Review ArticleCarbon Dioxide Separation from Flue Gases A TechnologicalReview Emphasizing Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Mohammad Songolzadeh1 Mansooreh Soleimani1
Maryam Takht Ravanchi2 and Reza Songolzadeh3
1 Department of Chemical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology PO Box 15875-4413 Tehran Iran2 Catalyst Research Group Petrochemical Research and Technology Company National Petrochemical CompanyPO Box 1435884711 Tehran Iran
3Department of Petroleum Engineering Petroleum University of Technology PO Box 6198144471 Ahwaz Iran
Correspondence should be addressed to Mansooreh Soleimani soleimanimautacir
Received 17 August 2013 Accepted 31 October 2013 Published 17 February 2014
Academic Editors D-W Han and V A Rogov
Copyright copy 2014 Mohammad Songolzadeh et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited
Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2in the atmosphere is a global warming Human activities are
a major cause of increased CO2concentration in atmosphere as in recent decade two-third of greenhouse effect was caused by
human activities Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a major strategy that can be used to reduce GHGs emissionThere are threemethods for CCS pre-combustion capture oxy-fuel process and post-combustion capture Among them post-combustion captureis the most important one because it offers flexibility and it can be easily added to the operational units Various technologies areused for CO
2capture some of them include absorption adsorption cryogenic distillation andmembrane separation In this paper
various technologies for post-combustion are compared and the best condition for using each technology is identified
1 Introduction
There are ten primary GHGs including water vapor (H2O)
carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH
4) and nitrous oxide
(N2O) that are naturally occurring Perfluorocarbons
(CF4 C2F6) hydrofluorocarbons (CHF
3 CF3CH2F and
CH3CHF2) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF
6) are only present
in the atmosphere due to industrial processes Water vaporis the most important abundant and dominant greenhousegas and CO
2is the second-most important one (Table 1)
Concentration of water vapor depends on temperature andother meteorological conditions and not directly uponhuman activities So it was not indicated in Table 1 [1ndash3]
CO2
is the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gasaccounting for 77 of the human contribution to the green-house effect in recent decade (26 to 30 percent of all CO
2
emissions) Main anthropogenic emissions of CO2come
from the combustion of fossil fuels CO2concentration in
flue gases depends on the fuel such as coal (12ndash15mol- CO
2) and natural gas (3-4mol- CO
2) In petroleum
and other industrial plants CO2concentration in exhaust
stream depends on the process such as oil refining (8-9molCO2) and production of cement (14ndash33mol-CO
2) and iron
and steel (20ndash44mol-) From 2004 to 2011 global CO2
emissions from energy uses were increased 26 (Figure 1)[4ndash10] Figure 2 indicates that power plant (55 of globalCO2emissions) transportation (23) and industry (19)
have highest share in the CO2emission in USA Cement
and petrochemical plants are two major industries for CO2
emission such that cement industry contributes about 5to global anthropogenic CO
2emissions Also petrochemical
industries are a large share of CO2emission for example only
in Iran petrochemical industries emissionwas about 15MtonCO2year [11ndash16]The Kyoto Protocol is the first international agreement
on emissions of GHGs In this protocol industrializedcountries agreed to stabilize or reduce the GHGs emissionsin the commitment period 2008ndash2012 by 52 on average(compared to their 1990 emissions level) Overall the resultof global CO
2emissions (Figure 1) shows the failure of
Hindawi Publishing Corporatione Scientific World JournalVolume 2014 Article ID 828131 34 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014828131
2 The Scientific World Journal
Table 1 The main greenhouse gases and their concentration [2 3]
Compound Preindustrialconcentration (ppmv)
Concentrationin 2011 (ppmv)
Atmosphericlifetime (years) Main human activity source GWPlowastlowast
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 280 3885 sim100 Fossil fuels cement production land use 1
Methane (CH4) 0715 1871748 12 Fossil fuels rice paddies waste dumpslivestock 25
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 027 0323 114 Fertilizers combustion industrial processes 298CFC-12 (CCL2F2) 0 0000533 100 Liquid coolants foams 10900CF-113 (CCl2CClF2) 0 000000075 85 na 6130HFC 23 (CHF3) 0 0000018 270 Electronics refrigerants 11700HCFC-22 (CCl2F2) 0 0000218 12 Refrigerants 1810HFC 134 (CF3CH2F) 0 0000035 14 Refrigerants 1300HCFC-141b (CH3CCl2F) 0 000000022 93 na 725HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) 0 000000020 179 na 2310HFC 152 (CH3CHF2) 0 00000039 14 Industrial processes 140Perfluoromethane (CF4) 000004 000008lowast 50000 Aluminum production 6500Perfluoroethane (C2F6) 0 0000003lowast 10000 Aluminum production 9200Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 0 000000712lowast 3200 Dielectric fluid 22800lowastConcentration in 2011lowastlowastGlobal warming potentials (GWPs) measure the relative effectiveness of GHGs in trapping the Earthrsquos heat
05
10152025303540
Year1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
1000
mill
ion
tonn
es C
O2
Figure 1 Global CO2emissions from fossil fuel combustion and
cement production [23]
Kyoto protocol therefore in 2011 Durban COP meetingthis protocol was extended until 2017 Several countries withhigh GHGs emission like China India Brazil and evenIran have added to this Protocol Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC) predicted the atmosphere maycontain up to 570 ppmv CO
2by the year 2100 causing a rise
of mean global temperature and sea level around 19∘C and38m respectively [15 17ndash20] Given that the earthrsquos averagetemperature continues to rise Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) stated global GHG emissions mustbe reduced by 50 to 80 percent by 2050 to avoid dramaticconsequences of global warming [21ndash23]
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the most indi-cated technology to decrease CO
2emission from fossil fuels
sources to atmosphere Also CO2separated from flue gases
can be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operationswhereCO2is injected into oil reservoirs to increase mobility of
oil and reservoir recovery [24 25] Pure CO2has many
applications in foodbeverage and different chemical indus-tries such as urea and fertilizer production foam blowing
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
Tone
gas
CO2
equi
vale
nt Electric powerindustry
Transportation
Industry
AgricultureCommercialResidential
Figure 2 US GHG Emissions Allocated to Economic Sectors [2]
carbonation of beverages and dry ice production or even inthe supercritical state as supercritical solvent [26ndash28]
From this definition CCS consists of three basic stages(a) separation of CO
2 (b) transportation and (c) storage
Operating costs of these stages have been estimated in 2008
(i) CO2separation from exhausting gases 24 to 52 C
ton-CO2
(ii) transportation to storage location 1 to 6 Cton-CO2
per 100 km
(iii) storage minus28 to 42 Cton-CO2
Therefore CO2separation is a major stage in CCS The
CCS total costs can vary from minus3 to 106 Cton-CO2(negative
values are expected for the injection of CO2in EOR) There
are threemajor approaches for CCS pre-combustion captureoxy-fuel process and post-combustion capture (Figure 3)[25 30 31]
The Scientific World Journal 3
FuelCombustionAir
flue gas
Post-combustion capture
FuelCombustion
Oxy fuel combustion
FuelCombustion
COPre-combustion capture
CO2 for storage
CO2 for storage
CO2 for storage
CO2 containing
CO2 capture
CO2 capture
O2
H2O2air
Figure 3 Three basic approaches of CO2capture [29]
Pre-combustion capture involves reaction of a fuel withoxygen or air and in some cases steam to produce a gasmainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen whichis known as synthesis gas (syngas) or fuel gas The producedcarbon monoxide is reacted with steam in a catalytic reactorcalled shift converter to give CO
2andmore hydrogen CO
2is
then separated usually by cryogenic distillation or chemicalabsorption process resulting in a hydrogen-rich fuel that canbe used in many applications such as furnaces gas turbinesengines and fuel cells [32 33]
A main advantage of post-combustion is the higher CO2
concentration and pressure achieved in the output streamThe main disadvantage of pre-combustion capture is systemneeds long-term development in a number of enabling tech-nical areas to achieve targeted efficiency towards a hydrogeneconomy This disadvantage has limited application of thisapproach and increased investments costs of pre-combustioncapture [34 35]
In oxy-fuel combustion nearly pure oxygen is used forcombustion instead of ambient air and this results in a fluegas that is mainly CO
2and H
2O which are separated by
condensing waterThreemajor advantages of this method arehigh CO
2concentration in output stream (above 80 vv)
high flame temperature and easy separation of exhaust gasesThe major disadvantages of oxy-fuel combustion are highcapital cost and large electric power requirement to separateoxygen from air [36ndash38]
The principle of post-combustion capture is CO2sepa-
ration from flue gas after combustion Generally the CO2
in flue gas is diluted (8ndash15 CO2) with inert gases such as
nitrogen argon and water in addition to oxygen Flue gasesare normally at atmospheric pressure and high temperatures(between 320K and 400K) [39ndash41] Post-combustion capturedoes not require expensive technologies such as syngas sep-aration hydrogen turbine fuel cell Post-combustion captureis the most important to prevent CO
2emissions because it
offers flexibility and does not need to change combustioncycle If the capture plant shuts down the power plant canstill operate [42 43] Major disadvantage of this method isunfavorable condition of flue gases
Because of the importance in selecting suitable processfor CO
2separation in this research various technologies for
this purpose have been focused
2 CO2 Separation Technologies
Based on economical and environmental considerations it isnecessary to apply efficient and suitable technology for CO
2
separation with low operating cost and energy consumptionUp to now there are several gas separation technologiesbeing investigated for post-combustion capture namely (a)absorption (b) adsorption (c) cryogenic distillation and (d)membrane separation (Figure 4) [39 44] Although variousnew methods were suggested for CO
2separation Granite
and Brien [45] reviewed some of the most novel methodsfor carbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gas streamssuch as use of electrochemical pumps and chemical loopingfor CO
2separation
21 Absorption Absorption stripping is an important tech-nology for CO
2capture from fuel gas in this technology
desired component in mixed gases are dissolved in a solvent(bulk phase) [46] The general scheme of this process isdepicted in Figure 5
The flue gas (containing CO2) is cooled (between 318 and
323K) and fed to the absorption column (scrubber) wherethe solvent absorbs CO
2 The CO
2-rich solution is fed into
a heater to increase the temperature of solution then to astripper column to release the CO
2 The released CO
2is
compressed and the regenerated absorbent solution is cooledand recycled to the absorber column [47 48]
Energy required for post-combustion CO2capture is an
important issueThus recent studies suggest that reduction ofthe cost of this capture could be achieved by finding suitablesolvents that could process larger amounts of CO
2for a given
mass and require less energy for stripping stage [49 50]
211 Solvents In absorption process flue gas is contactedwith a liquid ldquoabsorbentrdquo (or ldquosolventrdquo) and CO
2is absorbed
by this solvent [21] However the absorbent should havea suitable capacity for CO
2absorption high kinetic rate
for CO2absorption negligible vapor pressure and high
chemical and thermal stability and should be harmless forlabor persons [51ndash53]
The solvents used for CO2absorption can be divided
into two categories physical and chemical solvents Physicalsolvent processes use organic solvents to physically absorbacid gas components rather than reacting chemically butchemical absorption depends on acid-base neutralizationreactions using alkaline solvents [54 55] In the recent yearsmany studies have compared the performance of differentsolvents as listed in Table 2
(1) Alkanolamines Between various solvent groups alka-nolamines group is the most important and more used forCO2separation A major problem in the usage of amines for
CO2absorption is equipment corrosion so Albritton et al
[56] examined corrosion rate of various amine solvents andsuggested corrosion rate could reduce in the following ordermonoethanolamine (MEA) gt 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol(AMP) gt diethanolamine (DEA) gt methyl diethanolamine(MDEA)
4 The Scientific World Journal
capture
Absorption
Chemical
Physical
MEA caustic ammonia solution
Selexol Rectisol fluorinated solvents
Adsorption
Physical Alumina zeolite activated carbon
Cryogenic
Membrane
Gas separation
Ceramic membrane
Polyphenyleneoxide polydimethylsiloxane
Gas absorption
Polypropylene
CO2 separation and Chemical CaO MgO Li2ZrO3 Li4SiO4
Figure 4 Different technologies for CO2separation [29]
Condenser
Feed gas cooler
Feed gas
Exhaust gas
Absorber Heater
Liquidstorage tank
Cooler Reboiler
Stripper
gas CO2 product
Figure 5 Schematic diagram of CO2absorption pilot plant
On the other way MEA can react more quickly withCO2than MDEA but MDEA has higher CO
2absorption
capacity and requires lower energy to regenerate CO2[39 57
58] Thus it can be concluded that MEA is one of the bestamine solvents for CO
2separation Idem et al [59] reported
substantial reduction in energy requirements and modestreduction in circulation rates for amine blends relative tothe corresponding single amine system of similar total amineconcentration Wang et al [57] found that when MEAand MDEA are mixed at the appropriate ratio the energyconsumption for CO
2regeneration is reduced significantly
Dave et al [28] compared the performance of several aminesolvents and ammonia solutions at various concentrationsThey showed that 30wt AMP based process has the lowestoverall energy requirement among the solvents considered intheir study (30MEA 30MDEA 25NH
3 and 5NH
3)
[28 60]Knudsen et al [61] studies showed that it is possible to
run the post-combustion capture plant continuously whileachieving roughly 90CO
2separation levels andCASTOR-2
(blended amine solvents) operated in pilot scale with lower
steam requirement and liquid-to-gas ratio (LG) than theconventional MEA solvent
Besides alkanolamines carbonate-bicarbonate buffersand hindered amines are used in the bulk removal of CO
2
owing to the low steam requirement for its regenerationMit-subishi Heavy Industries and Kansai Electric have employedother patented chemical solventsmdashstrictly hindered aminescalled KS-1 KS-2 or KS-3 The regeneration heat of KSsolvents is said to be sim3GJt CO
2 that is 20 lower than
that of MEA with sim37GJt CO2[60 64 77] Generally the
overall cost of amine absorptionstripping technology forCO2capture process is 52ndash77US$ton CO
2[71]
(2) AminoAcidAmino acids have the same functional groupsas alkanolamines and can be expected to behave similarlytowardsCO
2but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen
Based on the results of tests the aqueous potassium salts(composed of sarcosine and proline) are considered to bethe most promising solventsThemost common amino acidsused in the gas treating solvents are glycine alanine dimethyl
The Scientific World Journal 5
Table 2 Various solvents suggested for CO2 separation
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Physical
Dimethyl ether ofpolyethylene glycol(Selexol)
(i) Require low energy forregeneration (less than 20 ofthe value for chemicalabsorbent)(ii) Low vapor pressure lowtoxicity and less corrosivesolvent
(i) Dependent on temperatureand pressure therefore theyare not suitable forpost-combustion process(ii) Low capacity for CO2absorption
Natural gas sweetening
[29 39 5762 63]Glycol Capturing CO2 and H2S at
higher concentration
Glycol carbonate Separating CO2 from othergases
Methanol (Rectisol) CO2 removal from variousstreams
Fluorinated solvent
(i) CO2 removal from variousstreams(ii) Separating CO2 fromother gases
Chemical
Alkanolaminesmonoethanolamine(MEA) diethanolamine(DEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
(i) React rapidly(ii) High selectively (betweenacid and other gases)(iii) Reversible absorptionprocess(iv) Inexpensive solvent
(i) Low CO2 loading capacity(ii) Solvent degradation inexistence of SO2 and O2 in fluegas (concentrations must beless than 10 ppm and 1 ppm)(iii) High equipmentcorrosion rate(iv) High energy consumption
Important for removing acidiccomponents from gas streams
[58 60 6164ndash66]
Amino acid and aqueousamino acid salt
(i) The possibility of adding asalt functional group(ii) The nonvolatility ofsolvents(iii) Having high surfacetension(iv) Having better resistanceto degradation than otherchemical solvents(v) Better performance thanMEA of the sameconcentration for CO2absorption
Decreased performance in thepresence of oxygen
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases
[65 67ndash69]
Ammonia
(i) No degradation in thepresence of SO2 and O2 in theflue gases(ii) No corrosion effect(iii) Require low energy toregeneration (13 that requiredwith MEA)(iv) Low costs with aqueousammonia respectively 15and 20 less than with MEA
(i) Reversible at lowertemperatures (not suitable forpost-combustion)(ii) Production of solidproducts and their operatingproblems(iii) Explosion of dryCO2-NH3 reaction in the highconcentration of CO2 in theflue gas (explosive limit forNH3 gas is 15ndash28)
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases [39 70]
Ionic liquid (IL)
(i) Very low vapor pressure(ii) Good thermal stability(iii) High polarity(iv) Nontoxicity
Increased viscosity with CO2absorption
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases [71ndash74]
6 The Scientific World Journal
Table 2 Continued
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Aqueous piperazine (PZ)
(i) Fast absorption kinetics(CO2 absorption rate withaqueous PZ is more thandouble that of MEA)(ii) Low degradation rates forCO2 separation(iii) Negligible thermaldegradation in concentratedPZ solutions(iv) Favorable equilibriumcharacteristics(v) Very low heat ofabsorption (10ndash15 kCalmolCO2) 80ndash90 energyrequired for aqueous aminesystem
Lower oxidative degradationof concentrated PZ (ie 4times slower than MEA in thepresence of the combination ofFe2+Cr3+Ni2+ and Fe2+V5+)
(i) Effective for treating syngasat high temperatures(ii) Application of additionalamine promoters for naturalgas treating and CO2separation from flue gases
[29 66 7576]
glycine diethyl glycine and a number of sterically hinderedamino acids [65 67 68]
Results of many research groups showed that these sol-vents are suitable for application inmembrane gas absorptionunits because these solvents have better performance anddegradation resistance than other chemical solvents [78]Amino acid salts formed by neutralization of amino acidswith an organic base such as amine showed better CO
2
absorption potential than amino acid salts from neutral-ization of amino acid salts from an inorganic base suchas potassium hydroxide [79 80] Aronu et al [69] stud-ied the performance of amino acids neutralized with 3-(methylamino)propylamine (MAPA) glycine120573-alanine andsarcosine Their results indicated that sarcosine neutralizedwith MAPA has the best CO
2absorption performance Its
performance is also enhanced by promoting with excessMAPA [69]
(3) Ammonia Since ammonia is a toxic gas prevention ofammonia ldquosliprdquo to the atmosphere is a necessity Despite thisdisadvantage chilled ammonia process (CAP) was used forCO2separation (Figure 6) In the CAP CO
2is absorbed in
an ammoniated solution at a lower absorption temperature(275ndash283K) that reduced ammonia emissions from the CAPabsorber Ammonium carbonate solution resulted in approx-imately 38 carbon regeneration compared to MEA solution[70 81 82]
(4) Aqueous Piperazine (PZ) Piperazine (PZ) is as an additiveused for amine systems to improve kinetics of CO
2absorp-
tion such as MDEAPZ or MEAPZ blends Because PZ sol-ubility in water is low concentration of PZ is between 05 and25M As indicated in Table 2 increasing the concentrationof PZ in solution allows for increased solvent capacity andfaster kineticThe presence of potassium in solution increasesthe concentration of CO
3
2minusHCO3
minus in solution thereforesolution has buffering propertyThese competing effects yielda maximum fraction of reactive species at potassium topiperazine ratio of 2 1 [75 83 84]
22 Adsorption Adsorption operation can reduce energyand cost of the capture or separation of CO
2in post-
combustion capture To achieve this goal it is necessary tofind adsorbents with suitable properties In general CO
2
adsorbent must have high selectivity and adsorption capacityand adequate adsorptiondesorption kinetics remain stableafter several adsorptiondesorption cycles and possess goodthermal and mechanical stability [51 85ndash88] The adsorbentsused for CO
2separation placed into two main categories
physical and chemical adsorbents
221 Chemical Adsorption Chemisorption is a subclass ofadsorption driven by a chemical reaction occurring at theexposed surface Adsorption capacities of different chemicaladsorbents are summarized in Table 3
A wide range of metals have been studied including [89]
(i) metal oxides CaO MgO(ii) metal salts from alkali metal compounds lithium
silicate lithium zirconate to alkaline earthmetal com-pounds (ie magnesium oxide and calcium oxide)
(iii) hydrotalcites and double salts
In general one mole of metal compound can react withone mole of CO
2with a reversible reaction The process
consists of a series of cycles wheremetal oxides (such as CaO)at 923K are transformed into metal carbonates form (such asCaCO
3) at 1123 K in a carbonation reactor to regenerate the
sorbent and produce a concentrated stream of CO2suitable
for storage [90 91]Considerable attention was paid to calcium oxide (CaO)
as it has a high CO2adsorption capacity and high raw
material availability (eg limestone) at a low cost Lithiumsalts was recorded a good performance in CO
2adsorption
but it gained less focus due to its high production costAlthough double salts can be easily regenerated due to lowenergy requirement their stability has not been investigated[93 96]
The Scientific World Journal 7
FGD
HX1
AC1
A PM1
CC1
HX2 HX3
A PM2
CC2
FN1
A PM3
CC3HC
PM5PM4
HX4HX6
HX5
PM6
PR1
HX7
FN2PR2
A
Chilmine Y
WT3 WT1WT2
AC2
PM7
RBRGAB
Steam
Condensate
CM1
AC3
CM2
AC4
PR3
CM3
AC4 PM8PIPE
Exhausts chilling
Ammonia removal
Absorptionregeneration
gas wash
CO2 compression
CH1 CH2CH3
CH4
CH5
H2ONH3
HCl
Figure 6 Schematic layout of CO2separation block based on the chilled ammonia process [92]
Table 3 Adsorption capacity of chemical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capturecapacity remainedafter 119899 cycles ()
Reference
Mesoporous (MgO) 298 101 18 3 100 [93]CaO nanopods 873 101 175 50 611 [94]CaO derived from nanosized CaCO3 923 101 167 100 222 [93]CaO-MgAl2O4 (spinel nanoparticles) 923 101 91 65 846 [93]Nano CaOAl2O3 923 101 60 15 617 [93]Lithium silicate nanoparticles 883 101 577 na na [93]Nanocrystalline Li2ZrO3 particles 843 101 61 8 100 [93]CaOAl2O3 923 101 602 na na [93]Lithium silicate 993 na 818 na na [17]Lithium zirconate 673 100 50 na na [93]Lithium orthosilicate 873 100 613 na na [93]Calcium oxide 873 100 173 na na [93]Magnesium hydroxide 473 1034 30 na na [93]Mesoporous magnesium oxide 373 100 227 na na [93]Lithium Silicate nano particles 873 101 5 na na [95]HTI-HNa 573 134 1109 50 933 [93]
The reaction of CO2adsorptionwith Li
2ZrO3is reversible
in the temperature range of 723ndash863K The capacity oflithium silicate (82moL CO
2kg sorbent at 993K) is larger
than that of lithium zirconate (485moLkg sorbent) [17]Hydrotalcite (HT) contains layered structure with posi-
tively charged cations balanced by negatively charged anions[97 98] Adsorption and final capacity of different adsorp-tiondesorption cycles are listed in Table 3
One way for improving CO2adsorption efficiency is
application of nanomaterials Different nano-materials can beused for CO
2separation (Table 3) However nanomaterials
