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Carbon CycleCarbon CycleChapter 5-Section 2: p. 132, also p. 125 & 128
Reservoirs of Reservoirs of CarbonCarbon
Forms of carbon stores or storage places
Reservoirs of CarbonReservoirs of Carbon
Where is carbon? Where is carbon? The major reservoir (storage) of carbon is carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere
Reservoirs of CarbonReservoirs of Carbon
Where is carbonWhere is carbon? Other ? Other reservoirs:reservoirs:Organic matter (makes up living things): proteins, fats, carbohydratesFossil fuels (buried remains of organisms)
Processes of Processes of CarbonCarbonHow carbon is transformed & cycled through an
ecosystem
Processes of CarbonProcesses of Carbon
Important processes that Important processes that cycle carbon cycle carbon intointo living living organisms:organisms:• Photosynthesis• Heterotrophy
(food chain)
Processes of CarbonProcesses of Carbon
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisAutotrophs use photosynthesis to convert light energy (sun) into chemical energy (sugar; glucose)
Processes of CarbonProcesses of Carbon
The Chemical Equation The Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis is…for Photosynthesis is…
6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Note: What molecules of carbon are shown above?
Don’t forget, autotrophs…Don’t forget, autotrophs…Include plants, algae, bacteriaContain chlorophyll (pigment to absorb light)
Are producersForm the base of ecological pyramids
Processes of CarbonProcesses of CarbonHeterotrophyHeterotrophyAs organisms consume food, energy travels from one organism to another
So does carbon, but it’s transformed (changes form) again
Heterotrophs have less energy available to them from autotrophs
Processes of CarbonProcesses of Carbon
Processes that cycle Processes that cycle carbon carbon out ofout of living living organisms:organisms:• Respiration• Burning fossil
fuels• Decay &
decomposition
Click here to view animation
Processes of CarbonProcesses of Carbon
Respiration (cellular)Respiration (cellular)Chemical reaction to break down carbohydrates
It’s how organisms get energy out of the sugars
ALL ORGANISMS RESPIRE!!! (plants too)
Processes of CarbonProcesses of Carbon
The Chemical Equation for Respiration is…
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (ATP is an energy molecule)
Note: What molecules of carbon are shown above?
Processes of CarbonProcesses of Carbon
Short-termShort-termPhotosynthesis & respiration
Long-term Long-term (always think the “rock (always think the “rock cycle”)cycle”)
Carbon found in bones and shells for limestone rocksDeposits of coal, oil and natural gas (fossil fuels)
Molecules of Molecules of CarbonCarbonForms of carbon (compounds, molecules, atoms)
Molecules of CarbonMolecules of Carbon
In the atmosphereIn the atmosphereCarbon dioxide (CO2)
In living thingsIn living thingsGlucose (C6H12O6) or sugar/carbohydrates, fats, proteins
UndergroundUndergroundRocks (limestone) and fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, natural gas
Nitrogen CycleNitrogen CycleChapter 5-Section 2: p. 134
Reservoirs of NitrogenReservoirs of Nitrogen
Where is nitrogen found?Where is nitrogen found?The major reservoir of nitrogen is the atmosphere as nitrogen gas (N2)
Reservoirs of NitrogenReservoirs of Nitrogen
Where is nitrogen found? Where is nitrogen found? Other reservoirs:Other reservoirs:In the ground as nitrates (fertilizers) In proteins that make up organisms
Processes of Processes of NitrogenNitrogen
How nitrogen is transformed & cycled through an ecosystem
Processes of NitrogenProcesses of Nitrogen
Important processes that Important processes that cycle nitrogen cycle nitrogen intointo living living organisms:organisms:Nitrogen fixationAbsorptionHeterotrophy (food chain)
Processes of NitrogenProcesses of Nitrogen
Nitrogen FixationNitrogen FixationBacteria that live on roots of legumes (bean plants like soybean or clover) convert atmospheric N2 to a “fixed” form that plants can absorbI.e. it makes fertilizer
