A and compound D
Compound A : …………………………………………………………………………..
Compound D : …………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Compound B shows isomerism. Draw the structural formula of all isomers of compound B.
(d) Compound D and compound C react in the presence of the concentrated sulphuric acid.(i) Name the product formed from the reaction.
……………………………………………………….……………………………(ii) State one special characteristic of the product formed.
……………………………………………………….……………………………
(e) Compound A burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. .................................................................................................................
(ii) 11.2 g of compound A burns in excess oxygen, calculate number of carbon dioxide molecules formed.[Relative atomic mass C = 12, O = 16 and Avogadro number = 6.02 x 1023]