always have high production cost with complicated synthesisprocess such as carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets[99 100]
Themain disadvantage of chemical adsorbents is difficultregeneration process and application of these adsorbentsneeds more studies for finding new adsorbents [88 95]
222 Physical Adsorption Physisorption also called physicaladsorption is a process in which the electronic structure of
the atom or molecule is barely perturbed upon adsorptionIf the CO
2adsorption capacity of solid adsorbents reaches
3mmoLg the required energy for adsorption will be lessthan 30ndash50 energy for absorption with optimum aqueousMEA [101]Themajor physical adsorbents suggested for CO
2
adsorption include activated carbons and inorganic porousmaterials such as zeolites [102 103]The adsorption capacitiesof various physical adsorbents are summarized in Table 4
Coal is one of the adsorbents being suggested for CO2
separation The total amount of CO2that can be adsorbed
in coal depends on its porosity ash and affinity for thismolecule [111 112] Sakurovs et al [113] showed that theratio of maximum sorption capacity between CO
2and
methane decreases with increasing carbon content Theaverage CO
2CH4sorption ratio is higher for moisture-
equilibrated coal and decreases with increasing coal rank (14for high rank coals to 22 for low rank coals) [114ndash116]
Activated carbon (AC) has a number of attractive charac-teristics such as its high adsorption capacity high hydropho-bicity low cost and low energy requirement for regeneration
8 The Scientific World Journal
Table 4 Adsorption capacity of physical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Activated carbon 303 110 158 na na [93]AC (4 KOH) 303 30 055 na na [93]AC (EDA + EtOH) 303 30 053 na na [93]AC (4 KOH + EDA + EtOH) 303 30 064 na na [45 70 79]NiO-ACs 298 101 2227 na na [104]13X 393 15198 07 na na [105]5A 393 15198 038 na na [105 106]4A 393 15198 05 na na [105]WEG-592 393 15198 06 na na [105]APG-II 393 15198 038 na na [105]Na-Y 273 10132 49 na na [105]Na-X 373 10132 124 2 na [105]NaKA 373 10132 388 mdash na [105]NaX-h 323 10132 252 2 na [105]NaX-h 373 10132 137 2 na [105]Na-X-c 323 10132 214 2 na [105]Na-X-c 373 10132 141 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 323 10132 242 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 373 10132 148 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 323 10132 176 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 373 10132 115 na na [105]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 126 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 252 na na [93]Activated carbon 303 30 035 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) ldquomolecularbasketrdquo 348 100 295 na na [93]
PE-MCM-41 298 100 050 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 285 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 236 na na [93]MCM-48 298 100 0033 na na [93]MCM-48 (APTS) 298 100 0639 na na [93]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]Molecular basketrsquoMCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 25 8 960 [93]
PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 18 10 944 [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 298 100 29 7 966 [93]MWNT 303 101 17 20 na [4 93]Unmodified [(Cu3(btc)2]
lowast 298 1818 67 na na [101]CNT (Cu3(btc)2) 298 1818 1352 na na [101]MIL-101lowastlowast 298 1010 084 na na [101]MWCNTMIL-101 298 1010 135 na na [101]MOF-2 298 4545 320 na na [107]MOF-177 298 4545 335 na na [107]Zr-MOFs 273 988 81 na na [107]Ca-Al LDH with ClO
4
minus 406 1 355 na na [108]
The Scientific World Journal 9
Table 4 Continued
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 51 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 43 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 45 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 38 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 41 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 33 na na [109]Ceria-based oxides doped with 5gallium (III) 298 101 0282 na na [110]
Amine modified layered doublehydroxides (LDHs) 298ndash353 101 074ndash175 na na [108]
lowastCu3(btc)2 btc 135-benzene-tricarboxylatelowastlowastMIL-101 or Cr3(FOH)(H2O)2O[(O2C)C6H4(CO2)]3 sdot 119899H2O (119899 asymp 25) is one of the metal organic frameworks with Lewis acid sites that can be activated byremoval of guest water molecules
[117ndash119] Activated carbons are inexpensive insensitive tomoisture and easy for regeneration These adsorbents havewell developed micro- and mesopore structures that aresuitable for highCO
2adsorption capacity at ambient pressure
[120ndash122]However activated carbon CO
2N2selectivities (ca 10)
are relatively low zeolitic materials offer CO2N2selectivities
5ndash10 times greater than those of carbonaceous materialsThe adsorption capacity and selectivity of zeolites are largelyaffected by their size porous diameter charge density andchemical composition of cations in their porous structuresThe average value of heat adsorption on zeolites (36 kJmoL)is larger than for activated carbon (30 kJmoL) confirmingthe mentioned affirmation Moreover activated carbon canbe regenerated easily and completely Also its capacity did notdecay after 10 consecutive processes cycles [122ndash124]
Due to the increase in cost of raw materials growingresearch interest has been focused on producing AC fromagricultural wastes Some of the agricultural wastes includethe shells and stones of fruits wastes resulting from theproduction of cereals bagasse and coir pith [100] Rosas et al[125] prepared hemp-derived AC monolith by phosphoricacid activation The activated carbons from hemp stemare microporous materials and therefore suitable ones forhydrogen storage and CO
2capture [126]
Siriwardane et al [127] studied CO2adsorption on the
molecular sieve 13X 4A and activated carbonThemolecularsieve 13X showed better CO
2separation thanmolecular sieve
4A At lower pressures (lt50 psi) activated carbon had a lowerCO2separation than themolecular sieves but adsorptionwas
higher for activated carbon than molecular sieves at higherpressures [127 128]
Liu et al [129] indicated that zeolite 5A has highervolumetric capacities and less severe heat effect of the zeolite13X Chabazite zeolites were prepared and exchanged withalkali cations Li Na K and alkaline-earth cations Mg CaBa Zhang et al [130] studied the potential of these zeolites forCO2separation from flue gas by vacuum swing adsorption
It was found that NaCHA and CaCHA hold comparative
advantages for high temperature CO2separation whilst NaX
showed superior performance at relatively low temperatures[130] In physical adsorption the size and volume of the poresare important Micropores are defined as pores 2 nm in sizemesopores between 2 and 50 nm and macropores 50 nm insizeThemicropores make better selective adsorption of CO
2
over CH4[131 132]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most famous amongnano-hollow structuredmaterials and their dimension rangesfrom 1 to 10 nm in diameter and from 200 to 500 nm in length[133] Cinke et al [134] indicated that purified single-walledcarbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorbed CO
2better than unpu-
rified SWNT In addition multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) showed stability for 20 cycles of adsorption andregeneration [135]
More recently nanosystems researchers have synthesizedand screened a large number of zeolitic-typematerials knownas zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) CO
2capacities of
the ZIFs are high and selectivity against CO and N2is good
[136 137] The results of researchers (Burchell and Judkins[138] Dave et al [28] and Yong et al [139]) indicated thatthe CO
2adsorption efficiency of the honeycomb monolith is
twice than activated carbon and 15 times greater than ZIFmaterial [29] Results of Kimber et al [140] showed that CO
2
selectivity of honeycomb monolithic composite decreasedwith increasing in burn-off
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) were prepared by acidintercalation followed by thermal exfoliation of naturalgraphite Functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (f-GNP)wereprepared by further treatment of GNP in acidic mediumPalladium (Pd) nanoparticles were decorated over f-GNPsurface by chemical method [109 141 142] Adsorptioncapacity of this adsorbent is presented in Table 4
The presence of several impurity gases (SO119909NO119909H2O)
greatly complicates the CO2separation processes Therefore
conventional adsorption-based CO2separation processes
rely on using a pretreatment stage to remove water SO119909 and
NO119909 which adds considerably to the overall cost Also this
prelayer can be used before the amine absorption column
10 The Scientific World Journal
[143 144] Deng et al [145] showed that the adsorptioncapacities follows the order SO
2gt CO
2gt NO gt N
2on both
zeolites (5A and 13X) Comparing two different adsorbentsthe better separation efficiency can be achieved by 5A zeolite[145]
Zhang et al [130] focused on the effect of water vapour onthe pressurevacuum swing adsorption process The selectedadsorbents in this study were CDX (an aluminazeoliteblend) alumina and 13X zeolite as these adsorbents are eitherthe prelayer for water adsorption or themain CO
2adsorption
layer in the packed bed [130]Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are crys-
talline with two- or three-dimensional porous structures thatcan be synthesised withmany of the functional capabilities ofzeolites Several MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents forCO2separation processes and among these Cu-BTC [poly-
meric copper (II) benzene-135-tricarboxylate] has provedto be dedicated with CO
2adsorption performances that are
higher than those of typical adsorbents such as 13X zeolite[105 107 146 147]
TheMCM-41 material is one of the mesoporous productswhich was prepared by the hydrothermalmethod frommobilcomposition of matter (MCM) powders Lu et al [148]showed that mesoporous silica spherical particles (MSPs)can be synthesized using low-cost Na
2SiO3thus they can be
cost-effective adsorbents for CO2separation from flue gas
[149 150]Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have general formula[MII1minus119909
MIII119909(OH)2][X119892minus119909C sdot 119899H2O] with 119909 typically in the range
between 010 and 033 These materials can be readily andinexpensively synthesized with the desired characteristics fora particular application such as CO
2adsorption [108 151]
223 Adsorbent Modification The role of CO2as a weak
Lewis acid is well established Because of the nature ofCO2 the surface of the physical adsorbents can be modified
by adding basic groups such as amine groups and metaloxides to improve CO
2adsorption capacity or selectivity
[152ndash154] Three different methods for the production ofthese adsorbents were investigated activation with CO
2 heat
treatmentwith ammonia gas (amination and ammoxidation)and heat treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI) Howeverit has been suggested that amine modification can producebetter and cheaper CO
2adsorbents [24 104 155 156]
Xu et al [157 158] designed selective ldquomolecular basketrdquoby grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) uniformly on MCM-41CO2adsorption capacity of the adsorbentwas 24 times higher
thanMCM-41 and 2 times higher than PEI [93]The additionof ammoniumhydroxide resulted in the Zr-MOFwith a slightlower adsorption of CO
2and CH
4 however the selectivity
of CO2CH4is significantly enhanced [159 160] Results of
Abid et al [107] showed that the selectivity of CO2CH4
on Zr-MOF is between 22 and 38 while for Zr-MOF-NH4
selectivity is between 26 and 43A nitrogen-rich carbon with a hierarchical micro-mes-
opore structure exhibited a high CO2adsorption capacity
(141mgg at 298K 1 atm) excellent separation efficiency(CO2N2selectivity is ca 32) and excellent stability [161]
Plaza et al [162] results showed that CO2adsorption capacity
of the DETA-impregnated alumina (ge23mmoLg) exhibitedis the highest
Amine modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) havebeen prepared by several different methods Park et al [163]used dodecyl sulfate (DS) intercalated LDH as precursor andadded (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) together withN-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) [164]The highest adsorption capacity of amine modified LDHs forCO2was achieved at 175mmoLg by MgAl N3 at 353K and
1 bar According to data in Table 4 this adsorbent has highCO2capacity at high temperature therefore this adsorbent
is suitable for post-combustion CO2capture [108]
Wang et al [114] reported that porous carbons with well-developed pore structureswere directly prepared fromaweakacid cation exchange resin (CER) by the carbonization of amixture with Mg acetate in different ratios [108] The mainparameters of this adsorbent (such as CO
2capacity) are
indicated in Table 4Shafeeyan et al [165] prepared different adsorbents based
on the central composite design (CCD) with three indepen-dent variables (ie amination temperature amination timeand the use of preheat treated (HTA) or preoxidized (OXA)sorbent as the starting material) They demonstrated that theoptimum condition for obtaining an efficient CO
2adsorbent
is using a preoxidized sorbent and amination at 698K for 21 h[165]
Table 4 compares CO2adsorption capacities and stabil-
ity of different absorbents which were studied for post-combustion CO
2capture
224 Different Cycles for CO2Adsorption Five different
regeneration strategies were demonstrated in a single-bedCO2adsorption unit pressure swing adsorption (PSA) tem-
perature swing adsorption (TSA) vacuum swing adsorption(VSA) electric swing adsorption (ESA) and a combinationof vacuum and temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) Thedifference between these technologies is based on the strat-egy for regeneration of adsorbent after the adsorption step(Figure 7) In PSA applications the pressure of the bed isreduced VSA is preferred to the special PSA applicationwhere the desorption pressure is below atmospheric whereasinTSA the temperature is raisedwhile pressure ismaintainedapproximately constant and in ESA the solid is heated by theJoule effect [166ndash169]
For the single-bed cycle configurations the productivityand CO
2recovery followed the sequence
ESA lt TSA lt PSA lt VSA lt VTSA (1)
The performances of PSA TSA VSA VTSA and ESAprocesses for CO
2separation are reported in Table 5 Since
application of adsorption process for CO2capture in indus-
trial scale is very important in recent years some researcheshave been focused on this area for example Lucas et al [170]studied the scale-up CO
2adsorption with activated carbon
23 Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic method utilized lowtemperatures for condensation separation and purification
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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2
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Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
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state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
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capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
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2with aqueous potassium
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2capture by
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Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
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capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
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2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
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Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
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azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
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aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
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templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
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capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
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2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
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temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
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2removal at high
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on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
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2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
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[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
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4andCO
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2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
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2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
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cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
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2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
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2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
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2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
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2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
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[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
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CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
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and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
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2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
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2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
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carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
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in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
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2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
2 The Scientific World Journal
Table 1 The main greenhouse gases and their concentration [2 3]
Compound Preindustrialconcentration (ppmv)
Concentrationin 2011 (ppmv)
Atmosphericlifetime (years) Main human activity source GWPlowastlowast
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 280 3885 sim100 Fossil fuels cement production land use 1
Methane (CH4) 0715 1871748 12 Fossil fuels rice paddies waste dumpslivestock 25
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 027 0323 114 Fertilizers combustion industrial processes 298CFC-12 (CCL2F2) 0 0000533 100 Liquid coolants foams 10900CF-113 (CCl2CClF2) 0 000000075 85 na 6130HFC 23 (CHF3) 0 0000018 270 Electronics refrigerants 11700HCFC-22 (CCl2F2) 0 0000218 12 Refrigerants 1810HFC 134 (CF3CH2F) 0 0000035 14 Refrigerants 1300HCFC-141b (CH3CCl2F) 0 000000022 93 na 725HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) 0 000000020 179 na 2310HFC 152 (CH3CHF2) 0 00000039 14 Industrial processes 140Perfluoromethane (CF4) 000004 000008lowast 50000 Aluminum production 6500Perfluoroethane (C2F6) 0 0000003lowast 10000 Aluminum production 9200Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 0 000000712lowast 3200 Dielectric fluid 22800lowastConcentration in 2011lowastlowastGlobal warming potentials (GWPs) measure the relative effectiveness of GHGs in trapping the Earthrsquos heat
05
10152025303540
Year1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
1000
mill
ion
tonn
es C
O2
Figure 1 Global CO2emissions from fossil fuel combustion and
cement production [23]
Kyoto protocol therefore in 2011 Durban COP meetingthis protocol was extended until 2017 Several countries withhigh GHGs emission like China India Brazil and evenIran have added to this Protocol Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC) predicted the atmosphere maycontain up to 570 ppmv CO
2by the year 2100 causing a rise
of mean global temperature and sea level around 19∘C and38m respectively [15 17ndash20] Given that the earthrsquos averagetemperature continues to rise Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) stated global GHG emissions mustbe reduced by 50 to 80 percent by 2050 to avoid dramaticconsequences of global warming [21ndash23]
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the most indi-cated technology to decrease CO
2emission from fossil fuels
sources to atmosphere Also CO2separated from flue gases
can be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operationswhereCO2is injected into oil reservoirs to increase mobility of
oil and reservoir recovery [24 25] Pure CO2has many
applications in foodbeverage and different chemical indus-tries such as urea and fertilizer production foam blowing
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
Tone
gas
CO2
equi
vale
nt Electric powerindustry
Transportation
Industry
AgricultureCommercialResidential
Figure 2 US GHG Emissions Allocated to Economic Sectors [2]
carbonation of beverages and dry ice production or even inthe supercritical state as supercritical solvent [26ndash28]
From this definition CCS consists of three basic stages(a) separation of CO
2 (b) transportation and (c) storage
Operating costs of these stages have been estimated in 2008
(i) CO2separation from exhausting gases 24 to 52 C
ton-CO2
(ii) transportation to storage location 1 to 6 Cton-CO2
per 100 km
(iii) storage minus28 to 42 Cton-CO2
Therefore CO2separation is a major stage in CCS The
CCS total costs can vary from minus3 to 106 Cton-CO2(negative
values are expected for the injection of CO2in EOR) There
are threemajor approaches for CCS pre-combustion captureoxy-fuel process and post-combustion capture (Figure 3)[25 30 31]
The Scientific World Journal 3
FuelCombustionAir
flue gas
Post-combustion capture
FuelCombustion
Oxy fuel combustion
FuelCombustion
COPre-combustion capture
CO2 for storage
CO2 for storage
CO2 for storage
CO2 containing
CO2 capture
CO2 capture
O2
H2O2air
Figure 3 Three basic approaches of CO2capture [29]
Pre-combustion capture involves reaction of a fuel withoxygen or air and in some cases steam to produce a gasmainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen whichis known as synthesis gas (syngas) or fuel gas The producedcarbon monoxide is reacted with steam in a catalytic reactorcalled shift converter to give CO
2andmore hydrogen CO
2is
then separated usually by cryogenic distillation or chemicalabsorption process resulting in a hydrogen-rich fuel that canbe used in many applications such as furnaces gas turbinesengines and fuel cells [32 33]
A main advantage of post-combustion is the higher CO2
concentration and pressure achieved in the output streamThe main disadvantage of pre-combustion capture is systemneeds long-term development in a number of enabling tech-nical areas to achieve targeted efficiency towards a hydrogeneconomy This disadvantage has limited application of thisapproach and increased investments costs of pre-combustioncapture [34 35]
In oxy-fuel combustion nearly pure oxygen is used forcombustion instead of ambient air and this results in a fluegas that is mainly CO
2and H
2O which are separated by
condensing waterThreemajor advantages of this method arehigh CO
2concentration in output stream (above 80 vv)
high flame temperature and easy separation of exhaust gasesThe major disadvantages of oxy-fuel combustion are highcapital cost and large electric power requirement to separateoxygen from air [36ndash38]
The principle of post-combustion capture is CO2sepa-
ration from flue gas after combustion Generally the CO2
in flue gas is diluted (8ndash15 CO2) with inert gases such as
nitrogen argon and water in addition to oxygen Flue gasesare normally at atmospheric pressure and high temperatures(between 320K and 400K) [39ndash41] Post-combustion capturedoes not require expensive technologies such as syngas sep-aration hydrogen turbine fuel cell Post-combustion captureis the most important to prevent CO
2emissions because it
offers flexibility and does not need to change combustioncycle If the capture plant shuts down the power plant canstill operate [42 43] Major disadvantage of this method isunfavorable condition of flue gases
Because of the importance in selecting suitable processfor CO