Processes of NitrogenProcesses of Nitrogen
HeterotrophyHeterotrophyPlants absorb “fixed” nitrogen from the soil (fertilizer)As organisms consume food, nitrogen travels from one organism to another is used to make proteins
Processes of Processes of NitrogenNitrogen
Processes that cycle Processes that cycle nitrogen nitrogen out ofout of living living organisms:organisms:ExcretionDecompositionDenitrification
Click here to view animation
Processes of NitrogenProcesses of Nitrogen
ExcretionExcretionAnimals release nitrogenous wastes in the form of urine or dungAlso known as ‘ammonification’
Processes of NitrogenProcesses of Nitrogen
DecompositionDecompositionBacteria, insects, fungi break down wastes and decaying plants and animals Release Nitrogen back into the soil
Processes of NitrogenProcesses of Nitrogen
DenitrificationDenitrificationBacteria transform a small amount into nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere
Processes of Processes of NitrogenNitrogen
Short-termShort-termFixation, absorption & decomposition
Molecules of Molecules of NitrogenNitrogen
Forms of nitrogen
Molecules of Molecules of NitrogenNitrogen
In the atmosphereIn the atmosphereNitrogen gas (N2)
In living thingsIn living thingsProteins
UndergroundUndergroundAmmonium nitrates (fertilizers)
Phosphorus CyclePhosphorus CycleChapter 5-Section 2: p. 135
Reservoirs of Reservoirs of PhosphorusPhosphorus
Forms of phorphorus stores or storage places
Reservoirs of Reservoirs of PhosphorusPhosphorus
Where is phosphorus Where is phosphorus found?found?The major reservoir of phosphorus is in salts & rock sedimentOther reservoirs include waterways (washed from eroded rocks and emptied in oceans)
Processes of Processes of PhosphorusPhosphorus
How phosphorus is transformed & cycled
Processes of PhosphorusProcesses of Phosphorus
How phosphorus cycles How phosphorus cycles intointo living organisms: living organisms:
• Erosion of rocks• Absorption• Heterotrophy (food chain)
Processes of PhosphorusProcesses of Phosphorus
ErosionErosionSmall amounts of phosphorus dissolve in soil and water
Processes of PhosphorusProcesses of Phosphorus
Heterotrophy Heterotrophy Plants absorb phosphates from the soil As organisms consume food, phosphorus travels from one organism to another and is used to make bones and teeth
Processes of PhosphorusProcesses of Phosphorus
How phosphorus cycles How phosphorus cycles out of out of living organisms:living organisms:
• Excretion• Decomposition
Click here to view animation (narrated choice available)
Processes of PhosphorusProcesses of Phosphorus
Short-termShort-termAbsorption & decomposition
Long-term Long-term (always think the “rock (always think the “rock cycle”)cycle”)
Phosphorus cycle mainly involves reserves underground and on the bottom of the ocean
Molecules of Molecules of PhosphorusPhosphorus
Forms of phosphorus (compounds, molecules, atoms)
Molecules of PhosphorusMolecules of Phosphorus
In living thingsIn living things Cells of living things, bones, teeth and
DNA
UndergroundUnderground Rocks (limestone) and ocean
sediment (phosphates)
Key Points
Carbon makes up the basis for all organic life
Most nitrogen is unusable in the atmosphere; we all depend on bacteria to “fix” it for us
Phosphorus does not cycle through the atmosphere
Long-term part of each cycle includes forming and eroding rock; whereas the short-term part of each cycle is the movement between living things
Humans AffectsHumans AffectsChapter 5-Section 2: p. 133, 136
How humans affect cyclesHow humans affect cycles
Carbon cycleCarbon cycleBy burning fossil fuels we release carbon into the atmosphere (about ½ remains in the atmosphere)Phophorus & Nitrogen cyclesPhophorus & Nitrogen cyclesExcessive amounts of fertilizer can cause too much algae growth, which use up oxygen Nitric oxides are released when fossils fuels are burned and mix with water vapor to form acid rain