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MACENO, Evald
Graduate Student at UPR
September 9, 2015
Coastal Environment CIAM 6117
Professor: Loratta Roberson, P.h.D
Outline What is carbon?
Physical and chemical properties
Carbon as cycle
Major reservoirs of carbon on the earth
Components of carbon cycle
Carbon distribution
How carbon gets in the ocean
Exchange process between the ocean and the atmosphre
Mechanisms of carbon into the ocean
Sequestration of carbon in the ocean
Unexpected impact of human in the carbon cycle
Effect of changing the carbon cycle
Consequences and acidification of the ocean
Discussion
References
What is carbon?
An element
It has 6 as atomic number and 12.01115 as atomic mass
It’s a latin word « carbo » meaning coal or charcoal
Natural abundant non-metallic element that occurs in
many inorganic and all organic coumpounds
Physical and chemical properties of
carbon Melting Point: 3500.0 °C (3773.15 K, 6332.0 °F)
Boiling point : 4827.0 °C (5100.15 K, 8720.6 °F)
Density: 2.26 gram per cubic centimeter
C as chemical formula
Oxidation when it combines with 02 to produce CO2 and
CO
Reactiviy
Compounds: several million of compounds are known
Ability to make long strings, or chains of atoms
Carbon as a cycle
Carbon is transported through different component in our
environment
Carbon is transported between living and non-living
components during the cycle
Carbon cycle is considered as a biogeochemical cycle
when carbon is moving different components involve like:
biological interactions, geological activities and chemical
reactions
Carbon is a vital nutients: fat, carbohydrates, proteins and
nucleic acid.
Reservoirs of carbon on the earth Carbon is found in several areas:
Atmosphere ( CH4 and CO2)
Biosphere (living and dead organisms)
Lithosphere ( soil an rocks)
Hydrosphere( oceans, rivers and lakes)
Major stores of carbon on the earthSink Amount in billons of Metric tons
Atmosphere 578 (as of 1700)- 766(as of 1999)
Soil organic matter 1500 to 1600
Ocean 38,000 to 40,000
Marine sediments and sedimentaryRocks
66,000,000 to 100,000,000
Terrestrial Plants 540 to 610
Fossil Fuel Deposits 4000
: caserc.carleton.edu
Atmosphere
Surface Ocean
Deep Ocean
Sediments
CO2CO2
CO2
∆pCO2 > 0
(primarily upwelling
regions)
∆pCO2 < 0
(primarily high latitudes)
CO2 + CO32- + H2O 2HCO3
-
Upwelling
and vertical mixing
Sinking particulate
organic matter
(“biological pump”)
CO2 + H2O Organic Matter + O2
CO2 + CO32- + H2O 2HCO3
-
CO2 + H2O Organic Matter + O2
Ca2+ + 2HCO32- CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
CO2
HCO3-
Bottom water formation
(high latitudes)
(“solubility pump”)
Ca2+ + 2HCO32- CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
CO2 + H2O Organic Matter + O2
Oceans are largest “active” reservoir in the carbon cycle – primarily DIC
The components of the carbon
cycle
carbon distribution in the ocean
The ocean carbon cycle. Image credit: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
How carbon gets in the ocean
First ,CO2 gets in the ocean by diffusing intothe sea surface waters and dissolving
Chemical process
the process depends on variables: wind, temperature of the water, sea surface mixingand co2 concentration AaAverage monthly co2 flux
http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/carbon/6a.html
Atmosphere – Ocean Exchange Processes
12
When CO2 enters sea water, the following chemical reactions take place:
CO2 dissolves in water
Carbonic acid
dissociates into ions
Bicarbonate dissociates
Net Reaction
Carbon thus occurs as several species in seawater:
CO2 gas, H2CO3, HCO3-, and CO3
2-
)(3222
aqCOHOHCO
acidcarbonicliquidgas
332
HCOHCOH
ebicarbonationhydrogenacidcarbonic
323
HCOHCO
ebicarbonationhydrogencarbonate
323)(22 2HCOCOCOOH gas
Carbon gets into the ocean in three
mechanisms
The Physical carbon pump
Biological carbon pump
The Carbonate pump
The physical carbon pump Downwelling current
occur in cold and water
sink and bring dissolved
CO2 into deep ocean
Upwelling bring deep cold
ocean water to the surface
Dessolved can be released
to the atmosphere
http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/carbon/6a.html
Biological carbon pump Transforming carbon
compound into news forms of carboncompounds
Moving carbonthroughout the ocean
Source of oxygen
Simplified oceanic biological pump. Credit: TERC
The carbonate pump
Transport carbon down to
deep ocean sediments.
Facilitate shell-building by
organisms.
Ocean carbonate chemistry system
http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/carbon/6a.html
Sequestration of carbon in the ocean
Three mains process to capture atmospheric carbon
dioxide (CO2) such as:
Biological process
Physical process
Chemical process
Biological sequestration of carbonin the ocean
Phytoplankton Biological pump
International weekly journal of science
How the process is happened Biological pump
Phytoplankton as marine plant float in the photic zone for
photosyntesis
They use photosynthesis to create their own food
Some species of fish and zooplankton eat phytoplanktons
Those organisms release carbon dioxide back to the water
and the atmosphere
Dead phytoplankton go into sediment
Chemical sequestration of
carbon in the ocean
The process is done in form of mineral carbonation or
mineral sequestration.
Calcite crystal from the sweetwater, Mine Vilburnum
Trend District
Unexpected impact of human on the
carbon cycle According to the scientific resaerch made by Earth
Observatory/NASA, people have a serious impact in the
carbon cycle.
Burning fossil fuels
Land use
Deforestation
Effect of changing the carbon cycle
Ocean and plants have taken up 55% of the extra carbon
people put into the atmosphere
The rest of 45% stays in the atmosphere
Impact each reservoir
Warm the planet
Make the ocean more acid putting marine life in danger
NASA/earth observatory/article
Consequences according to NASA
article Earth temperature will increase at least another 0.6
degrees celicius( degree fahrenheit)
Since 1750, the pH of the ocean’s surface is dropped to
0.1 to 30 percent change to in acidity.
Warmer oceans
Marine animals will have trouble to build their shell.
Effects of Changing the Carbon Cycle/ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
Ocean acidification
Sources: skeptical science
Sssssssssssss
Annual variations in atmospheric co2, oceanic co2, and ocean surface pH.
Discussion questions
Why is the ocean carbon cycle important to study? What is theresponse time?
How is the ocean carbon cycle affected by the climate change?
How do anthropogenic activities affect the whole global carboncycle?
How does the ocean carbon cycle compare with the terrestrialcarbon cycle?
Do we think CO2 emission is significant in Porto Rico today?
Will local changes in anthropogenic inputs impact the globalcarbon cycle? Is there a local cycle?
Who is responsible for doing this important work - individuals,businesses, research institutions, governments, or........all of us?
references
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle http://climatica.org.uk/climate-science-information/carbon-cycle http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105b/1425chap8.htm http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/carbon/6a.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestration http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/climate_projects_05/productivity/ph
ytoplankton.html http://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-
system/ocean-carbon-cycle https://skepticalscience.com/ocean-acidification-global-warming-
intermediate.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_minerals http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/page5.php