2separation in this research various technologies for
this purpose have been focused
2 CO2 Separation Technologies
Based on economical and environmental considerations it isnecessary to apply efficient and suitable technology for CO
2
separation with low operating cost and energy consumptionUp to now there are several gas separation technologiesbeing investigated for post-combustion capture namely (a)absorption (b) adsorption (c) cryogenic distillation and (d)membrane separation (Figure 4) [39 44] Although variousnew methods were suggested for CO
2separation Granite
and Brien [45] reviewed some of the most novel methodsfor carbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gas streamssuch as use of electrochemical pumps and chemical loopingfor CO
2separation
21 Absorption Absorption stripping is an important tech-nology for CO
2capture from fuel gas in this technology
desired component in mixed gases are dissolved in a solvent(bulk phase) [46] The general scheme of this process isdepicted in Figure 5
The flue gas (containing CO2) is cooled (between 318 and
323K) and fed to the absorption column (scrubber) wherethe solvent absorbs CO
2 The CO
2-rich solution is fed into
a heater to increase the temperature of solution then to astripper column to release the CO
2 The released CO
2is
compressed and the regenerated absorbent solution is cooledand recycled to the absorber column [47 48]
Energy required for post-combustion CO2capture is an
important issueThus recent studies suggest that reduction ofthe cost of this capture could be achieved by finding suitablesolvents that could process larger amounts of CO
2for a given
mass and require less energy for stripping stage [49 50]
211 Solvents In absorption process flue gas is contactedwith a liquid ldquoabsorbentrdquo (or ldquosolventrdquo) and CO
2is absorbed
by this solvent [21] However the absorbent should havea suitable capacity for CO
2absorption high kinetic rate
for CO2absorption negligible vapor pressure and high
chemical and thermal stability and should be harmless forlabor persons [51ndash53]
The solvents used for CO2absorption can be divided
into two categories physical and chemical solvents Physicalsolvent processes use organic solvents to physically absorbacid gas components rather than reacting chemically butchemical absorption depends on acid-base neutralizationreactions using alkaline solvents [54 55] In the recent yearsmany studies have compared the performance of differentsolvents as listed in Table 2
(1) Alkanolamines Between various solvent groups alka-nolamines group is the most important and more used forCO2separation A major problem in the usage of amines for
CO2absorption is equipment corrosion so Albritton et al
[56] examined corrosion rate of various amine solvents andsuggested corrosion rate could reduce in the following ordermonoethanolamine (MEA) gt 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol(AMP) gt diethanolamine (DEA) gt methyl diethanolamine(MDEA)
4 The Scientific World Journal
capture
Absorption
Chemical
Physical
MEA caustic ammonia solution
Selexol Rectisol fluorinated solvents
Adsorption
Physical Alumina zeolite activated carbon
Cryogenic
Membrane
Gas separation
Ceramic membrane
Polyphenyleneoxide polydimethylsiloxane
Gas absorption
Polypropylene
CO2 separation and Chemical CaO MgO Li2ZrO3 Li4SiO4
Figure 4 Different technologies for CO2separation [29]
Condenser
Feed gas cooler
Feed gas
Exhaust gas
Absorber Heater
Liquidstorage tank
Cooler Reboiler
Stripper
gas CO2 product
Figure 5 Schematic diagram of CO2absorption pilot plant
On the other way MEA can react more quickly withCO2than MDEA but MDEA has higher CO
2absorption
capacity and requires lower energy to regenerate CO2[39 57
58] Thus it can be concluded that MEA is one of the bestamine solvents for CO
2separation Idem et al [59] reported
substantial reduction in energy requirements and modestreduction in circulation rates for amine blends relative tothe corresponding single amine system of similar total amineconcentration Wang et al [57] found that when MEAand MDEA are mixed at the appropriate ratio the energyconsumption for CO
2regeneration is reduced significantly
Dave et al [28] compared the performance of several aminesolvents and ammonia solutions at various concentrationsThey showed that 30wt AMP based process has the lowestoverall energy requirement among the solvents considered intheir study (30MEA 30MDEA 25NH
3 and 5NH
3)
[28 60]Knudsen et al [61] studies showed that it is possible to
run the post-combustion capture plant continuously whileachieving roughly 90CO
2separation levels andCASTOR-2
(blended amine solvents) operated in pilot scale with lower
steam requirement and liquid-to-gas ratio (LG) than theconventional MEA solvent
Besides alkanolamines carbonate-bicarbonate buffersand hindered amines are used in the bulk removal of CO
2
owing to the low steam requirement for its regenerationMit-subishi Heavy Industries and Kansai Electric have employedother patented chemical solventsmdashstrictly hindered aminescalled KS-1 KS-2 or KS-3 The regeneration heat of KSsolvents is said to be sim3GJt CO
2 that is 20 lower than
that of MEA with sim37GJt CO2[60 64 77] Generally the
overall cost of amine absorptionstripping technology forCO2capture process is 52ndash77US$ton CO
2[71]
(2) AminoAcidAmino acids have the same functional groupsas alkanolamines and can be expected to behave similarlytowardsCO
2but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen
Based on the results of tests the aqueous potassium salts(composed of sarcosine and proline) are considered to bethe most promising solventsThemost common amino acidsused in the gas treating solvents are glycine alanine dimethyl
The Scientific World Journal 5
Table 2 Various solvents suggested for CO2 separation
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Physical
Dimethyl ether ofpolyethylene glycol(Selexol)
(i) Require low energy forregeneration (less than 20 ofthe value for chemicalabsorbent)(ii) Low vapor pressure lowtoxicity and less corrosivesolvent
(i) Dependent on temperatureand pressure therefore theyare not suitable forpost-combustion process(ii) Low capacity for CO2absorption
Natural gas sweetening
[29 39 5762 63]Glycol Capturing CO2 and H2S at
higher concentration
Glycol carbonate Separating CO2 from othergases
Methanol (Rectisol) CO2 removal from variousstreams
Fluorinated solvent
(i) CO2 removal from variousstreams(ii) Separating CO2 fromother gases
Chemical
Alkanolaminesmonoethanolamine(MEA) diethanolamine(DEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
(i) React rapidly(ii) High selectively (betweenacid and other gases)(iii) Reversible absorptionprocess(iv) Inexpensive solvent
(i) Low CO2 loading capacity(ii) Solvent degradation inexistence of SO2 and O2 in fluegas (concentrations must beless than 10 ppm and 1 ppm)(iii) High equipmentcorrosion rate(iv) High energy consumption
Important for removing acidiccomponents from gas streams
[58 60 6164ndash66]
Amino acid and aqueousamino acid salt
(i) The possibility of adding asalt functional group(ii) The nonvolatility ofsolvents(iii) Having high surfacetension(iv) Having better resistanceto degradation than otherchemical solvents(v) Better performance thanMEA of the sameconcentration for CO2absorption
Decreased performance in thepresence of oxygen
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases
[65 67ndash69]
Ammonia
(i) No degradation in thepresence of SO2 and O2 in theflue gases(ii) No corrosion effect(iii) Require low energy toregeneration (13 that requiredwith MEA)(iv) Low costs with aqueousammonia respectively 15and 20 less than with MEA
(i) Reversible at lowertemperatures (not suitable forpost-combustion)(ii) Production of solidproducts and their operatingproblems(iii) Explosion of dryCO2-NH3 reaction in the highconcentration of CO2 in theflue gas (explosive limit forNH3 gas is 15ndash28)
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases [39 70]
Ionic liquid (IL)
(i) Very low vapor pressure(ii) Good thermal stability(iii) High polarity(iv) Nontoxicity
Increased viscosity with CO2absorption
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases [71ndash74]
6 The Scientific World Journal
Table 2 Continued
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Aqueous piperazine (PZ)
(i) Fast absorption kinetics(CO2 absorption rate withaqueous PZ is more thandouble that of MEA)(ii) Low degradation rates forCO2 separation(iii) Negligible thermaldegradation in concentratedPZ solutions(iv) Favorable equilibriumcharacteristics(v) Very low heat ofabsorption (10ndash15 kCalmolCO2) 80ndash90 energyrequired for aqueous aminesystem
Lower oxidative degradationof concentrated PZ (ie 4times slower than MEA in thepresence of the combination ofFe2+Cr3+Ni2+ and Fe2+V5+)
(i) Effective for treating syngasat high temperatures(ii) Application of additionalamine promoters for naturalgas treating and CO2separation from flue gases
[29 66 7576]
glycine diethyl glycine and a number of sterically hinderedamino acids [65 67 68]
Results of many research groups showed that these sol-vents are suitable for application inmembrane gas absorptionunits because these solvents have better performance anddegradation resistance than other chemical solvents [78]Amino acid salts formed by neutralization of amino acidswith an organic base such as amine showed better CO
2
absorption potential than amino acid salts from neutral-ization of amino acid salts from an inorganic base suchas potassium hydroxide [79 80] Aronu et al [69] stud-ied the performance of amino acids neutralized with 3-(methylamino)propylamine (MAPA) glycine120573-alanine andsarcosine Their results indicated that sarcosine neutralizedwith MAPA has the best CO
2absorption performance Its
performance is also enhanced by promoting with excessMAPA [69]
(3) Ammonia Since ammonia is a toxic gas prevention ofammonia ldquosliprdquo to the atmosphere is a necessity Despite thisdisadvantage chilled ammonia process (CAP) was used forCO2separation (Figure 6) In the CAP CO
2is absorbed in
an ammoniated solution at a lower absorption temperature(275ndash283K) that reduced ammonia emissions from the CAPabsorber Ammonium carbonate solution resulted in approx-imately 38 carbon regeneration compared to MEA solution[70 81 82]
(4) Aqueous Piperazine (PZ) Piperazine (PZ) is as an additiveused for amine systems to improve kinetics of CO
2absorp-
tion such as MDEAPZ or MEAPZ blends Because PZ sol-ubility in water is low concentration of PZ is between 05 and25M As indicated in Table 2 increasing the concentrationof PZ in solution allows for increased solvent capacity andfaster kineticThe presence of potassium in solution increasesthe concentration of CO
3
2minusHCO3
minus in solution thereforesolution has buffering propertyThese competing effects yielda maximum fraction of reactive species at potassium topiperazine ratio of 2 1 [75 83 84]
22 Adsorption Adsorption operation can reduce energyand cost of the capture or separation of CO
2in post-
combustion capture To achieve this goal it is necessary tofind adsorbents with suitable properties In general CO
2
adsorbent must have high selectivity and adsorption capacityand adequate adsorptiondesorption kinetics remain stableafter several adsorptiondesorption cycles and possess goodthermal and mechanical stability [51 85ndash88] The adsorbentsused for CO
2separation placed into two main categories
physical and chemical adsorbents
221 Chemical Adsorption Chemisorption is a subclass ofadsorption driven by a chemical reaction occurring at theexposed surface Adsorption capacities of different chemicaladsorbents are summarized in Table 3
A wide range of metals have been studied including [89]
(i) metal oxides CaO MgO(ii) metal salts from alkali metal compounds lithium
silicate lithium zirconate to alkaline earthmetal com-pounds (ie magnesium oxide and calcium oxide)
(iii) hydrotalcites and double salts
In general one mole of metal compound can react withone mole of CO
2with a reversible reaction The process
consists of a series of cycles wheremetal oxides (such as CaO)at 923K are transformed into metal carbonates form (such asCaCO
3) at 1123 K in a carbonation reactor to regenerate the
sorbent and produce a concentrated stream of CO2suitable
for storage [90 91]Considerable attention was paid to calcium oxide (CaO)
as it has a high CO2adsorption capacity and high raw
material availability (eg limestone) at a low cost Lithiumsalts was recorded a good performance in CO
2adsorption
but it gained less focus due to its high production costAlthough double salts can be easily regenerated due to lowenergy requirement their stability has not been investigated[93 96]
The Scientific World Journal 7
FGD
HX1
AC1
A PM1
CC1
HX2 HX3
A PM2
CC2
FN1
A PM3
CC3HC
PM5PM4
HX4HX6
HX5
PM6
PR1
HX7
FN2PR2
A
Chilmine Y
WT3 WT1WT2
AC2
PM7
RBRGAB
Steam
Condensate
CM1
AC3
CM2
AC4
PR3
CM3
AC4 PM8PIPE
Exhausts chilling
Ammonia removal
Absorptionregeneration
gas wash
CO2 compression
CH1 CH2CH3
CH4
CH5
H2ONH3
HCl
Figure 6 Schematic layout of CO2separation block based on the chilled ammonia process [92]
Table 3 Adsorption capacity of chemical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capturecapacity remainedafter 119899 cycles ()
Reference
Mesoporous (MgO) 298 101 18 3 100 [93]CaO nanopods 873 101 175 50 611 [94]CaO derived from nanosized CaCO3 923 101 167 100 222 [93]CaO-MgAl2O4 (spinel nanoparticles) 923 101 91 65 846 [93]Nano CaOAl2O3 923 101 60 15 617 [93]Lithium silicate nanoparticles 883 101 577 na na [93]Nanocrystalline Li2ZrO3 particles 843 101 61 8 100 [93]CaOAl2O3 923 101 602 na na [93]Lithium silicate 993 na 818 na na [17]Lithium zirconate 673 100 50 na na [93]Lithium orthosilicate 873 100 613 na na [93]Calcium oxide 873 100 173 na na [93]Magnesium hydroxide 473 1034 30 na na [93]Mesoporous magnesium oxide 373 100 227 na na [93]Lithium Silicate nano particles 873 101 5 na na [95]HTI-HNa 573 134 1109 50 933 [93]
The reaction of CO2adsorptionwith Li
2ZrO3is reversible
in the temperature range of 723ndash863K The capacity oflithium silicate (82moL CO
2kg sorbent at 993K) is larger
than that of lithium zirconate (485moLkg sorbent) [17]Hydrotalcite (HT) contains layered structure with posi-
tively charged cations balanced by negatively charged anions[97 98] Adsorption and final capacity of different adsorp-tiondesorption cycles are listed in Table 3
One way for improving CO2adsorption efficiency is
application of nanomaterials Different nano-materials can beused for CO
2separation (Table 3) However nanomaterials
always have high production cost with complicated synthesisprocess such as carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets[99 100]
Themain disadvantage of chemical adsorbents is difficultregeneration process and application of these adsorbentsneeds more studies for finding new adsorbents [88 95]
222 Physical Adsorption Physisorption also called physicaladsorption is a process in which the electronic structure of
the atom or molecule is barely perturbed upon adsorptionIf the CO
2adsorption capacity of solid adsorbents reaches
3mmoLg the required energy for adsorption will be lessthan 30ndash50 energy for absorption with optimum aqueousMEA [101]Themajor physical adsorbents suggested for CO
2
adsorption include activated carbons and inorganic porousmaterials such as zeolites [102 103]The adsorption capacitiesof various physical adsorbents are summarized in Table 4
Coal is one of the adsorbents being suggested for CO2
separation The total amount of CO2that can be adsorbed
in coal depends on its porosity ash and affinity for thismolecule [111 112] Sakurovs et al [113] showed that theratio of maximum sorption capacity between CO
2and
methane decreases with increasing carbon content Theaverage CO
2CH4sorption ratio is higher for moisture-
equilibrated coal and decreases with increasing coal rank (14for high rank coals to 22 for low rank coals) [114ndash116]
Activated carbon (AC) has a number of attractive charac-teristics such as its high adsorption capacity high hydropho-bicity low cost and low energy requirement for regeneration
8 The Scientific World Journal
Table 4 Adsorption capacity of physical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Activated carbon 303 110 158 na na [93]AC (4 KOH) 303 30 055 na na [93]AC (EDA + EtOH) 303 30 053 na na [93]AC (4 KOH + EDA + EtOH) 303 30 064 na na [45 70 79]NiO-ACs 298 101 2227 na na [104]13X 393 15198 07 na na [105]5A 393 15198 038 na na [105 106]4A 393 15198 05 na na [105]WEG-592 393 15198 06 na na [105]APG-II 393 15198 038 na na [105]Na-Y 273 10132 49 na na [105]Na-X 373 10132 124 2 na [105]NaKA 373 10132 388 mdash na [105]NaX-h 323 10132 252 2 na [105]NaX-h 373 10132 137 2 na [105]Na-X-c 323 10132 214 2 na [105]Na-X-c 373 10132 141 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 323 10132 242 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 373 10132 148 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 323 10132 176 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 373 10132 115 na na [105]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 126 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 252 na na [93]Activated carbon 303 30 035 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) ldquomolecularbasketrdquo 348 100 295 na na [93]
PE-MCM-41 298 100 050 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 285 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 236 na na [93]MCM-48 298 100 0033 na na [93]MCM-48 (APTS) 298 100 0639 na na [93]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]Molecular basketrsquoMCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 25 8 960 [93]
PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 18 10 944 [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 298 100 29 7 966 [93]MWNT 303 101 17 20 na [4 93]Unmodified [(Cu3(btc)2]
lowast 298 1818 67 na na [101]CNT (Cu3(btc)2) 298 1818 1352 na na [101]MIL-101lowastlowast 298 1010 084 na na [101]MWCNTMIL-101 298 1010 135 na na [101]MOF-2 298 4545 320 na na [107]MOF-177 298 4545 335 na na [107]Zr-MOFs 273 988 81 na na [107]Ca-Al LDH with ClO
4
minus 406 1 355 na na [108]
The Scientific World Journal 9
Table 4 Continued
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 51 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 43 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 45 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 38 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 41 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 33 na na [109]Ceria-based oxides doped with 5gallium (III) 298 101 0282 na na [110]
Amine modified layered doublehydroxides (LDHs) 298ndash353 101 074ndash175 na na [108]
lowastCu3(btc)2 btc 135-benzene-tricarboxylatelowastlowastMIL-101 or Cr3(FOH)(H2O)2O[(O2C)C6H4(CO2)]3 sdot 119899H2O (119899 asymp 25) is one of the metal organic frameworks with Lewis acid sites that can be activated byremoval of guest water molecules
[117ndash119] Activated carbons are inexpensive insensitive tomoisture and easy for regeneration These adsorbents havewell developed micro- and mesopore structures that aresuitable for highCO
2adsorption capacity at ambient pressure
[120ndash122]However activated carbon CO
2N2selectivities (ca 10)
are relatively low zeolitic materials offer CO2N2selectivities
5ndash10 times greater than those of carbonaceous materialsThe adsorption capacity and selectivity of zeolites are largelyaffected by their size porous diameter charge density andchemical composition of cations in their porous structuresThe average value of heat adsorption on zeolites (36 kJmoL)is larger than for activated carbon (30 kJmoL) confirmingthe mentioned affirmation Moreover activated carbon canbe regenerated easily and completely Also its capacity did notdecay after 10 consecutive processes cycles [122ndash124]
Due to the increase in cost of raw materials growingresearch interest has been focused on producing AC fromagricultural wastes Some of the agricultural wastes includethe shells and stones of fruits wastes resulting from theproduction of cereals bagasse and coir pith [100] Rosas et al[125] prepared hemp-derived AC monolith by phosphoricacid activation The activated carbons from hemp stemare microporous materials and therefore suitable ones forhydrogen storage and CO
2capture [126]
Siriwardane et al [127] studied CO2adsorption on the
molecular sieve 13X 4A and activated carbonThemolecularsieve 13X showed better CO
2separation thanmolecular sieve
4A At lower pressures (lt50 psi) activated carbon had a lowerCO2separation than themolecular sieves but adsorptionwas
higher for activated carbon than molecular sieves at higherpressures [127 128]
Liu et al [129] indicated that zeolite 5A has highervolumetric capacities and less severe heat effect of the zeolite13X Chabazite zeolites were prepared and exchanged withalkali cations Li Na K and alkaline-earth cations Mg CaBa Zhang et al [130] studied the potential of these zeolites forCO2separation from flue gas by vacuum swing adsorption
It was found that NaCHA and CaCHA hold comparative
advantages for high temperature CO2separation whilst NaX
showed superior performance at relatively low temperatures[130] In physical adsorption the size and volume of the poresare important Micropores are defined as pores 2 nm in sizemesopores between 2 and 50 nm and macropores 50 nm insizeThemicropores make better selective adsorption of CO
2
over CH4[131 132]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most famous amongnano-hollow structuredmaterials and their dimension rangesfrom 1 to 10 nm in diameter and from 200 to 500 nm in length[133] Cinke et al [134] indicated that purified single-walledcarbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorbed CO
2better than unpu-
rified SWNT In addition multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) showed stability for 20 cycles of adsorption andregeneration [135]
More recently nanosystems researchers have synthesizedand screened a large number of zeolitic-typematerials knownas zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) CO
2capacities of
the ZIFs are high and selectivity against CO and N2is good
[136 137] The results of researchers (Burchell and Judkins[138] Dave et al [28] and Yong et al [139]) indicated thatthe CO
2adsorption efficiency of the honeycomb monolith is
twice than activated carbon and 15 times greater than ZIFmaterial [29] Results of Kimber et al [140] showed that CO
2
selectivity of honeycomb monolithic composite decreasedwith increasing in burn-off
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) were prepared by acidintercalation followed by thermal exfoliation of naturalgraphite Functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (f-GNP)wereprepared by further treatment of GNP in acidic mediumPalladium (Pd) nanoparticles were decorated over f-GNPsurface by chemical method [109 141 142] Adsorptioncapacity of this adsorbent is presented in Table 4
The presence of several impurity gases (SO119909NO119909H2O)
greatly complicates the CO2separation processes Therefore
conventional adsorption-based CO2separation processes
rely on using a pretreatment stage to remove water SO119909 and
NO119909 which adds considerably to the overall cost Also this
prelayer can be used before the amine absorption column
10 The Scientific World Journal
[143 144] Deng et al [145] showed that the adsorptioncapacities follows the order SO
2gt CO
2gt NO gt N
2on both
zeolites (5A and 13X) Comparing two different adsorbentsthe better separation efficiency can be achieved by 5A zeolite[145]
Zhang et al [130] focused on the effect of water vapour onthe pressurevacuum swing adsorption process The selectedadsorbents in this study were CDX (an aluminazeoliteblend) alumina and 13X zeolite as these adsorbents are eitherthe prelayer for water adsorption or themain CO
2adsorption
layer in the packed bed [130]Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are crys-
talline with two- or three-dimensional porous structures thatcan be synthesised withmany of the functional capabilities ofzeolites Several MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents forCO2separation processes and among these Cu-BTC [poly-
meric copper (II) benzene-135-tricarboxylate] has provedto be dedicated with CO
2adsorption performances that are
higher than those of typical adsorbents such as 13X zeolite[105 107 146 147]
TheMCM-41 material is one of the mesoporous productswhich was prepared by the hydrothermalmethod frommobilcomposition of matter (MCM) powders Lu et al [148]showed that mesoporous silica spherical particles (MSPs)can be synthesized using low-cost Na
2SiO3thus they can be
cost-effective adsorbents for CO2separation from flue gas
[149 150]Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have general formula[MII1minus119909
MIII119909(OH)2][X119892minus119909C sdot 119899H2O] with 119909 typically in the range
between 010 and 033 These materials can be readily andinexpensively synthesized with the desired characteristics fora particular application such as CO
2adsorption [108 151]
223 Adsorbent Modification The role of CO2as a weak
Lewis acid is well established Because of the nature ofCO2 the surface of the physical adsorbents can be modified
by adding basic groups such as amine groups and metaloxides to improve CO
2adsorption capacity or selectivity
[152ndash154] Three different methods for the production ofthese adsorbents were investigated activation with CO
2 heat
treatmentwith ammonia gas (amination and ammoxidation)and heat treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI) Howeverit has been suggested that amine modification can producebetter and cheaper CO
2adsorbents [24 104 155 156]
Xu et al [157 158] designed selective ldquomolecular basketrdquoby grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) uniformly on MCM-41CO2adsorption capacity of the adsorbentwas 24 times higher
thanMCM-41 and 2 times higher than PEI [93]The additionof ammoniumhydroxide resulted in the Zr-MOFwith a slightlower adsorption of CO
2and CH
4 however the selectivity
of CO2CH4is significantly enhanced [159 160] Results of
Abid et al [107] showed that the selectivity of CO2CH4
on Zr-MOF is between 22 and 38 while for Zr-MOF-NH4
selectivity is between 26 and 43A nitrogen-rich carbon with a hierarchical micro-mes-
opore structure exhibited a high CO2adsorption capacity
(141mgg at 298K 1 atm) excellent separation efficiency(CO2N2selectivity is ca 32) and excellent stability [161]
Plaza et al [162] results showed that CO2adsorption capacity
of the DETA-impregnated alumina (ge23mmoLg) exhibitedis the highest
Amine modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) havebeen prepared by several different methods Park et al [163]used dodecyl sulfate (DS) intercalated LDH as precursor andadded (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) together withN-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) [164]The highest adsorption capacity of amine modified LDHs forCO2was achieved at 175mmoLg by MgAl N3 at 353K and
1 bar According to data in Table 4 this adsorbent has highCO2capacity at high temperature therefore this adsorbent
is suitable for post-combustion CO2capture [108]
Wang et al [114] reported that porous carbons with well-developed pore structureswere directly prepared fromaweakacid cation exchange resin (CER) by the carbonization of amixture with Mg acetate in different ratios [108] The mainparameters of this adsorbent (such as CO
2capacity) are
indicated in Table 4Shafeeyan et al [165] prepared different adsorbents based
on the central composite design (CCD) with three indepen-dent variables (ie amination temperature amination timeand the use of preheat treated (HTA) or preoxidized (OXA)sorbent as the starting material) They demonstrated that theoptimum condition for obtaining an efficient CO
2adsorbent
is using a preoxidized sorbent and amination at 698K for 21 h[165]
Table 4 compares CO2adsorption capacities and stabil-
ity of different absorbents which were studied for post-combustion CO
2capture
224 Different Cycles for CO2Adsorption Five different
regeneration strategies were demonstrated in a single-bedCO2adsorption unit pressure swing adsorption (PSA) tem-
perature swing adsorption (TSA) vacuum swing adsorption(VSA) electric swing adsorption (ESA) and a combinationof vacuum and temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) Thedifference between these technologies is based on the strat-egy for regeneration of adsorbent after the adsorption step(Figure 7) In PSA applications the pressure of the bed isreduced VSA is preferred to the special PSA applicationwhere the desorption pressure is below atmospheric whereasinTSA the temperature is raisedwhile pressure ismaintainedapproximately constant and in ESA the solid is heated by theJoule effect [166ndash169]
For the single-bed cycle configurations the productivityand CO
2recovery followed the sequence
ESA lt TSA lt PSA lt VSA lt VTSA (1)
The performances of PSA TSA VSA VTSA and ESAprocesses for CO
2separation are reported in Table 5 Since
application of adsorption process for CO2capture in indus-
trial scale is very important in recent years some researcheshave been focused on this area for example Lucas et al [170]studied the scale-up CO
2adsorption with activated carbon
23 Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic method utilized lowtemperatures for condensation separation and purification
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
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[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
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bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
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Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
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flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
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[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
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[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
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2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
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2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
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2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 3
FuelCombustionAir
flue gas
Post-combustion capture
FuelCombustion
Oxy fuel combustion
FuelCombustion
COPre-combustion capture
CO2 for storage
CO2 for storage
CO2 for storage
CO2 containing
CO2 capture
CO2 capture
O2
H2O2air
Figure 3 Three basic approaches of CO2capture [29]
Pre-combustion capture involves reaction of a fuel withoxygen or air and in some cases steam to produce a gasmainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen whichis known as synthesis gas (syngas) or fuel gas The producedcarbon monoxide is reacted with steam in a catalytic reactorcalled shift converter to give CO
2andmore hydrogen CO
2is
then separated usually by cryogenic distillation or chemicalabsorption process resulting in a hydrogen-rich fuel that canbe used in many applications such as furnaces gas turbinesengines and fuel cells [32 33]
A main advantage of post-combustion is the higher CO2
concentration and pressure achieved in the output streamThe main disadvantage of pre-combustion capture is systemneeds long-term development in a number of enabling tech-nical areas to achieve targeted efficiency towards a hydrogeneconomy This disadvantage has limited application of thisapproach and increased investments costs of pre-combustioncapture [34 35]
In oxy-fuel combustion nearly pure oxygen is used forcombustion instead of ambient air and this results in a fluegas that is mainly CO
2and H
2O which are separated by
condensing waterThreemajor advantages of this method arehigh CO
2concentration in output stream (above 80 vv)
high flame temperature and easy separation of exhaust gasesThe major disadvantages of oxy-fuel combustion are highcapital cost and large electric power requirement to separateoxygen from air [36ndash38]
The principle of post-combustion capture is CO2sepa-
ration from flue gas after combustion Generally the CO2
in flue gas is diluted (8ndash15 CO2) with inert gases such as
nitrogen argon and water in addition to oxygen Flue gasesare normally at atmospheric pressure and high temperatures(between 320K and 400K) [39ndash41] Post-combustion capturedoes not require expensive technologies such as syngas sep-aration hydrogen turbine fuel cell Post-combustion captureis the most important to prevent CO
2emissions because it
offers flexibility and does not need to change combustioncycle If the capture plant shuts down the power plant canstill operate [42 43] Major disadvantage of this method isunfavorable condition of flue gases
Because of the importance in selecting suitable processfor CO
2separation in this research various technologies for
this purpose have been focused
2 CO2 Separation Technologies
Based on economical and environmental considerations it isnecessary to apply efficient and suitable technology for CO
2
separation with low operating cost and energy consumptionUp to now there are several gas separation technologiesbeing investigated for post-combustion capture namely (a)absorption (b) adsorption (c) cryogenic distillation and (d)membrane separation (Figure 4) [39 44] Although variousnew methods were suggested for CO
2separation Granite
and Brien [45] reviewed some of the most novel methodsfor carbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gas streamssuch as use of electrochemical pumps and chemical loopingfor CO
2separation
21 Absorption Absorption stripping is an important tech-nology for CO
2capture from fuel gas in this technology
desired component in mixed gases are dissolved in a solvent(bulk phase) [46] The general scheme of this process isdepicted in Figure 5
The flue gas (containing CO2) is cooled (between 318 and
323K) and fed to the absorption column (scrubber) wherethe solvent absorbs CO
2 The CO
2-rich solution is fed into
a heater to increase the temperature of solution then to astripper column to release the CO
2 The released CO
2is
compressed and the regenerated absorbent solution is cooledand recycled to the absorber column [47 48]
Energy required for post-combustion CO2capture is an
important issueThus recent studies suggest that reduction ofthe cost of this capture could be achieved by finding suitablesolvents that could process larger amounts of CO
2for a given
mass and require less energy for stripping stage [49 50]
211 Solvents In absorption process flue gas is contactedwith a liquid ldquoabsorbentrdquo (or ldquosolventrdquo) and CO
2is absorbed
by this solvent [21] However the absorbent should havea suitable capacity for CO
2absorption high kinetic rate
for CO2absorption negligible vapor pressure and high
chemical and thermal stability and should be harmless forlabor persons [51ndash53]
The solvents used for CO2absorption can be divided
into two categories physical and chemical solvents Physicalsolvent processes use organic solvents to physically absorbacid gas components rather than reacting chemically butchemical absorption depends on acid-base neutralizationreactions using alkaline solvents [54 55] In the recent yearsmany studies have compared the performance of differentsolvents as listed in Table 2
(1) Alkanolamines Between various solvent groups alka-nolamines group is the most important and more used forCO2separation A major problem in the usage of amines for
CO2absorption is equipment corrosion so Albritton et al
[56] examined corrosion rate of various amine solvents andsuggested corrosion rate could reduce in the following ordermonoethanolamine (MEA) gt 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol(AMP) gt diethanolamine (DEA) gt methyl diethanolamine(MDEA)
4 The Scientific World Journal
capture
Absorption
Chemical
Physical
MEA caustic ammonia solution
Selexol Rectisol fluorinated solvents
Adsorption
Physical Alumina zeolite activated carbon
Cryogenic
Membrane
Gas separation
Ceramic membrane
Polyphenyleneoxide polydimethylsiloxane
Gas absorption
Polypropylene
CO2 separation and Chemical CaO MgO Li2ZrO3 Li4SiO4
Figure 4 Different technologies for CO2separation [29]
Condenser
Feed gas cooler
Feed gas
Exhaust gas
Absorber Heater
Liquidstorage tank
Cooler Reboiler
Stripper
gas CO2 product
Figure 5 Schematic diagram of CO2absorption pilot plant
On the other way MEA can react more quickly withCO2than MDEA but MDEA has higher CO
2absorption
capacity and requires lower energy to regenerate CO2[39 57
58] Thus it can be concluded that MEA is one of the bestamine solvents for CO
2separation Idem et al [59] reported
substantial reduction in energy requirements and modestreduction in circulation rates for amine blends relative tothe corresponding single amine system of similar total amineconcentration Wang et al [57] found that when MEAand MDEA are mixed at the appropriate ratio the energyconsumption for CO
2regeneration is reduced significantly
Dave et al [28] compared the performance of several aminesolvents and ammonia solutions at various concentrationsThey showed that 30wt AMP based process has the lowestoverall energy requirement among the solvents considered intheir study (30MEA 30MDEA 25NH
3 and 5NH
3)
[28 60]Knudsen et al [61] studies showed that it is possible to
run the post-combustion capture plant continuously whileachieving roughly 90CO
2separation levels andCASTOR-2
(blended amine solvents) operated in pilot scale with lower
steam requirement and liquid-to-gas ratio (LG) than theconventional MEA solvent
Besides alkanolamines carbonate-bicarbonate buffersand hindered amines are used in the bulk removal of CO
2
owing to the low steam requirement for its regenerationMit-subishi Heavy Industries and Kansai Electric have employedother patented chemical solventsmdashstrictly hindered aminescalled KS-1 KS-2 or KS-3 The regeneration heat of KSsolvents is said to be sim3GJt CO
2 that is 20 lower than
that of MEA with sim37GJt CO2[60 64 77] Generally the
overall cost of amine absorptionstripping technology forCO2capture process is 52ndash77US$ton CO
2[71]
(2) AminoAcidAmino acids have the same functional groupsas alkanolamines and can be expected to behave similarlytowardsCO
2but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen
Based on the results of tests the aqueous potassium salts(composed of sarcosine and proline) are considered to bethe most promising solventsThemost common amino acidsused in the gas treating solvents are glycine alanine dimethyl
The Scientific World Journal 5
Table 2 Various solvents suggested for CO2 separation
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Physical
Dimethyl ether ofpolyethylene glycol(Selexol)
(i) Require low energy forregeneration (less than 20 ofthe value for chemicalabsorbent)(ii) Low vapor pressure lowtoxicity and less corrosivesolvent
(i) Dependent on temperatureand pressure therefore theyare not suitable forpost-combustion process(ii) Low capacity for CO2absorption
Natural gas sweetening
[29 39 5762 63]Glycol Capturing CO2 and H2S at
higher concentration
Glycol carbonate Separating CO2 from othergases
Methanol (Rectisol) CO2 removal from variousstreams
Fluorinated solvent
(i) CO2 removal from variousstreams(ii) Separating CO2 fromother gases
Chemical
Alkanolaminesmonoethanolamine(MEA) diethanolamine(DEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
(i) React rapidly(ii) High selectively (betweenacid and other gases)(iii) Reversible absorptionprocess(iv) Inexpensive solvent
(i) Low CO2 loading capacity(ii) Solvent degradation inexistence of SO2 and O2 in fluegas (concentrations must beless than 10 ppm and 1 ppm)(iii) High equipmentcorrosion rate(iv) High energy consumption
Important for removing acidiccomponents from gas streams
[58 60 6164ndash66]
Amino acid and aqueousamino acid salt
(i) The possibility of adding asalt functional group(ii) The nonvolatility ofsolvents(iii) Having high surfacetension(iv) Having better resistanceto degradation than otherchemical solvents(v) Better performance thanMEA of the sameconcentration for CO2absorption
Decreased performance in thepresence of oxygen
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases
[65 67ndash69]
Ammonia
(i) No degradation in thepresence of SO2 and O2 in theflue gases(ii) No corrosion effect(iii) Require low energy toregeneration (13 that requiredwith MEA)(iv) Low costs with aqueousammonia respectively 15and 20 less than with MEA
(i) Reversible at lowertemperatures (not suitable forpost-combustion)(ii) Production of solidproducts and their operatingproblems(iii) Explosion of dryCO2-NH3 reaction in the highconcentration of CO2 in theflue gas (explosive limit forNH3 gas is 15ndash28)
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases [39 70]
Ionic liquid (IL)
(i) Very low vapor pressure(ii) Good thermal stability(iii) High polarity(iv) Nontoxicity
Increased viscosity with CO2absorption
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases [71ndash74]
6 The Scientific World Journal
Table 2 Continued
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Aqueous piperazine (PZ)
(i) Fast absorption kinetics(CO2 absorption rate withaqueous PZ is more thandouble that of MEA)(ii) Low degradation rates forCO2 separation(iii) Negligible thermaldegradation in concentratedPZ solutions(iv) Favorable equilibriumcharacteristics(v) Very low heat ofabsorption (10ndash15 kCalmolCO2) 80ndash90 energyrequired for aqueous aminesystem
Lower oxidative degradationof concentrated PZ (ie 4times slower than MEA in thepresence of the combination ofFe2+Cr3+Ni2+ and Fe2+V5+)
(i) Effective for treating syngasat high temperatures(ii) Application of additionalamine promoters for naturalgas treating and CO2separation from flue gases
[29 66 7576]
glycine diethyl glycine and a number of sterically hinderedamino acids [65 67 68]
Results of many research groups showed that these sol-vents are suitable for application inmembrane gas absorptionunits because these solvents have better performance anddegradation resistance than other chemical solvents [78]Amino acid salts formed by neutralization of amino acidswith an organic base such as amine showed better CO
2
absorption potential than amino acid salts from neutral-ization of amino acid salts from an inorganic base suchas potassium hydroxide [79 80] Aronu et al [69] stud-ied the performance of amino acids neutralized with 3-(methylamino)propylamine (MAPA) glycine120573-alanine andsarcosine Their results indicated that sarcosine neutralizedwith MAPA has the best CO
2absorption performance Its
performance is also enhanced by promoting with excessMAPA [69]
(3) Ammonia Since ammonia is a toxic gas prevention ofammonia ldquosliprdquo to the atmosphere is a necessity Despite thisdisadvantage chilled ammonia process (CAP) was used forCO2separation (Figure 6) In the CAP CO
2is absorbed in
an ammoniated solution at a lower absorption temperature(275ndash283K) that reduced ammonia emissions from the CAPabsorber Ammonium carbonate solution resulted in approx-imately 38 carbon regeneration compared to MEA solution[70 81 82]
(4) Aqueous Piperazine (PZ) Piperazine (PZ) is as an additiveused for amine systems to improve kinetics of CO
2absorp-
tion such as MDEAPZ or MEAPZ blends Because PZ sol-ubility in water is low concentration of PZ is between 05 and25M As indicated in Table 2 increasing the concentrationof PZ in solution allows for increased solvent capacity andfaster kineticThe presence of potassium in solution increasesthe concentration of CO
3
2minusHCO3
minus in solution thereforesolution has buffering propertyThese competing effects yielda maximum fraction of reactive species at potassium topiperazine ratio of 2 1 [75 83 84]
22 Adsorption Adsorption operation can reduce energyand cost of the capture or separation of CO
2in post-
combustion capture To achieve this goal it is necessary tofind adsorbents with suitable properties In general CO
2
adsorbent must have high selectivity and adsorption capacityand adequate adsorptiondesorption kinetics remain stableafter several adsorptiondesorption cycles and possess goodthermal and mechanical stability [51 85ndash88] The adsorbentsused for CO
2separation placed into two main categories
physical and chemical adsorbents
221 Chemical Adsorption Chemisorption is a subclass ofadsorption driven by a chemical reaction occurring at theexposed surface Adsorption capacities of different chemicaladsorbents are summarized in Table 3
A wide range of metals have been studied including [89]
(i) metal oxides CaO MgO(ii) metal salts from alkali metal compounds lithium
silicate lithium zirconate to alkaline earthmetal com-pounds (ie magnesium oxide and calcium oxide)
(iii) hydrotalcites and double salts
In general one mole of metal compound can react withone mole of CO
2with a reversible reaction The process
consists of a series of cycles wheremetal oxides (such as CaO)at 923K are transformed into metal carbonates form (such asCaCO
3) at 1123 K in a carbonation reactor to regenerate the
sorbent and produce a concentrated stream of CO2suitable
for storage [90 91]Considerable attention was paid to calcium oxide (CaO)
as it has a high CO2adsorption capacity and high raw
material availability (eg limestone) at a low cost Lithiumsalts was recorded a good performance in CO
2adsorption
but it gained less focus due to its high production costAlthough double salts can be easily regenerated due to lowenergy requirement their stability has not been investigated[93 96]
The Scientific World Journal 7
FGD
HX1
AC1
A PM1
CC1
HX2 HX3
A PM2
CC2
FN1
A PM3
CC3HC
PM5PM4
HX4HX6
HX5
PM6
PR1
HX7
FN2PR2
A
Chilmine Y
WT3 WT1WT2
AC2
PM7
RBRGAB
Steam
Condensate
CM1
AC3
CM2
AC4
PR3
CM3
AC4 PM8PIPE
Exhausts chilling
Ammonia removal
Absorptionregeneration
gas wash
CO2 compression
CH1 CH2CH3
CH4
CH5
H2ONH3
HCl
Figure 6 Schematic layout of CO2separation block based on the chilled ammonia process [92]
Table 3 Adsorption capacity of chemical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capturecapacity remainedafter 119899 cycles ()
Reference
Mesoporous (MgO) 298 101 18 3 100 [93]CaO nanopods 873 101 175 50 611 [94]CaO derived from nanosized CaCO3 923 101 167 100 222 [93]CaO-MgAl2O4 (spinel nanoparticles) 923 101 91 65 846 [93]Nano CaOAl2O3 923 101 60 15 617 [93]Lithium silicate nanoparticles 883 101 577 na na [93]Nanocrystalline Li2ZrO3 particles 843 101 61 8 100 [93]CaOAl2O3 923 101 602 na na [93]Lithium silicate 993 na 818 na na [17]Lithium zirconate 673 100 50 na na [93]Lithium orthosilicate 873 100 613 na na [93]Calcium oxide 873 100 173 na na [93]Magnesium hydroxide 473 1034 30 na na [93]Mesoporous magnesium oxide 373 100 227 na na [93]Lithium Silicate nano particles 873 101 5 na na [95]HTI-HNa 573 134 1109 50 933 [93]
The reaction of CO2adsorptionwith Li
2ZrO3is reversible
in the temperature range of 723ndash863K The capacity oflithium silicate (82moL CO
2kg sorbent at 993K) is larger
than that of lithium zirconate (485moLkg sorbent) [17]Hydrotalcite (HT) contains layered structure with posi-
tively charged cations balanced by negatively charged anions[97 98] Adsorption and final capacity of different adsorp-tiondesorption cycles are listed in Table 3
One way for improving CO2adsorption efficiency is
application of nanomaterials Different nano-materials can beused for CO
2separation (Table 3) However nanomaterials
always have high production cost with complicated synthesisprocess such as carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets[99 100]
Themain disadvantage of chemical adsorbents is difficultregeneration process and application of these adsorbentsneeds more studies for finding new adsorbents [88 95]
222 Physical Adsorption Physisorption also called physicaladsorption is a process in which the electronic structure of
the atom or molecule is barely perturbed upon adsorptionIf the CO
2adsorption capacity of solid adsorbents reaches
3mmoLg the required energy for adsorption will be lessthan 30ndash50 energy for absorption with optimum aqueousMEA [101]Themajor physical adsorbents suggested for CO
2
adsorption include activated carbons and inorganic porousmaterials such as zeolites [102 103]The adsorption capacitiesof various physical adsorbents are summarized in Table 4
Coal is one of the adsorbents being suggested for CO2
separation The total amount of CO2that can be adsorbed
in coal depends on its porosity ash and affinity for thismolecule [111 112] Sakurovs et al [113] showed that theratio of maximum sorption capacity between CO
2and
methane decreases with increasing carbon content Theaverage CO
2CH4sorption ratio is higher for moisture-
equilibrated coal and decreases with increasing coal rank (14for high rank coals to 22 for low rank coals) [114ndash116]
Activated carbon (AC) has a number of attractive charac-teristics such as its high adsorption capacity high hydropho-bicity low cost and low energy requirement for regeneration
8 The Scientific World Journal
Table 4 Adsorption capacity of physical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Activated carbon 303 110 158 na na [93]AC (4 KOH) 303 30 055 na na [93]AC (EDA + EtOH) 303 30 053 na na [93]AC (4 KOH + EDA + EtOH) 303 30 064 na na [45 70 79]NiO-ACs 298 101 2227 na na [104]13X 393 15198 07 na na [105]5A 393 15198 038 na na [105 106]4A 393 15198 05 na na [105]WEG-592 393 15198 06 na na [105]APG-II 393 15198 038 na na [105]Na-Y 273 10132 49 na na [105]Na-X 373 10132 124 2 na [105]NaKA 373 10132 388 mdash na [105]NaX-h 323 10132 252 2 na [105]NaX-h 373 10132 137 2 na [105]Na-X-c 323 10132 214 2 na [105]Na-X-c 373 10132 141 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 323 10132 242 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 373 10132 148 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 323 10132 176 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 373 10132 115 na na [105]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 126 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 252 na na [93]Activated carbon 303 30 035 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) ldquomolecularbasketrdquo 348 100 295 na na [93]
PE-MCM-41 298 100 050 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 285 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 236 na na [93]MCM-48 298 100 0033 na na [93]MCM-48 (APTS) 298 100 0639 na na [93]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]Molecular basketrsquoMCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 25 8 960 [93]
PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 18 10 944 [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 298 100 29 7 966 [93]MWNT 303 101 17 20 na [4 93]Unmodified [(Cu3(btc)2]
lowast 298 1818 67 na na [101]CNT (Cu3(btc)2) 298 1818 1352 na na [101]MIL-101lowastlowast 298 1010 084 na na [101]MWCNTMIL-101 298 1010 135 na na [101]MOF-2 298 4545 320 na na [107]MOF-177 298 4545 335 na na [107]Zr-MOFs 273 988 81 na na [107]Ca-Al LDH with ClO
4
minus 406 1 355 na na [108]
The Scientific World Journal 9
Table 4 Continued
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 51 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 43 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 45 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 38 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 41 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 33 na na [109]Ceria-based oxides doped with 5gallium (III) 298 101 0282 na na [110]
Amine modified layered doublehydroxides (LDHs) 298ndash353 101 074ndash175 na na [108]
lowastCu3(btc)2 btc 135-benzene-tricarboxylatelowastlowastMIL-101 or Cr3(FOH)(H2O)2O[(O2C)C6H4(CO2)]3 sdot 119899H2O (119899 asymp 25) is one of the metal organic frameworks with Lewis acid sites that can be activated byremoval of guest water molecules
[117ndash119] Activated carbons are inexpensive insensitive tomoisture and easy for regeneration These adsorbents havewell developed micro- and mesopore structures that aresuitable for highCO
2adsorption capacity at ambient pressure
[120ndash122]However activated carbon CO
2N2selectivities (ca 10)
are relatively low zeolitic materials offer CO2N2selectivities
5ndash10 times greater than those of carbonaceous materialsThe adsorption capacity and selectivity of zeolites are largelyaffected by their size porous diameter charge density andchemical composition of cations in their porous structuresThe average value of heat adsorption on zeolites (36 kJmoL)is larger than for activated carbon (30 kJmoL) confirmingthe mentioned affirmation Moreover activated carbon canbe regenerated easily and completely Also its capacity did notdecay after 10 consecutive processes cycles [122ndash124]
Due to the increase in cost of raw materials growingresearch interest has been focused on producing AC fromagricultural wastes Some of the agricultural wastes includethe shells and stones of fruits wastes resulting from theproduction of cereals bagasse and coir pith [100] Rosas et al[125] prepared hemp-derived AC monolith by phosphoricacid activation The activated carbons from hemp stemare microporous materials and therefore suitable ones forhydrogen storage and CO
2capture [126]
Siriwardane et al [127] studied CO2adsorption on the
molecular sieve 13X 4A and activated carbonThemolecularsieve 13X showed better CO
2separation thanmolecular sieve
4A At lower pressures (lt50 psi) activated carbon had a lowerCO2separation than themolecular sieves but adsorptionwas
higher for activated carbon than molecular sieves at higherpressures [127 128]
Liu et al [129] indicated that zeolite 5A has highervolumetric capacities and less severe heat effect of the zeolite13X Chabazite zeolites were prepared and exchanged withalkali cations Li Na K and alkaline-earth cations Mg CaBa Zhang et al [130] studied the potential of these zeolites forCO2separation from flue gas by vacuum swing adsorption
It was found that NaCHA and CaCHA hold comparative
advantages for high temperature CO2separation whilst NaX
showed superior performance at relatively low temperatures[130] In physical adsorption the size and volume of the poresare important Micropores are defined as pores 2 nm in sizemesopores between 2 and 50 nm and macropores 50 nm insizeThemicropores make better selective adsorption of CO
2
over CH4[131 132]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most famous amongnano-hollow structuredmaterials and their dimension rangesfrom 1 to 10 nm in diameter and from 200 to 500 nm in length[133] Cinke et al [134] indicated that purified single-walledcarbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorbed CO
2better than unpu-
rified SWNT In addition multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) showed stability for 20 cycles of adsorption andregeneration [135]
More recently nanosystems researchers have synthesizedand screened a large number of zeolitic-typematerials knownas zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) CO
2capacities of
the ZIFs are high and selectivity against CO and N2is good
[136 137] The results of researchers (Burchell and Judkins[138] Dave et al [28] and Yong et al [139]) indicated thatthe CO
2adsorption efficiency of the honeycomb monolith is
twice than activated carbon and 15 times greater than ZIFmaterial [29] Results of Kimber et al [140] showed that CO
2
selectivity of honeycomb monolithic composite decreasedwith increasing in burn-off
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) were prepared by acidintercalation followed by thermal exfoliation of naturalgraphite Functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (f-GNP)wereprepared by further treatment of GNP in acidic mediumPalladium (Pd) nanoparticles were decorated over f-GNPsurface by chemical method [109 141 142] Adsorptioncapacity of this adsorbent is presented in Table 4
The presence of several impurity gases (SO119909NO119909H2O)
greatly complicates the CO2separation processes Therefore
conventional adsorption-based CO2separation processes
rely on using a pretreatment stage to remove water SO119909 and
NO119909 which adds considerably to the overall cost Also this
prelayer can be used before the amine absorption column
10 The Scientific World Journal
[143 144] Deng et al [145] showed that the adsorptioncapacities follows the order SO
2gt CO
2gt NO gt N
2on both
zeolites (5A and 13X) Comparing two different adsorbentsthe better separation efficiency can be achieved by 5A zeolite[145]
Zhang et al [130] focused on the effect of water vapour onthe pressurevacuum swing adsorption process The selectedadsorbents in this study were CDX (an aluminazeoliteblend) alumina and 13X zeolite as these adsorbents are eitherthe prelayer for water adsorption or themain CO
2adsorption
layer in the packed bed [130]Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are crys-
talline with two- or three-dimensional porous structures thatcan be synthesised withmany of the functional capabilities ofzeolites Several MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents forCO2separation processes and among these Cu-BTC [poly-
meric copper (II) benzene-135-tricarboxylate] has provedto be dedicated with CO
2adsorption performances that are
higher than those of typical adsorbents such as 13X zeolite[105 107 146 147]
TheMCM-41 material is one of the mesoporous productswhich was prepared by the hydrothermalmethod frommobilcomposition of matter (MCM) powders Lu et al [148]showed that mesoporous silica spherical particles (MSPs)can be synthesized using low-cost Na
2SiO3thus they can be
cost-effective adsorbents for CO2separation from flue gas
[149 150]Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have general formula[MII1minus119909
MIII119909(OH)2][X119892minus119909C sdot 119899H2O] with 119909 typically in the range
between 010 and 033 These materials can be readily andinexpensively synthesized with the desired characteristics fora particular application such as CO
2adsorption [108 151]
223 Adsorbent Modification The role of CO2as a weak
Lewis acid is well established Because of the nature ofCO2 the surface of the physical adsorbents can be modified
by adding basic groups such as amine groups and metaloxides to improve CO
2adsorption capacity or selectivity
[152ndash154] Three different methods for the production ofthese adsorbents were investigated activation with CO
2 heat
treatmentwith ammonia gas (amination and ammoxidation)and heat treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI) Howeverit has been suggested that amine modification can producebetter and cheaper CO
2adsorbents [24 104 155 156]
Xu et al [157 158] designed selective ldquomolecular basketrdquoby grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) uniformly on MCM-41CO2adsorption capacity of the adsorbentwas 24 times higher
thanMCM-41 and 2 times higher than PEI [93]The additionof ammoniumhydroxide resulted in the Zr-MOFwith a slightlower adsorption of CO
2and CH
4 however the selectivity
of CO2CH4is significantly enhanced [159 160] Results of
Abid et al [107] showed that the selectivity of CO2CH4
on Zr-MOF is between 22 and 38 while for Zr-MOF-NH4
selectivity is between 26 and 43A nitrogen-rich carbon with a hierarchical micro-mes-
opore structure exhibited a high CO2adsorption capacity
(141mgg at 298K 1 atm) excellent separation efficiency(CO2N2selectivity is ca 32) and excellent stability [161]
Plaza et al [162] results showed that CO2adsorption capacity
of the DETA-impregnated alumina (ge23mmoLg) exhibitedis the highest
Amine modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) havebeen prepared by several different methods Park et al [163]used dodecyl sulfate (DS) intercalated LDH as precursor andadded (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) together withN-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) [164]The highest adsorption capacity of amine modified LDHs forCO2was achieved at 175mmoLg by MgAl N3 at 353K and
1 bar According to data in Table 4 this adsorbent has highCO2capacity at high temperature therefore this adsorbent
is suitable for post-combustion CO2capture [108]
Wang et al [114] reported that porous carbons with well-developed pore structureswere directly prepared fromaweakacid cation exchange resin (CER) by the carbonization of amixture with Mg acetate in different ratios [108] The mainparameters of this adsorbent (such as CO
2capacity) are
indicated in Table 4Shafeeyan et al [165] prepared different adsorbents based
on the central composite design (CCD) with three indepen-dent variables (ie amination temperature amination timeand the use of preheat treated (HTA) or preoxidized (OXA)sorbent as the starting material) They demonstrated that theoptimum condition for obtaining an efficient CO
2adsorbent
is using a preoxidized sorbent and amination at 698K for 21 h[165]
Table 4 compares CO2adsorption capacities and stabil-
ity of different absorbents which were studied for post-combustion CO
2capture
224 Different Cycles for CO2Adsorption Five different
regeneration strategies were demonstrated in a single-bedCO2adsorption unit pressure swing adsorption (PSA) tem-
perature swing adsorption (TSA) vacuum swing adsorption(VSA) electric swing adsorption (ESA) and a combinationof vacuum and temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) Thedifference between these technologies is based on the strat-egy for regeneration of adsorbent after the adsorption step(Figure 7) In PSA applications the pressure of the bed isreduced VSA is preferred to the special PSA applicationwhere the desorption pressure is below atmospheric whereasinTSA the temperature is raisedwhile pressure ismaintainedapproximately constant and in ESA the solid is heated by theJoule effect [166ndash169]
For the single-bed cycle configurations the productivityand CO
2recovery followed the sequence
ESA lt TSA lt PSA lt VSA lt VTSA (1)
The performances of PSA TSA VSA VTSA and ESAprocesses for CO
2separation are reported in Table 5 Since
application of adsorption process for CO2capture in indus-
trial scale is very important in recent years some researcheshave been focused on this area for example Lucas et al [170]studied the scale-up CO
2adsorption with activated carbon
23 Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic method utilized lowtemperatures for condensation separation and purification
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
[1] S Q Solomon S Q DMManning et al ldquoBook reviewsrdquo SouthAfrican Geographical Journal vol 91 pp 103ndash104 2009
[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
[11] A Hussain and M-B Hagg ldquoA feasibility study of CO2capture
from flue gas by a facilitated transport membranerdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp 140ndash148 2010
[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
2emissionsrdquo in Proceedings
of the Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies-6th InternationalConference p 995 Pergamon Turkey 2003
[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
4 The Scientific World Journal
capture
Absorption
Chemical
Physical
MEA caustic ammonia solution
Selexol Rectisol fluorinated solvents
Adsorption
Physical Alumina zeolite activated carbon
Cryogenic
Membrane
Gas separation
Ceramic membrane
Polyphenyleneoxide polydimethylsiloxane
Gas absorption
Polypropylene
CO2 separation and Chemical CaO MgO Li2ZrO3 Li4SiO4
Figure 4 Different technologies for CO2separation [29]
Condenser
Feed gas cooler
Feed gas
Exhaust gas
Absorber Heater
Liquidstorage tank
Cooler Reboiler
Stripper
gas CO2 product
Figure 5 Schematic diagram of CO2absorption pilot plant
On the other way MEA can react more quickly withCO2than MDEA but MDEA has higher CO
2absorption
capacity and requires lower energy to regenerate CO2[39 57
58] Thus it can be concluded that MEA is one of the bestamine solvents for CO
2separation Idem et al [59] reported
substantial reduction in energy requirements and modestreduction in circulation rates for amine blends relative tothe corresponding single amine system of similar total amineconcentration Wang et al [57] found that when MEAand MDEA are mixed at the appropriate ratio the energyconsumption for CO
2regeneration is reduced significantly
Dave et al [28] compared the performance of several aminesolvents and ammonia solutions at various concentrationsThey showed that 30wt AMP based process has the lowestoverall energy requirement among the solvents considered intheir study (30MEA 30MDEA 25NH
3 and 5NH
3)
[28 60]Knudsen et al [61] studies showed that it is possible to
run the post-combustion capture plant continuously whileachieving roughly 90CO
2separation levels andCASTOR-2
(blended amine solvents) operated in pilot scale with lower
steam requirement and liquid-to-gas ratio (LG) than theconventional MEA solvent
Besides alkanolamines carbonate-bicarbonate buffersand hindered amines are used in the bulk removal of CO
2
owing to the low steam requirement for its regenerationMit-subishi Heavy Industries and Kansai Electric have employedother patented chemical solventsmdashstrictly hindered aminescalled KS-1 KS-2 or KS-3 The regeneration heat of KSsolvents is said to be sim3GJt CO
2 that is 20 lower than
that of MEA with sim37GJt CO2[60 64 77] Generally the
overall cost of amine absorptionstripping technology forCO2capture process is 52ndash77US$ton CO
2[71]
(2) AminoAcidAmino acids have the same functional groupsas alkanolamines and can be expected to behave similarlytowardsCO
2but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen
Based on the results of tests the aqueous potassium salts(composed of sarcosine and proline) are considered to bethe most promising solventsThemost common amino acidsused in the gas treating solvents are glycine alanine dimethyl
The Scientific World Journal 5
Table 2 Various solvents suggested for CO2 separation
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Physical
Dimethyl ether ofpolyethylene glycol(Selexol)
(i) Require low energy forregeneration (less than 20 ofthe value for chemicalabsorbent)(ii) Low vapor pressure lowtoxicity and less corrosivesolvent
(i) Dependent on temperatureand pressure therefore theyare not suitable forpost-combustion process(ii) Low capacity for CO2absorption
Natural gas sweetening
[29 39 5762 63]Glycol Capturing CO2 and H2S at
higher concentration
Glycol carbonate Separating CO2 from othergases
Methanol (Rectisol) CO2 removal from variousstreams
Fluorinated solvent
(i) CO2 removal from variousstreams(ii) Separating CO2 fromother gases
Chemical
Alkanolaminesmonoethanolamine(MEA) diethanolamine(DEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
(i) React rapidly(ii) High selectively (betweenacid and other gases)(iii) Reversible absorptionprocess(iv) Inexpensive solvent
(i) Low CO2 loading capacity(ii) Solvent degradation inexistence of SO2 and O2 in fluegas (concentrations must beless than 10 ppm and 1 ppm)(iii) High equipmentcorrosion rate(iv) High energy consumption
Important for removing acidiccomponents from gas streams
[58 60 6164ndash66]
Amino acid and aqueousamino acid salt
(i) The possibility of adding asalt functional group(ii) The nonvolatility ofsolvents(iii) Having high surfacetension(iv) Having better resistanceto degradation than otherchemical solvents(v) Better performance thanMEA of the sameconcentration for CO2absorption
Decreased performance in thepresence of oxygen
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases
[65 67ndash69]
Ammonia
(i) No degradation in thepresence of SO2 and O2 in theflue gases(ii) No corrosion effect(iii) Require low energy toregeneration (13 that requiredwith MEA)(iv) Low costs with aqueousammonia respectively 15and 20 less than with MEA
(i) Reversible at lowertemperatures (not suitable forpost-combustion)(ii) Production of solidproducts and their operatingproblems(iii) Explosion of dryCO2-NH3 reaction in the highconcentration of CO2 in theflue gas (explosive limit forNH3 gas is 15ndash28)
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases [39 70]
Ionic liquid (IL)
(i) Very low vapor pressure(ii) Good thermal stability(iii) High polarity(iv) Nontoxicity
Increased viscosity with CO2absorption
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases [71ndash74]
6 The Scientific World Journal
Table 2 Continued
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Aqueous piperazine (PZ)
(i) Fast absorption kinetics(CO2 absorption rate withaqueous PZ is more thandouble that of MEA)(ii) Low degradation rates forCO2 separation(iii) Negligible thermaldegradation in concentratedPZ solutions(iv) Favorable equilibriumcharacteristics(v) Very low heat ofabsorption (10ndash15 kCalmolCO2) 80ndash90 energyrequired for aqueous aminesystem
Lower oxidative degradationof concentrated PZ (ie 4times slower than MEA in thepresence of the combination ofFe2+Cr3+Ni2+ and Fe2+V5+)
(i) Effective for treating syngasat high temperatures(ii) Application of additionalamine promoters for naturalgas treating and CO2separation from flue gases
[29 66 7576]
glycine diethyl glycine and a number of sterically hinderedamino acids [65 67 68]
Results of many research groups showed that these sol-vents are suitable for application inmembrane gas absorptionunits because these solvents have better performance anddegradation resistance than other chemical solvents [78]Amino acid salts formed by neutralization of amino acidswith an organic base such as amine showed better CO
2
absorption potential than amino acid salts from neutral-ization of amino acid salts from an inorganic base suchas potassium hydroxide [79 80] Aronu et al [69] stud-ied the performance of amino acids neutralized with 3-(methylamino)propylamine (MAPA) glycine120573-alanine andsarcosine Their results indicated that sarcosine neutralizedwith MAPA has the best CO
2absorption performance Its
performance is also enhanced by promoting with excessMAPA [69]
(3) Ammonia Since ammonia is a toxic gas prevention ofammonia ldquosliprdquo to the atmosphere is a necessity Despite thisdisadvantage chilled ammonia process (CAP) was used forCO2separation (Figure 6) In the CAP CO
2is absorbed in
an ammoniated solution at a lower absorption temperature(275ndash283K) that reduced ammonia emissions from the CAPabsorber Ammonium carbonate solution resulted in approx-imately 38 carbon regeneration compared to MEA solution[70 81 82]
(4) Aqueous Piperazine (PZ) Piperazine (PZ) is as an additiveused for amine systems to improve kinetics of CO
2absorp-
tion such as MDEAPZ or MEAPZ blends Because PZ sol-ubility in water is low concentration of PZ is between 05 and25M As indicated in Table 2 increasing the concentrationof PZ in solution allows for increased solvent capacity andfaster kineticThe presence of potassium in solution increasesthe concentration of CO
3
2minusHCO3
minus in solution thereforesolution has buffering propertyThese competing effects yielda maximum fraction of reactive species at potassium topiperazine ratio of 2 1 [75 83 84]
22 Adsorption Adsorption operation can reduce energyand cost of the capture or separation of CO
2in post-
combustion capture To achieve this goal it is necessary tofind adsorbents with suitable properties In general CO
2
adsorbent must have high selectivity and adsorption capacityand adequate adsorptiondesorption kinetics remain stableafter several adsorptiondesorption cycles and possess goodthermal and mechanical stability [51 85ndash88] The adsorbentsused for CO
2separation placed into two main categories
physical and chemical adsorbents
221 Chemical Adsorption Chemisorption is a subclass ofadsorption driven by a chemical reaction occurring at theexposed surface Adsorption capacities of different chemicaladsorbents are summarized in Table 3
A wide range of metals have been studied including [89]
(i) metal oxides CaO MgO(ii) metal salts from alkali metal compounds lithium
silicate lithium zirconate to alkaline earthmetal com-pounds (ie magnesium oxide and calcium oxide)
(iii) hydrotalcites and double salts
In general one mole of metal compound can react withone mole of CO
2with a reversible reaction The process
consists of a series of cycles wheremetal oxides (such as CaO)at 923K are transformed into metal carbonates form (such asCaCO
3) at 1123 K in a carbonation reactor to regenerate the
sorbent and produce a concentrated stream of CO2suitable
for storage [90 91]Considerable attention was paid to calcium oxide (CaO)
as it has a high CO2adsorption capacity and high raw
material availability (eg limestone) at a low cost Lithiumsalts was recorded a good performance in CO
2adsorption
but it gained less focus due to its high production costAlthough double salts can be easily regenerated due to lowenergy requirement their stability has not been investigated[93 96]
The Scientific World Journal 7
FGD
HX1
AC1
A PM1
CC1
HX2 HX3
A PM2
CC2
FN1
A PM3
CC3HC
PM5PM4
HX4HX6
HX5
PM6
PR1
HX7
FN2PR2
A
Chilmine Y
WT3 WT1WT2
AC2
PM7
RBRGAB
Steam
Condensate
CM1
AC3
CM2
AC4
PR3
CM3
AC4 PM8PIPE
Exhausts chilling
Ammonia removal
Absorptionregeneration
gas wash
CO2 compression
CH1 CH2CH3
CH4
CH5
H2ONH3
HCl
Figure 6 Schematic layout of CO2separation block based on the chilled ammonia process [92]
Table 3 Adsorption capacity of chemical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capturecapacity remainedafter 119899 cycles ()
Reference
Mesoporous (MgO) 298 101 18 3 100 [93]CaO nanopods 873 101 175 50 611 [94]CaO derived from nanosized CaCO3 923 101 167 100 222 [93]CaO-MgAl2O4 (spinel nanoparticles) 923 101 91 65 846 [93]Nano CaOAl2O3 923 101 60 15 617 [93]Lithium silicate nanoparticles 883 101 577 na na [93]Nanocrystalline Li2ZrO3 particles 843 101 61 8 100 [93]CaOAl2O3 923 101 602 na na [93]Lithium silicate 993 na 818 na na [17]Lithium zirconate 673 100 50 na na [93]Lithium orthosilicate 873 100 613 na na [93]Calcium oxide 873 100 173 na na [93]Magnesium hydroxide 473 1034 30 na na [93]Mesoporous magnesium oxide 373 100 227 na na [93]Lithium Silicate nano particles 873 101 5 na na [95]HTI-HNa 573 134 1109 50 933 [93]
The reaction of CO2adsorptionwith Li
2ZrO3is reversible
in the temperature range of 723ndash863K The capacity oflithium silicate (82moL CO
2kg sorbent at 993K) is larger
than that of lithium zirconate (485moLkg sorbent) [17]Hydrotalcite (HT) contains layered structure with posi-
tively charged cations balanced by negatively charged anions[97 98] Adsorption and final capacity of different adsorp-tiondesorption cycles are listed in Table 3
One way for improving CO2adsorption efficiency is
application of nanomaterials Different nano-materials can beused for CO
2separation (Table 3) However nanomaterials
always have high production cost with complicated synthesisprocess such as carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets[99 100]
Themain disadvantage of chemical adsorbents is difficultregeneration process and application of these adsorbentsneeds more studies for finding new adsorbents [88 95]
222 Physical Adsorption Physisorption also called physicaladsorption is a process in which the electronic structure of
the atom or molecule is barely perturbed upon adsorptionIf the CO
2adsorption capacity of solid adsorbents reaches
3mmoLg the required energy for adsorption will be lessthan 30ndash50 energy for absorption with optimum aqueousMEA [101]Themajor physical adsorbents suggested for CO
2
adsorption include activated carbons and inorganic porousmaterials such as zeolites [102 103]The adsorption capacitiesof various physical adsorbents are summarized in Table 4
Coal is one of the adsorbents being suggested for CO2
separation The total amount of CO2that can be adsorbed
in coal depends on its porosity ash and affinity for thismolecule [111 112] Sakurovs et al [113] showed that theratio of maximum sorption capacity between CO
2and
methane decreases with increasing carbon content Theaverage CO
2CH4sorption ratio is higher for moisture-
equilibrated coal and decreases with increasing coal rank (14for high rank coals to 22 for low rank coals) [114ndash116]
Activated carbon (AC) has a number of attractive charac-teristics such as its high adsorption capacity high hydropho-bicity low cost and low energy requirement for regeneration
8 The Scientific World Journal
Table 4 Adsorption capacity of physical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Activated carbon 303 110 158 na na [93]AC (4 KOH) 303 30 055 na na [93]AC (EDA + EtOH) 303 30 053 na na [93]AC (4 KOH + EDA + EtOH) 303 30 064 na na [45 70 79]NiO-ACs 298 101 2227 na na [104]13X 393 15198 07 na na [105]5A 393 15198 038 na na [105 106]4A 393 15198 05 na na [105]WEG-592 393 15198 06 na na [105]APG-II 393 15198 038 na na [105]Na-Y 273 10132 49 na na [105]Na-X 373 10132 124 2 na [105]NaKA 373 10132 388 mdash na [105]NaX-h 323 10132 252 2 na [105]NaX-h 373 10132 137 2 na [105]Na-X-c 323 10132 214 2 na [105]Na-X-c 373 10132 141 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 323 10132 242 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 373 10132 148 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 323 10132 176 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 373 10132 115 na na [105]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 126 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 252 na na [93]Activated carbon 303 30 035 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) ldquomolecularbasketrdquo 348 100 295 na na [93]
PE-MCM-41 298 100 050 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 285 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 236 na na [93]MCM-48 298 100 0033 na na [93]MCM-48 (APTS) 298 100 0639 na na [93]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]Molecular basketrsquoMCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 25 8 960 [93]
PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 18 10 944 [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 298 100 29 7 966 [93]MWNT 303 101 17 20 na [4 93]Unmodified [(Cu3(btc)2]
lowast 298 1818 67 na na [101]CNT (Cu3(btc)2) 298 1818 1352 na na [101]MIL-101lowastlowast 298 1010 084 na na [101]MWCNTMIL-101 298 1010 135 na na [101]MOF-2 298 4545 320 na na [107]MOF-177 298 4545 335 na na [107]Zr-MOFs 273 988 81 na na [107]Ca-Al LDH with ClO
4
minus 406 1 355 na na [108]
The Scientific World Journal 9
Table 4 Continued
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 51 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 43 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 45 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 38 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 41 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 33 na na [109]Ceria-based oxides doped with 5gallium (III) 298 101 0282 na na [110]
Amine modified layered doublehydroxides (LDHs) 298ndash353 101 074ndash175 na na [108]
lowastCu3(btc)2 btc 135-benzene-tricarboxylatelowastlowastMIL-101 or Cr3(FOH)(H2O)2O[(O2C)C6H4(CO2)]3 sdot 119899H2O (119899 asymp 25) is one of the metal organic frameworks with Lewis acid sites that can be activated byremoval of guest water molecules
[117ndash119] Activated carbons are inexpensive insensitive tomoisture and easy for regeneration These adsorbents havewell developed micro- and mesopore structures that aresuitable for highCO
2adsorption capacity at ambient pressure
[120ndash122]However activated carbon CO
2N2selectivities (ca 10)
are relatively low zeolitic materials offer CO2N2selectivities
5ndash10 times greater than those of carbonaceous materialsThe adsorption capacity and selectivity of zeolites are largelyaffected by their size porous diameter charge density andchemical composition of cations in their porous structuresThe average value of heat adsorption on zeolites (36 kJmoL)is larger than for activated carbon (30 kJmoL) confirmingthe mentioned affirmation Moreover activated carbon canbe regenerated easily and completely Also its capacity did notdecay after 10 consecutive processes cycles [122ndash124]
Due to the increase in cost of raw materials growingresearch interest has been focused on producing AC fromagricultural wastes Some of the agricultural wastes includethe shells and stones of fruits wastes resulting from theproduction of cereals bagasse and coir pith [100] Rosas et al[125] prepared hemp-derived AC monolith by phosphoricacid activation The activated carbons from hemp stemare microporous materials and therefore suitable ones forhydrogen storage and CO
2capture [126]
Siriwardane et al [127] studied CO2adsorption on the
molecular sieve 13X 4A and activated carbonThemolecularsieve 13X showed better CO
2separation thanmolecular sieve
4A At lower pressures (lt50 psi) activated carbon had a lowerCO2separation than themolecular sieves but adsorptionwas
higher for activated carbon than molecular sieves at higherpressures [127 128]
Liu et al [129] indicated that zeolite 5A has highervolumetric capacities and less severe heat effect of the zeolite13X Chabazite zeolites were prepared and exchanged withalkali cations Li Na K and alkaline-earth cations Mg CaBa Zhang et al [130] studied the potential of these zeolites forCO2separation from flue gas by vacuum swing adsorption
It was found that NaCHA and CaCHA hold comparative
advantages for high temperature CO2separation whilst NaX
showed superior performance at relatively low temperatures[130] In physical adsorption the size and volume of the poresare important Micropores are defined as pores 2 nm in sizemesopores between 2 and 50 nm and macropores 50 nm insizeThemicropores make better selective adsorption of CO
2
over CH4[131 132]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most famous amongnano-hollow structuredmaterials and their dimension rangesfrom 1 to 10 nm in diameter and from 200 to 500 nm in length[133] Cinke et al [134] indicated that purified single-walledcarbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorbed CO
2better than unpu-
rified SWNT In addition multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) showed stability for 20 cycles of adsorption andregeneration [135]
More recently nanosystems researchers have synthesizedand screened a large number of zeolitic-typematerials knownas zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) CO
2capacities of
the ZIFs are high and selectivity against CO and N2is good
[136 137] The results of researchers (Burchell and Judkins[138] Dave et al [28] and Yong et al [139]) indicated thatthe CO
2adsorption efficiency of the honeycomb monolith is
twice than activated carbon and 15 times greater than ZIFmaterial [29] Results of Kimber et al [140] showed that CO
2
selectivity of honeycomb monolithic composite decreasedwith increasing in burn-off
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) were prepared by acidintercalation followed by thermal exfoliation of naturalgraphite Functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (f-GNP)wereprepared by further treatment of GNP in acidic mediumPalladium (Pd) nanoparticles were decorated over f-GNPsurface by chemical method [109 141 142] Adsorptioncapacity of this adsorbent is presented in Table 4
The presence of several impurity gases (SO119909NO119909H2O)
greatly complicates the CO2separation processes Therefore
conventional adsorption-based CO2separation processes
rely on using a pretreatment stage to remove water SO119909 and
NO119909 which adds considerably to the overall cost Also this
prelayer can be used before the amine absorption column
10 The Scientific World Journal
[143 144] Deng et al [145] showed that the adsorptioncapacities follows the order SO
2gt CO
2gt NO gt N
2on both
zeolites (5A and 13X) Comparing two different adsorbentsthe better separation efficiency can be achieved by 5A zeolite[145]
Zhang et al [130] focused on the effect of water vapour onthe pressurevacuum swing adsorption process The selectedadsorbents in this study were CDX (an aluminazeoliteblend) alumina and 13X zeolite as these adsorbents are eitherthe prelayer for water adsorption or themain CO
2adsorption
layer in the packed bed [130]Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are crys-
talline with two- or three-dimensional porous structures thatcan be synthesised withmany of the functional capabilities ofzeolites Several MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents forCO2separation processes and among these Cu-BTC [poly-
meric copper (II) benzene-135-tricarboxylate] has provedto be dedicated with CO
2adsorption performances that are
higher than those of typical adsorbents such as 13X zeolite[105 107 146 147]
TheMCM-41 material is one of the mesoporous productswhich was prepared by the hydrothermalmethod frommobilcomposition of matter (MCM) powders Lu et al [148]showed that mesoporous silica spherical particles (MSPs)can be synthesized using low-cost Na
2SiO3thus they can be
cost-effective adsorbents for CO2separation from flue gas
[149 150]Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have general formula[MII1minus119909
MIII119909(OH)2][X119892minus119909C sdot 119899H2O] with 119909 typically in the range
between 010 and 033 These materials can be readily andinexpensively synthesized with the desired characteristics fora particular application such as CO
2adsorption [108 151]
223 Adsorbent Modification The role of CO2as a weak
Lewis acid is well established Because of the nature ofCO2 the surface of the physical adsorbents can be modified
by adding basic groups such as amine groups and metaloxides to improve CO
2adsorption capacity or selectivity
[152ndash154] Three different methods for the production ofthese adsorbents were investigated activation with CO
2 heat
treatmentwith ammonia gas (amination and ammoxidation)and heat treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI) Howeverit has been suggested that amine modification can producebetter and cheaper CO
2adsorbents [24 104 155 156]
Xu et al [157 158] designed selective ldquomolecular basketrdquoby grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) uniformly on MCM-41CO2adsorption capacity of the adsorbentwas 24 times higher
thanMCM-41 and 2 times higher than PEI [93]The additionof ammoniumhydroxide resulted in the Zr-MOFwith a slightlower adsorption of CO
2and CH
4 however the selectivity
of CO2CH4is significantly enhanced [159 160] Results of
Abid et al [107] showed that the selectivity of CO2CH4
on Zr-MOF is between 22 and 38 while for Zr-MOF-NH4
selectivity is between 26 and 43A nitrogen-rich carbon with a hierarchical micro-mes-
opore structure exhibited a high CO2adsorption capacity
(141mgg at 298K 1 atm) excellent separation efficiency(CO2N2selectivity is ca 32) and excellent stability [161]
Plaza et al [162] results showed that CO2adsorption capacity
of the DETA-impregnated alumina (ge23mmoLg) exhibitedis the highest
Amine modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) havebeen prepared by several different methods Park et al [163]used dodecyl sulfate (DS) intercalated LDH as precursor andadded (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) together withN-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) [164]The highest adsorption capacity of amine modified LDHs forCO2was achieved at 175mmoLg by MgAl N3 at 353K and
1 bar According to data in Table 4 this adsorbent has highCO2capacity at high temperature therefore this adsorbent
is suitable for post-combustion CO2capture [108]
Wang et al [114] reported that porous carbons with well-developed pore structureswere directly prepared fromaweakacid cation exchange resin (CER) by the carbonization of amixture with Mg acetate in different ratios [108] The mainparameters of this adsorbent (such as CO
2capacity) are
indicated in Table 4Shafeeyan et al [165] prepared different adsorbents based
on the central composite design (CCD) with three indepen-dent variables (ie amination temperature amination timeand the use of preheat treated (HTA) or preoxidized (OXA)sorbent as the starting material) They demonstrated that theoptimum condition for obtaining an efficient CO
2adsorbent
is using a preoxidized sorbent and amination at 698K for 21 h[165]
Table 4 compares CO2adsorption capacities and stabil-
ity of different absorbents which were studied for post-combustion CO
2capture
224 Different Cycles for CO2Adsorption Five different
regeneration strategies were demonstrated in a single-bedCO2adsorption unit pressure swing adsorption (PSA) tem-
perature swing adsorption (TSA) vacuum swing adsorption(VSA) electric swing adsorption (ESA) and a combinationof vacuum and temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) Thedifference between these technologies is based on the strat-egy for regeneration of adsorbent after the adsorption step(Figure 7) In PSA applications the pressure of the bed isreduced VSA is preferred to the special PSA applicationwhere the desorption pressure is below atmospheric whereasinTSA the temperature is raisedwhile pressure ismaintainedapproximately constant and in ESA the solid is heated by theJoule effect [166ndash169]
For the single-bed cycle configurations the productivityand CO
2recovery followed the sequence
ESA lt TSA lt PSA lt VSA lt VTSA (1)
The performances of PSA TSA VSA VTSA and ESAprocesses for CO
2separation are reported in Table 5 Since
application of adsorption process for CO2capture in indus-
trial scale is very important in recent years some researcheshave been focused on this area for example Lucas et al [170]studied the scale-up CO
2adsorption with activated carbon
23 Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic method utilized lowtemperatures for condensation separation and purification
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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2abatement in oil refineries
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
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2
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Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
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Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
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2with aqueous potassium
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capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
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2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
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Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
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2capture by
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CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
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azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
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aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
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2capture by adsorption materials and process
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templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
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capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
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2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
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[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
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temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
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on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
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[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
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[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
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2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
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[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
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[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
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2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 5
Table 2 Various solvents suggested for CO2 separation
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Physical
Dimethyl ether ofpolyethylene glycol(Selexol)
(i) Require low energy forregeneration (less than 20 ofthe value for chemicalabsorbent)(ii) Low vapor pressure lowtoxicity and less corrosivesolvent
(i) Dependent on temperatureand pressure therefore theyare not suitable forpost-combustion process(ii) Low capacity for CO2absorption
Natural gas sweetening
[29 39 5762 63]Glycol Capturing CO2 and H2S at
higher concentration
Glycol carbonate Separating CO2 from othergases
Methanol (Rectisol) CO2 removal from variousstreams
Fluorinated solvent
(i) CO2 removal from variousstreams(ii) Separating CO2 fromother gases
Chemical
Alkanolaminesmonoethanolamine(MEA) diethanolamine(DEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
(i) React rapidly(ii) High selectively (betweenacid and other gases)(iii) Reversible absorptionprocess(iv) Inexpensive solvent
(i) Low CO2 loading capacity(ii) Solvent degradation inexistence of SO2 and O2 in fluegas (concentrations must beless than 10 ppm and 1 ppm)(iii) High equipmentcorrosion rate(iv) High energy consumption
Important for removing acidiccomponents from gas streams
[58 60 6164ndash66]
Amino acid and aqueousamino acid salt
(i) The possibility of adding asalt functional group(ii) The nonvolatility ofsolvents(iii) Having high surfacetension(iv) Having better resistanceto degradation than otherchemical solvents(v) Better performance thanMEA of the sameconcentration for CO2absorption
Decreased performance in thepresence of oxygen
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases
[65 67ndash69]
Ammonia
(i) No degradation in thepresence of SO2 and O2 in theflue gases(ii) No corrosion effect(iii) Require low energy toregeneration (13 that requiredwith MEA)(iv) Low costs with aqueousammonia respectively 15and 20 less than with MEA
(i) Reversible at lowertemperatures (not suitable forpost-combustion)(ii) Production of solidproducts and their operatingproblems(iii) Explosion of dryCO2-NH3 reaction in the highconcentration of CO2 in theflue gas (explosive limit forNH3 gas is 15ndash28)
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases [39 70]
Ionic liquid (IL)
(i) Very low vapor pressure(ii) Good thermal stability(iii) High polarity(iv) Nontoxicity
Increased viscosity with CO2absorption
Suggested for CO2 separationfrom flue gases [71ndash74]
6 The Scientific World Journal
Table 2 Continued
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Aqueous piperazine (PZ)
(i) Fast absorption kinetics(CO2 absorption rate withaqueous PZ is more thandouble that of MEA)(ii) Low degradation rates forCO2 separation(iii) Negligible thermaldegradation in concentratedPZ solutions(iv) Favorable equilibriumcharacteristics(v) Very low heat ofabsorption (10ndash15 kCalmolCO2) 80ndash90 energyrequired for aqueous aminesystem
Lower oxidative degradationof concentrated PZ (ie 4times slower than MEA in thepresence of the combination ofFe2+Cr3+Ni2+ and Fe2+V5+)
(i) Effective for treating syngasat high temperatures(ii) Application of additionalamine promoters for naturalgas treating and CO2separation from flue gases
[29 66 7576]
glycine diethyl glycine and a number of sterically hinderedamino acids [65 67 68]
Results of many research groups showed that these sol-vents are suitable for application inmembrane gas absorptionunits because these solvents have better performance anddegradation resistance than other chemical solvents [78]Amino acid salts formed by neutralization of amino acidswith an organic base such as amine showed better CO
2
absorption potential than amino acid salts from neutral-ization of amino acid salts from an inorganic base suchas potassium hydroxide [79 80] Aronu et al [69] stud-ied the performance of amino acids neutralized with 3-(methylamino)propylamine (MAPA) glycine120573-alanine andsarcosine Their results indicated that sarcosine neutralizedwith MAPA has the best CO
2absorption performance Its
performance is also enhanced by promoting with excessMAPA [69]
(3) Ammonia Since ammonia is a toxic gas prevention ofammonia ldquosliprdquo to the atmosphere is a necessity Despite thisdisadvantage chilled ammonia process (CAP) was used forCO2separation (Figure 6) In the CAP CO
2is absorbed in
an ammoniated solution at a lower absorption temperature(275ndash283K) that reduced ammonia emissions from the CAPabsorber Ammonium carbonate solution resulted in approx-imately 38 carbon regeneration compared to MEA solution[70 81 82]
(4) Aqueous Piperazine (PZ) Piperazine (PZ) is as an additiveused for amine systems to improve kinetics of CO
2absorp-
tion such as MDEAPZ or MEAPZ blends Because PZ sol-ubility in water is low concentration of PZ is between 05 and25M As indicated in Table 2 increasing the concentrationof PZ in solution allows for increased solvent capacity andfaster kineticThe presence of potassium in solution increasesthe concentration of CO
3
2minusHCO3
minus in solution thereforesolution has buffering propertyThese competing effects yielda maximum fraction of reactive species at potassium topiperazine ratio of 2 1 [75 83 84]
22 Adsorption Adsorption operation can reduce energyand cost of the capture or separation of CO
2in post-
combustion capture To achieve this goal it is necessary tofind adsorbents with suitable properties In general CO
2
adsorbent must have high selectivity and adsorption capacityand adequate adsorptiondesorption kinetics remain stableafter several adsorptiondesorption cycles and possess goodthermal and mechanical stability [51 85ndash88] The adsorbentsused for CO
2separation placed into two main categories
physical and chemical adsorbents
221 Chemical Adsorption Chemisorption is a subclass ofadsorption driven by a chemical reaction occurring at theexposed surface Adsorption capacities of different chemicaladsorbents are summarized in Table 3
A wide range of metals have been studied including [89]
(i) metal oxides CaO MgO(ii) metal salts from alkali metal compounds lithium
silicate lithium zirconate to alkaline earthmetal com-pounds (ie magnesium oxide and calcium oxide)
(iii) hydrotalcites and double salts
In general one mole of metal compound can react withone mole of CO
2with a reversible reaction The process
consists of a series of cycles wheremetal oxides (such as CaO)at 923K are transformed into metal carbonates form (such asCaCO
3) at 1123 K in a carbonation reactor to regenerate the
sorbent and produce a concentrated stream of CO2suitable
for storage [90 91]Considerable attention was paid to calcium oxide (CaO)
as it has a high CO2adsorption capacity and high raw
material availability (eg limestone) at a low cost Lithiumsalts was recorded a good performance in CO
2adsorption
but it gained less focus due to its high production costAlthough double salts can be easily regenerated due to lowenergy requirement their stability has not been investigated[93 96]
The Scientific World Journal 7
FGD
HX1
AC1
A PM1
CC1
HX2 HX3
A PM2
CC2
FN1
A PM3
CC3HC
PM5PM4
HX4HX6
HX5
PM6
PR1
HX7
FN2PR2
A
Chilmine Y
WT3 WT1WT2
AC2
PM7
RBRGAB
Steam
Condensate
CM1
AC3
CM2
AC4
PR3
CM3
AC4 PM8PIPE
Exhausts chilling
Ammonia removal
Absorptionregeneration
gas wash
CO2 compression
CH1 CH2CH3
CH4
CH5
H2ONH3
HCl
Figure 6 Schematic layout of CO2separation block based on the chilled ammonia process [92]
Table 3 Adsorption capacity of chemical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capturecapacity remainedafter 119899 cycles ()
Reference
Mesoporous (MgO) 298 101 18 3 100 [93]CaO nanopods 873 101 175 50 611 [94]CaO derived from nanosized CaCO3 923 101 167 100 222 [93]CaO-MgAl2O4 (spinel nanoparticles) 923 101 91 65 846 [93]Nano CaOAl2O3 923 101 60 15 617 [93]Lithium silicate nanoparticles 883 101 577 na na [93]Nanocrystalline Li2ZrO3 particles 843 101 61 8 100 [93]CaOAl2O3 923 101 602 na na [93]Lithium silicate 993 na 818 na na [17]Lithium zirconate 673 100 50 na na [93]Lithium orthosilicate 873 100 613 na na [93]Calcium oxide 873 100 173 na na [93]Magnesium hydroxide 473 1034 30 na na [93]Mesoporous magnesium oxide 373 100 227 na na [93]Lithium Silicate nano particles 873 101 5 na na [95]HTI-HNa 573 134 1109 50 933 [93]
The reaction of CO2adsorptionwith Li
2ZrO3is reversible
in the temperature range of 723ndash863K The capacity oflithium silicate (82moL CO
2kg sorbent at 993K) is larger
than that of lithium zirconate (485moLkg sorbent) [17]Hydrotalcite (HT) contains layered structure with posi-
tively charged cations balanced by negatively charged anions[97 98] Adsorption and final capacity of different adsorp-tiondesorption cycles are listed in Table 3
One way for improving CO2adsorption efficiency is
application of nanomaterials Different nano-materials can beused for CO
2separation (Table 3) However nanomaterials
always have high production cost with complicated synthesisprocess such as carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets[99 100]
Themain disadvantage of chemical adsorbents is difficultregeneration process and application of these adsorbentsneeds more studies for finding new adsorbents [88 95]
222 Physical Adsorption Physisorption also called physicaladsorption is a process in which the electronic structure of
the atom or molecule is barely perturbed upon adsorptionIf the CO
2adsorption capacity of solid adsorbents reaches
3mmoLg the required energy for adsorption will be lessthan 30ndash50 energy for absorption with optimum aqueousMEA [101]Themajor physical adsorbents suggested for CO
2
adsorption include activated carbons and inorganic porousmaterials such as zeolites [102 103]The adsorption capacitiesof various physical adsorbents are summarized in Table 4
Coal is one of the adsorbents being suggested for CO2
separation The total amount of CO2that can be adsorbed
in coal depends on its porosity ash and affinity for thismolecule [111 112] Sakurovs et al [113] showed that theratio of maximum sorption capacity between CO
2and
methane decreases with increasing carbon content Theaverage CO
2CH4sorption ratio is higher for moisture-
equilibrated coal and decreases with increasing coal rank (14for high rank coals to 22 for low rank coals) [114ndash116]
Activated carbon (AC) has a number of attractive charac-teristics such as its high adsorption capacity high hydropho-bicity low cost and low energy requirement for regeneration
8 The Scientific World Journal
Table 4 Adsorption capacity of physical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Activated carbon 303 110 158 na na [93]AC (4 KOH) 303 30 055 na na [93]AC (EDA + EtOH) 303 30 053 na na [93]AC (4 KOH + EDA + EtOH) 303 30 064 na na [45 70 79]NiO-ACs 298 101 2227 na na [104]13X 393 15198 07 na na [105]5A 393 15198 038 na na [105 106]4A 393 15198 05 na na [105]WEG-592 393 15198 06 na na [105]APG-II 393 15198 038 na na [105]Na-Y 273 10132 49 na na [105]Na-X 373 10132 124 2 na [105]NaKA 373 10132 388 mdash na [105]NaX-h 323 10132 252 2 na [105]NaX-h 373 10132 137 2 na [105]Na-X-c 323 10132 214 2 na [105]Na-X-c 373 10132 141 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 323 10132 242 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 373 10132 148 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 323 10132 176 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 373 10132 115 na na [105]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 126 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 252 na na [93]Activated carbon 303 30 035 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) ldquomolecularbasketrdquo 348 100 295 na na [93]
PE-MCM-41 298 100 050 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 285 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 236 na na [93]MCM-48 298 100 0033 na na [93]MCM-48 (APTS) 298 100 0639 na na [93]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]Molecular basketrsquoMCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 25 8 960 [93]
PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 18 10 944 [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 298 100 29 7 966 [93]MWNT 303 101 17 20 na [4 93]Unmodified [(Cu3(btc)2]
lowast 298 1818 67 na na [101]CNT (Cu3(btc)2) 298 1818 1352 na na [101]MIL-101lowastlowast 298 1010 084 na na [101]MWCNTMIL-101 298 1010 135 na na [101]MOF-2 298 4545 320 na na [107]MOF-177 298 4545 335 na na [107]Zr-MOFs 273 988 81 na na [107]Ca-Al LDH with ClO
4
minus 406 1 355 na na [108]
The Scientific World Journal 9
Table 4 Continued
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 51 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 43 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 45 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 38 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 41 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 33 na na [109]Ceria-based oxides doped with 5gallium (III) 298 101 0282 na na [110]
Amine modified layered doublehydroxides (LDHs) 298ndash353 101 074ndash175 na na [108]
lowastCu3(btc)2 btc 135-benzene-tricarboxylatelowastlowastMIL-101 or Cr3(FOH)(H2O)2O[(O2C)C6H4(CO2)]3 sdot 119899H2O (119899 asymp 25) is one of the metal organic frameworks with Lewis acid sites that can be activated byremoval of guest water molecules
[117ndash119] Activated carbons are inexpensive insensitive tomoisture and easy for regeneration These adsorbents havewell developed micro- and mesopore structures that aresuitable for highCO
2adsorption capacity at ambient pressure
[120ndash122]However activated carbon CO
2N2selectivities (ca 10)
are relatively low zeolitic materials offer CO2N2selectivities
5ndash10 times greater than those of carbonaceous materialsThe adsorption capacity and selectivity of zeolites are largelyaffected by their size porous diameter charge density andchemical composition of cations in their porous structuresThe average value of heat adsorption on zeolites (36 kJmoL)is larger than for activated carbon (30 kJmoL) confirmingthe mentioned affirmation Moreover activated carbon canbe regenerated easily and completely Also its capacity did notdecay after 10 consecutive processes cycles [122ndash124]
Due to the increase in cost of raw materials growingresearch interest has been focused on producing AC fromagricultural wastes Some of the agricultural wastes includethe shells and stones of fruits wastes resulting from theproduction of cereals bagasse and coir pith [100] Rosas et al[125] prepared hemp-derived AC monolith by phosphoricacid activation The activated carbons from hemp stemare microporous materials and therefore suitable ones forhydrogen storage and CO
2capture [126]
Siriwardane et al [127] studied CO2adsorption on the
molecular sieve 13X 4A and activated carbonThemolecularsieve 13X showed better CO
2separation thanmolecular sieve
4A At lower pressures (lt50 psi) activated carbon had a lowerCO2separation than themolecular sieves but adsorptionwas
higher for activated carbon than molecular sieves at higherpressures [127 128]
Liu et al [129] indicated that zeolite 5A has highervolumetric capacities and less severe heat effect of the zeolite13X Chabazite zeolites were prepared and exchanged withalkali cations Li Na K and alkaline-earth cations Mg CaBa Zhang et al [130] studied the potential of these zeolites forCO2separation from flue gas by vacuum swing adsorption
It was found that NaCHA and CaCHA hold comparative
advantages for high temperature CO2separation whilst NaX
showed superior performance at relatively low temperatures[130] In physical adsorption the size and volume of the poresare important Micropores are defined as pores 2 nm in sizemesopores between 2 and 50 nm and macropores 50 nm insizeThemicropores make better selective adsorption of CO
2
over CH4[131 132]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most famous amongnano-hollow structuredmaterials and their dimension rangesfrom 1 to 10 nm in diameter and from 200 to 500 nm in length[133] Cinke et al [134] indicated that purified single-walledcarbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorbed CO
2better than unpu-
rified SWNT In addition multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) showed stability for 20 cycles of adsorption andregeneration [135]
More recently nanosystems researchers have synthesizedand screened a large number of zeolitic-typematerials knownas zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) CO
2capacities of
the ZIFs are high and selectivity against CO and N2is good
[136 137] The results of researchers (Burchell and Judkins[138] Dave et al [28] and Yong et al [139]) indicated thatthe CO
2adsorption efficiency of the honeycomb monolith is
twice than activated carbon and 15 times greater than ZIFmaterial [29] Results of Kimber et al [140] showed that CO
2
selectivity of honeycomb monolithic composite decreasedwith increasing in burn-off
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) were prepared by acidintercalation followed by thermal exfoliation of naturalgraphite Functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (f-GNP)wereprepared by further treatment of GNP in acidic mediumPalladium (Pd) nanoparticles were decorated over f-GNPsurface by chemical method [109 141 142] Adsorptioncapacity of this adsorbent is presented in Table 4
The presence of several impurity gases (SO119909NO119909H2O)
greatly complicates the CO2separation processes Therefore
conventional adsorption-based CO2separation processes
rely on using a pretreatment stage to remove water SO119909 and
NO119909 which adds considerably to the overall cost Also this
prelayer can be used before the amine absorption column
10 The Scientific World Journal
[143 144] Deng et al [145] showed that the adsorptioncapacities follows the order SO
2gt CO
2gt NO gt N
2on both
zeolites (5A and 13X) Comparing two different adsorbentsthe better separation efficiency can be achieved by 5A zeolite[145]
Zhang et al [130] focused on the effect of water vapour onthe pressurevacuum swing adsorption process The selectedadsorbents in this study were CDX (an aluminazeoliteblend) alumina and 13X zeolite as these adsorbents are eitherthe prelayer for water adsorption or themain CO
2adsorption
layer in the packed bed [130]Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are crys-
talline with two- or three-dimensional porous structures thatcan be synthesised withmany of the functional capabilities ofzeolites Several MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents forCO2separation processes and among these Cu-BTC [poly-
meric copper (II) benzene-135-tricarboxylate] has provedto be dedicated with CO
2adsorption performances that are
higher than those of typical adsorbents such as 13X zeolite[105 107 146 147]
TheMCM-41 material is one of the mesoporous productswhich was prepared by the hydrothermalmethod frommobilcomposition of matter (MCM) powders Lu et al [148]showed that mesoporous silica spherical particles (MSPs)can be synthesized using low-cost Na
2SiO3thus they can be
cost-effective adsorbents for CO2separation from flue gas
[149 150]Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have general formula[MII1minus119909
MIII119909(OH)2][X119892minus119909C sdot 119899H2O] with 119909 typically in the range
between 010 and 033 These materials can be readily andinexpensively synthesized with the desired characteristics fora particular application such as CO
2adsorption [108 151]
223 Adsorbent Modification The role of CO2as a weak
Lewis acid is well established Because of the nature ofCO2 the surface of the physical adsorbents can be modified
by adding basic groups such as amine groups and metaloxides to improve CO
2adsorption capacity or selectivity
[152ndash154] Three different methods for the production ofthese adsorbents were investigated activation with CO
2 heat
treatmentwith ammonia gas (amination and ammoxidation)and heat treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI) Howeverit has been suggested that amine modification can producebetter and cheaper CO
2adsorbents [24 104 155 156]
Xu et al [157 158] designed selective ldquomolecular basketrdquoby grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) uniformly on MCM-41CO2adsorption capacity of the adsorbentwas 24 times higher
thanMCM-41 and 2 times higher than PEI [93]The additionof ammoniumhydroxide resulted in the Zr-MOFwith a slightlower adsorption of CO
2and CH
4 however the selectivity
of CO2CH4is significantly enhanced [159 160] Results of
Abid et al [107] showed that the selectivity of CO2CH4
on Zr-MOF is between 22 and 38 while for Zr-MOF-NH4
selectivity is between 26 and 43A nitrogen-rich carbon with a hierarchical micro-mes-
opore structure exhibited a high CO2adsorption capacity
(141mgg at 298K 1 atm) excellent separation efficiency(CO2N2selectivity is ca 32) and excellent stability [161]
Plaza et al [162] results showed that CO2adsorption capacity
of the DETA-impregnated alumina (ge23mmoLg) exhibitedis the highest
Amine modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) havebeen prepared by several different methods Park et al [163]used dodecyl sulfate (DS) intercalated LDH as precursor andadded (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) together withN-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) [164]The highest adsorption capacity of amine modified LDHs forCO2was achieved at 175mmoLg by MgAl N3 at 353K and
1 bar According to data in Table 4 this adsorbent has highCO2capacity at high temperature therefore this adsorbent
is suitable for post-combustion CO2capture [108]
Wang et al [114] reported that porous carbons with well-developed pore structureswere directly prepared fromaweakacid cation exchange resin (CER) by the carbonization of amixture with Mg acetate in different ratios [108] The mainparameters of this adsorbent (such as CO
2capacity) are
indicated in Table 4Shafeeyan et al [165] prepared different adsorbents based
on the central composite design (CCD) with three indepen-dent variables (ie amination temperature amination timeand the use of preheat treated (HTA) or preoxidized (OXA)sorbent as the starting material) They demonstrated that theoptimum condition for obtaining an efficient CO
2adsorbent
is using a preoxidized sorbent and amination at 698K for 21 h[165]
Table 4 compares CO2adsorption capacities and stabil-
ity of different absorbents which were studied for post-combustion CO
2capture
224 Different Cycles for CO2Adsorption Five different
regeneration strategies were demonstrated in a single-bedCO2adsorption unit pressure swing adsorption (PSA) tem-
perature swing adsorption (TSA) vacuum swing adsorption(VSA) electric swing adsorption (ESA) and a combinationof vacuum and temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) Thedifference between these technologies is based on the strat-egy for regeneration of adsorbent after the adsorption step(Figure 7) In PSA applications the pressure of the bed isreduced VSA is preferred to the special PSA applicationwhere the desorption pressure is below atmospheric whereasinTSA the temperature is raisedwhile pressure ismaintainedapproximately constant and in ESA the solid is heated by theJoule effect [166ndash169]
For the single-bed cycle configurations the productivityand CO
2recovery followed the sequence
ESA lt TSA lt PSA lt VSA lt VTSA (1)
The performances of PSA TSA VSA VTSA and ESAprocesses for CO
2separation are reported in Table 5 Since
application of adsorption process for CO2capture in indus-
trial scale is very important in recent years some researcheshave been focused on this area for example Lucas et al [170]studied the scale-up CO
2adsorption with activated carbon
23 Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic method utilized lowtemperatures for condensation separation and purification
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
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processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
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[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
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[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
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[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
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[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
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2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
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[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
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[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
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of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
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2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
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2
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[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
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[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
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[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
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2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
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Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
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capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
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testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
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2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
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2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
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2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
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Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
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2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
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[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
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[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
6 The Scientific World Journal
Table 2 Continued
Group of solvents Advantage Disadvantage Application Reference
Aqueous piperazine (PZ)
(i) Fast absorption kinetics(CO2 absorption rate withaqueous PZ is more thandouble that of MEA)(ii) Low degradation rates forCO2 separation(iii) Negligible thermaldegradation in concentratedPZ solutions(iv) Favorable equilibriumcharacteristics(v) Very low heat ofabsorption (10ndash15 kCalmolCO2) 80ndash90 energyrequired for aqueous aminesystem
Lower oxidative degradationof concentrated PZ (ie 4times slower than MEA in thepresence of the combination ofFe2+Cr3+Ni2+ and Fe2+V5+)
(i) Effective for treating syngasat high temperatures(ii) Application of additionalamine promoters for naturalgas treating and CO2separation from flue gases
[29 66 7576]
glycine diethyl glycine and a number of sterically hinderedamino acids [65 67 68]
Results of many research groups showed that these sol-vents are suitable for application inmembrane gas absorptionunits because these solvents have better performance anddegradation resistance than other chemical solvents [78]Amino acid salts formed by neutralization of amino acidswith an organic base such as amine showed better CO
2
absorption potential than amino acid salts from neutral-ization of amino acid salts from an inorganic base suchas potassium hydroxide [79 80] Aronu et al [69] stud-ied the performance of amino acids neutralized with 3-(methylamino)propylamine (MAPA) glycine120573-alanine andsarcosine Their results indicated that sarcosine neutralizedwith MAPA has the best CO
2absorption performance Its
performance is also enhanced by promoting with excessMAPA [69]
(3) Ammonia Since ammonia is a toxic gas prevention ofammonia ldquosliprdquo to the atmosphere is a necessity Despite thisdisadvantage chilled ammonia process (CAP) was used forCO2separation (Figure 6) In the CAP CO
2is absorbed in
an ammoniated solution at a lower absorption temperature(275ndash283K) that reduced ammonia emissions from the CAPabsorber Ammonium carbonate solution resulted in approx-imately 38 carbon regeneration compared to MEA solution[70 81 82]
(4) Aqueous Piperazine (PZ) Piperazine (PZ) is as an additiveused for amine systems to improve kinetics of CO
2absorp-
tion such as MDEAPZ or MEAPZ blends Because PZ sol-ubility in water is low concentration of PZ is between 05 and25M As indicated in Table 2 increasing the concentrationof PZ in solution allows for increased solvent capacity andfaster kineticThe presence of potassium in solution increasesthe concentration of CO
3
2minusHCO3
minus in solution thereforesolution has buffering propertyThese competing effects yielda maximum fraction of reactive species at potassium topiperazine ratio of 2 1 [75 83 84]
22 Adsorption Adsorption operation can reduce energyand cost of the capture or separation of CO
2in post-
combustion capture To achieve this goal it is necessary tofind adsorbents with suitable properties In general CO
2
adsorbent must have high selectivity and adsorption capacityand adequate adsorptiondesorption kinetics remain stableafter several adsorptiondesorption cycles and possess goodthermal and mechanical stability [51 85ndash88] The adsorbentsused for CO
2separation placed into two main categories
physical and chemical adsorbents
221 Chemical Adsorption Chemisorption is a subclass ofadsorption driven by a chemical reaction occurring at theexposed surface Adsorption capacities of different chemicaladsorbents are summarized in Table 3
A wide range of metals have been studied including [89]
(i) metal oxides CaO MgO(ii) metal salts from alkali metal compounds lithium
silicate lithium zirconate to alkaline earthmetal com-pounds (ie magnesium oxide and calcium oxide)
(iii) hydrotalcites and double salts
In general one mole of metal compound can react withone mole of CO
2with a reversible reaction The process
consists of a series of cycles wheremetal oxides (such as CaO)at 923K are transformed into metal carbonates form (such asCaCO
3) at 1123 K in a carbonation reactor to regenerate the
sorbent and produce a concentrated stream of CO2suitable
for storage [90 91]Considerable attention was paid to calcium oxide (CaO)
as it has a high CO2adsorption capacity and high raw
material availability (eg limestone) at a low cost Lithiumsalts was recorded a good performance in CO
2adsorption
but it gained less focus due to its high production costAlthough double salts can be easily regenerated due to lowenergy requirement their stability has not been investigated[93 96]
The Scientific World Journal 7
FGD
HX1
AC1
A PM1
CC1
HX2 HX3
A PM2
CC2
FN1
A PM3
CC3HC
PM5PM4
HX4HX6
HX5
PM6
PR1
HX7
FN2PR2
A
Chilmine Y
WT3 WT1WT2
AC2
PM7
RBRGAB
Steam
Condensate
CM1
AC3
CM2
AC4
PR3
CM3
AC4 PM8PIPE
Exhausts chilling
Ammonia removal
Absorptionregeneration
gas wash
CO2 compression
CH1 CH2CH3
CH4
CH5
H2ONH3
HCl
Figure 6 Schematic layout of CO2separation block based on the chilled ammonia process [92]
Table 3 Adsorption capacity of chemical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capturecapacity remainedafter 119899 cycles ()
Reference
Mesoporous (MgO) 298 101 18 3 100 [93]CaO nanopods 873 101 175 50 611 [94]CaO derived from nanosized CaCO3 923 101 167 100 222 [93]CaO-MgAl2O4 (spinel nanoparticles) 923 101 91 65 846 [93]Nano CaOAl2O3 923 101 60 15 617 [93]Lithium silicate nanoparticles 883 101 577 na na [93]Nanocrystalline Li2ZrO3 particles 843 101 61 8 100 [93]CaOAl2O3 923 101 602 na na [93]Lithium silicate 993 na 818 na na [17]Lithium zirconate 673 100 50 na na [93]Lithium orthosilicate 873 100 613 na na [93]Calcium oxide 873 100 173 na na [93]Magnesium hydroxide 473 1034 30 na na [93]Mesoporous magnesium oxide 373 100 227 na na [93]Lithium Silicate nano particles 873 101 5 na na [95]HTI-HNa 573 134 1109 50 933 [93]
The reaction of CO2adsorptionwith Li
2ZrO3is reversible
in the temperature range of 723ndash863K The capacity oflithium silicate (82moL CO
2kg sorbent at 993K) is larger
than that of lithium zirconate (485moLkg sorbent) [17]Hydrotalcite (HT) contains layered structure with posi-
tively charged cations balanced by negatively charged anions[97 98] Adsorption and final capacity of different adsorp-tiondesorption cycles are listed in Table 3
One way for improving CO2adsorption efficiency is
application of nanomaterials Different nano-materials can beused for CO
2separation (Table 3) However nanomaterials
always have high production cost with complicated synthesisprocess such as carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets[99 100]
Themain disadvantage of chemical adsorbents is difficultregeneration process and application of these adsorbentsneeds more studies for finding new adsorbents [88 95]
222 Physical Adsorption Physisorption also called physicaladsorption is a process in which the electronic structure of
the atom or molecule is barely perturbed upon adsorptionIf the CO
2adsorption capacity of solid adsorbents reaches
3mmoLg the required energy for adsorption will be lessthan 30ndash50 energy for absorption with optimum aqueousMEA [101]Themajor physical adsorbents suggested for CO
2
adsorption include activated carbons and inorganic porousmaterials such as zeolites [102 103]The adsorption capacitiesof various physical adsorbents are summarized in Table 4
Coal is one of the adsorbents being suggested for CO2
separation The total amount of CO2that can be adsorbed
in coal depends on its porosity ash and affinity for thismolecule [111 112] Sakurovs et al [113] showed that theratio of maximum sorption capacity between CO
2and
methane decreases with increasing carbon content Theaverage CO
2CH4sorption ratio is higher for moisture-
equilibrated coal and decreases with increasing coal rank (14for high rank coals to 22 for low rank coals) [114ndash116]
Activated carbon (AC) has a number of attractive charac-teristics such as its high adsorption capacity high hydropho-bicity low cost and low energy requirement for regeneration
8 The Scientific World Journal
Table 4 Adsorption capacity of physical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Activated carbon 303 110 158 na na [93]AC (4 KOH) 303 30 055 na na [93]AC (EDA + EtOH) 303 30 053 na na [93]AC (4 KOH + EDA + EtOH) 303 30 064 na na [45 70 79]NiO-ACs 298 101 2227 na na [104]13X 393 15198 07 na na [105]5A 393 15198 038 na na [105 106]4A 393 15198 05 na na [105]WEG-592 393 15198 06 na na [105]APG-II 393 15198 038 na na [105]Na-Y 273 10132 49 na na [105]Na-X 373 10132 124 2 na [105]NaKA 373 10132 388 mdash na [105]NaX-h 323 10132 252 2 na [105]NaX-h 373 10132 137 2 na [105]Na-X-c 323 10132 214 2 na [105]Na-X-c 373 10132 141 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 323 10132 242 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 373 10132 148 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 323 10132 176 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 373 10132 115 na na [105]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 126 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 252 na na [93]Activated carbon 303 30 035 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) ldquomolecularbasketrdquo 348 100 295 na na [93]
PE-MCM-41 298 100 050 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 285 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 236 na na [93]MCM-48 298 100 0033 na na [93]MCM-48 (APTS) 298 100 0639 na na [93]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]Molecular basketrsquoMCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 25 8 960 [93]
PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 18 10 944 [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 298 100 29 7 966 [93]MWNT 303 101 17 20 na [4 93]Unmodified [(Cu3(btc)2]
lowast 298 1818 67 na na [101]CNT (Cu3(btc)2) 298 1818 1352 na na [101]MIL-101lowastlowast 298 1010 084 na na [101]MWCNTMIL-101 298 1010 135 na na [101]MOF-2 298 4545 320 na na [107]MOF-177 298 4545 335 na na [107]Zr-MOFs 273 988 81 na na [107]Ca-Al LDH with ClO
4
minus 406 1 355 na na [108]
The Scientific World Journal 9
Table 4 Continued
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 51 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 43 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 45 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 38 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 41 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 33 na na [109]Ceria-based oxides doped with 5gallium (III) 298 101 0282 na na [110]
Amine modified layered doublehydroxides (LDHs) 298ndash353 101 074ndash175 na na [108]
lowastCu3(btc)2 btc 135-benzene-tricarboxylatelowastlowastMIL-101 or Cr3(FOH)(H2O)2O[(O2C)C6H4(CO2)]3 sdot 119899H2O (119899 asymp 25) is one of the metal organic frameworks with Lewis acid sites that can be activated byremoval of guest water molecules
[117ndash119] Activated carbons are inexpensive insensitive tomoisture and easy for regeneration These adsorbents havewell developed micro- and mesopore structures that aresuitable for highCO
2adsorption capacity at ambient pressure
[120ndash122]However activated carbon CO
2N2selectivities (ca 10)
are relatively low zeolitic materials offer CO2N2selectivities
5ndash10 times greater than those of carbonaceous materialsThe adsorption capacity and selectivity of zeolites are largelyaffected by their size porous diameter charge density andchemical composition of cations in their porous structuresThe average value of heat adsorption on zeolites (36 kJmoL)is larger than for activated carbon (30 kJmoL) confirmingthe mentioned affirmation Moreover activated carbon canbe regenerated easily and completely Also its capacity did notdecay after 10 consecutive processes cycles [122ndash124]
Due to the increase in cost of raw materials growingresearch interest has been focused on producing AC fromagricultural wastes Some of the agricultural wastes includethe shells and stones of fruits wastes resulting from theproduction of cereals bagasse and coir pith [100] Rosas et al[125] prepared hemp-derived AC monolith by phosphoricacid activation The activated carbons from hemp stemare microporous materials and therefore suitable ones forhydrogen storage and CO
2capture [126]
Siriwardane et al [127] studied CO2adsorption on the
molecular sieve 13X 4A and activated carbonThemolecularsieve 13X showed better CO
2separation thanmolecular sieve
4A At lower pressures (lt50 psi) activated carbon had a lowerCO2separation than themolecular sieves but adsorptionwas
higher for activated carbon than molecular sieves at higherpressures [127 128]
Liu et al [129] indicated that zeolite 5A has highervolumetric capacities and less severe heat effect of the zeolite13X Chabazite zeolites were prepared and exchanged withalkali cations Li Na K and alkaline-earth cations Mg CaBa Zhang et al [130] studied the potential of these zeolites forCO2separation from flue gas by vacuum swing adsorption
It was found that NaCHA and CaCHA hold comparative
advantages for high temperature CO2separation whilst NaX
showed superior performance at relatively low temperatures[130] In physical adsorption the size and volume of the poresare important Micropores are defined as pores 2 nm in sizemesopores between 2 and 50 nm and macropores 50 nm insizeThemicropores make better selective adsorption of CO
2
over CH4[131 132]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most famous amongnano-hollow structuredmaterials and their dimension rangesfrom 1 to 10 nm in diameter and from 200 to 500 nm in length[133] Cinke et al [134] indicated that purified single-walledcarbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorbed CO
2better than unpu-
rified SWNT In addition multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) showed stability for 20 cycles of adsorption andregeneration [135]
More recently nanosystems researchers have synthesizedand screened a large number of zeolitic-typematerials knownas zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) CO
2capacities of
the ZIFs are high and selectivity against CO and N2is good
[136 137] The results of researchers (Burchell and Judkins[138] Dave et al [28] and Yong et al [139]) indicated thatthe CO
2adsorption efficiency of the honeycomb monolith is
twice than activated carbon and 15 times greater than ZIFmaterial [29] Results of Kimber et al [140] showed that CO
2
selectivity of honeycomb monolithic composite decreasedwith increasing in burn-off
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) were prepared by acidintercalation followed by thermal exfoliation of naturalgraphite Functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (f-GNP)wereprepared by further treatment of GNP in acidic mediumPalladium (Pd) nanoparticles were decorated over f-GNPsurface by chemical method [109 141 142] Adsorptioncapacity of this adsorbent is presented in Table 4
The presence of several impurity gases (SO119909NO119909H2O)
greatly complicates the CO2separation processes Therefore
conventional adsorption-based CO2separation processes
rely on using a pretreatment stage to remove water SO119909 and
NO119909 which adds considerably to the overall cost Also this
prelayer can be used before the amine absorption column
10 The Scientific World Journal
[143 144] Deng et al [145] showed that the adsorptioncapacities follows the order SO
2gt CO
2gt NO gt N
2on both
zeolites (5A and 13X) Comparing two different adsorbentsthe better separation efficiency can be achieved by 5A zeolite[145]
Zhang et al [130] focused on the effect of water vapour onthe pressurevacuum swing adsorption process The selectedadsorbents in this study were CDX (an aluminazeoliteblend) alumina and 13X zeolite as these adsorbents are eitherthe prelayer for water adsorption or themain CO
2adsorption
layer in the packed bed [130]Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are crys-
talline with two- or three-dimensional porous structures thatcan be synthesised withmany of the functional capabilities ofzeolites Several MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents forCO2separation processes and among these Cu-BTC [poly-
meric copper (II) benzene-135-tricarboxylate] has provedto be dedicated with CO
2adsorption performances that are
higher than those of typical adsorbents such as 13X zeolite[105 107 146 147]
TheMCM-41 material is one of the mesoporous productswhich was prepared by the hydrothermalmethod frommobilcomposition of matter (MCM) powders Lu et al [148]showed that mesoporous silica spherical particles (MSPs)can be synthesized using low-cost Na
2SiO3thus they can be
cost-effective adsorbents for CO2separation from flue gas
[149 150]Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have general formula[MII1minus119909
MIII119909(OH)2][X119892minus119909C sdot 119899H2O] with 119909 typically in the range
between 010 and 033 These materials can be readily andinexpensively synthesized with the desired characteristics fora particular application such as CO
2adsorption [108 151]
223 Adsorbent Modification The role of CO2as a weak
Lewis acid is well established Because of the nature ofCO2 the surface of the physical adsorbents can be modified
by adding basic groups such as amine groups and metaloxides to improve CO
2adsorption capacity or selectivity
[152ndash154] Three different methods for the production ofthese adsorbents were investigated activation with CO
2 heat
treatmentwith ammonia gas (amination and ammoxidation)and heat treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI) Howeverit has been suggested that amine modification can producebetter and cheaper CO
2adsorbents [24 104 155 156]
Xu et al [157 158] designed selective ldquomolecular basketrdquoby grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) uniformly on MCM-41CO2adsorption capacity of the adsorbentwas 24 times higher
thanMCM-41 and 2 times higher than PEI [93]The additionof ammoniumhydroxide resulted in the Zr-MOFwith a slightlower adsorption of CO
2and CH
4 however the selectivity
of CO2CH4is significantly enhanced [159 160] Results of
Abid et al [107] showed that the selectivity of CO2CH4
on Zr-MOF is between 22 and 38 while for Zr-MOF-NH4
selectivity is between 26 and 43A nitrogen-rich carbon with a hierarchical micro-mes-
opore structure exhibited a high CO2adsorption capacity
(141mgg at 298K 1 atm) excellent separation efficiency(CO2N2selectivity is ca 32) and excellent stability [161]
Plaza et al [162] results showed that CO2adsorption capacity
of the DETA-impregnated alumina (ge23mmoLg) exhibitedis the highest
Amine modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) havebeen prepared by several different methods Park et al [163]used dodecyl sulfate (DS) intercalated LDH as precursor andadded (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) together withN-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) [164]The highest adsorption capacity of amine modified LDHs forCO2was achieved at 175mmoLg by MgAl N3 at 353K and
1 bar According to data in Table 4 this adsorbent has highCO2capacity at high temperature therefore this adsorbent
is suitable for post-combustion CO2capture [108]
Wang et al [114] reported that porous carbons with well-developed pore structureswere directly prepared fromaweakacid cation exchange resin (CER) by the carbonization of amixture with Mg acetate in different ratios [108] The mainparameters of this adsorbent (such as CO
2capacity) are
indicated in Table 4Shafeeyan et al [165] prepared different adsorbents based
on the central composite design (CCD) with three indepen-dent variables (ie amination temperature amination timeand the use of preheat treated (HTA) or preoxidized (OXA)sorbent as the starting material) They demonstrated that theoptimum condition for obtaining an efficient CO
2adsorbent
is using a preoxidized sorbent and amination at 698K for 21 h[165]
Table 4 compares CO2adsorption capacities and stabil-
ity of different absorbents which were studied for post-combustion CO
2capture
224 Different Cycles for CO2Adsorption Five different
regeneration strategies were demonstrated in a single-bedCO2adsorption unit pressure swing adsorption (PSA) tem-
perature swing adsorption (TSA) vacuum swing adsorption(VSA) electric swing adsorption (ESA) and a combinationof vacuum and temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) Thedifference between these technologies is based on the strat-egy for regeneration of adsorbent after the adsorption step(Figure 7) In PSA applications the pressure of the bed isreduced VSA is preferred to the special PSA applicationwhere the desorption pressure is below atmospheric whereasinTSA the temperature is raisedwhile pressure ismaintainedapproximately constant and in ESA the solid is heated by theJoule effect [166ndash169]
For the single-bed cycle configurations the productivityand CO
2recovery followed the sequence
ESA lt TSA lt PSA lt VSA lt VTSA (1)
The performances of PSA TSA VSA VTSA and ESAprocesses for CO
2separation are reported in Table 5 Since
application of adsorption process for CO2capture in indus-
trial scale is very important in recent years some researcheshave been focused on this area for example Lucas et al [170]studied the scale-up CO
2adsorption with activated carbon
23 Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic method utilized lowtemperatures for condensation separation and purification
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
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[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
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[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
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[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
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bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
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[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
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2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
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Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
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of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
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2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
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vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
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[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
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[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
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2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
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2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
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2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
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2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
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2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
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Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
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2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
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[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 7
FGD
HX1
AC1
A PM1
CC1
HX2 HX3
A PM2
CC2
FN1
A PM3
CC3HC
PM5PM4
HX4HX6
HX5
PM6
PR1
HX7
FN2PR2
A
Chilmine Y
WT3 WT1WT2
AC2
PM7
RBRGAB
Steam
Condensate
CM1
AC3
CM2
AC4
PR3
CM3
AC4 PM8PIPE
Exhausts chilling
Ammonia removal
Absorptionregeneration
gas wash
CO2 compression
CH1 CH2CH3
CH4
CH5
H2ONH3
HCl
Figure 6 Schematic layout of CO2separation block based on the chilled ammonia process [92]
Table 3 Adsorption capacity of chemical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capturecapacity remainedafter 119899 cycles ()
Reference
Mesoporous (MgO) 298 101 18 3 100 [93]CaO nanopods 873 101 175 50 611 [94]CaO derived from nanosized CaCO3 923 101 167 100 222 [93]CaO-MgAl2O4 (spinel nanoparticles) 923 101 91 65 846 [93]Nano CaOAl2O3 923 101 60 15 617 [93]Lithium silicate nanoparticles 883 101 577 na na [93]Nanocrystalline Li2ZrO3 particles 843 101 61 8 100 [93]CaOAl2O3 923 101 602 na na [93]Lithium silicate 993 na 818 na na [17]Lithium zirconate 673 100 50 na na [93]Lithium orthosilicate 873 100 613 na na [93]Calcium oxide 873 100 173 na na [93]Magnesium hydroxide 473 1034 30 na na [93]Mesoporous magnesium oxide 373 100 227 na na [93]Lithium Silicate nano particles 873 101 5 na na [95]HTI-HNa 573 134 1109 50 933 [93]
The reaction of CO2adsorptionwith Li
2ZrO3is reversible
in the temperature range of 723ndash863K The capacity oflithium silicate (82moL CO
2kg sorbent at 993K) is larger
than that of lithium zirconate (485moLkg sorbent) [17]Hydrotalcite (HT) contains layered structure with posi-
tively charged cations balanced by negatively charged anions[97 98] Adsorption and final capacity of different adsorp-tiondesorption cycles are listed in Table 3
One way for improving CO2adsorption efficiency is
application of nanomaterials Different nano-materials can beused for CO
2separation (Table 3) However nanomaterials
always have high production cost with complicated synthesisprocess such as carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets[99 100]
Themain disadvantage of chemical adsorbents is difficultregeneration process and application of these adsorbentsneeds more studies for finding new adsorbents [88 95]
222 Physical Adsorption Physisorption also called physicaladsorption is a process in which the electronic structure of
the atom or molecule is barely perturbed upon adsorptionIf the CO
2adsorption capacity of solid adsorbents reaches
3mmoLg the required energy for adsorption will be lessthan 30ndash50 energy for absorption with optimum aqueousMEA [101]Themajor physical adsorbents suggested for CO
2
adsorption include activated carbons and inorganic porousmaterials such as zeolites [102 103]The adsorption capacitiesof various physical adsorbents are summarized in Table 4
Coal is one of the adsorbents being suggested for CO2
separation The total amount of CO2that can be adsorbed
in coal depends on its porosity ash and affinity for thismolecule [111 112] Sakurovs et al [113] showed that theratio of maximum sorption capacity between CO
2and
methane decreases with increasing carbon content Theaverage CO
2CH4sorption ratio is higher for moisture-
equilibrated coal and decreases with increasing coal rank (14for high rank coals to 22 for low rank coals) [114ndash116]
Activated carbon (AC) has a number of attractive charac-teristics such as its high adsorption capacity high hydropho-bicity low cost and low energy requirement for regeneration
8 The Scientific World Journal
Table 4 Adsorption capacity of physical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Activated carbon 303 110 158 na na [93]AC (4 KOH) 303 30 055 na na [93]AC (EDA + EtOH) 303 30 053 na na [93]AC (4 KOH + EDA + EtOH) 303 30 064 na na [45 70 79]NiO-ACs 298 101 2227 na na [104]13X 393 15198 07 na na [105]5A 393 15198 038 na na [105 106]4A 393 15198 05 na na [105]WEG-592 393 15198 06 na na [105]APG-II 393 15198 038 na na [105]Na-Y 273 10132 49 na na [105]Na-X 373 10132 124 2 na [105]NaKA 373 10132 388 mdash na [105]NaX-h 323 10132 252 2 na [105]NaX-h 373 10132 137 2 na [105]Na-X-c 323 10132 214 2 na [105]Na-X-c 373 10132 141 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 323 10132 242 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 373 10132 148 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 323 10132 176 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 373 10132 115 na na [105]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 126 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 252 na na [93]Activated carbon 303 30 035 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) ldquomolecularbasketrdquo 348 100 295 na na [93]
PE-MCM-41 298 100 050 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 285 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 236 na na [93]MCM-48 298 100 0033 na na [93]MCM-48 (APTS) 298 100 0639 na na [93]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]Molecular basketrsquoMCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 25 8 960 [93]
PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 18 10 944 [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 298 100 29 7 966 [93]MWNT 303 101 17 20 na [4 93]Unmodified [(Cu3(btc)2]
lowast 298 1818 67 na na [101]CNT (Cu3(btc)2) 298 1818 1352 na na [101]MIL-101lowastlowast 298 1010 084 na na [101]MWCNTMIL-101 298 1010 135 na na [101]MOF-2 298 4545 320 na na [107]MOF-177 298 4545 335 na na [107]Zr-MOFs 273 988 81 na na [107]Ca-Al LDH with ClO
4
minus 406 1 355 na na [108]
The Scientific World Journal 9
Table 4 Continued
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 51 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 43 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 45 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 38 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 41 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 33 na na [109]Ceria-based oxides doped with 5gallium (III) 298 101 0282 na na [110]
Amine modified layered doublehydroxides (LDHs) 298ndash353 101 074ndash175 na na [108]
lowastCu3(btc)2 btc 135-benzene-tricarboxylatelowastlowastMIL-101 or Cr3(FOH)(H2O)2O[(O2C)C6H4(CO2)]3 sdot 119899H2O (119899 asymp 25) is one of the metal organic frameworks with Lewis acid sites that can be activated byremoval of guest water molecules
[117ndash119] Activated carbons are inexpensive insensitive tomoisture and easy for regeneration These adsorbents havewell developed micro- and mesopore structures that aresuitable for highCO
2adsorption capacity at ambient pressure
[120ndash122]However activated carbon CO
2N2selectivities (ca 10)
are relatively low zeolitic materials offer CO2N2selectivities
5ndash10 times greater than those of carbonaceous materialsThe adsorption capacity and selectivity of zeolites are largelyaffected by their size porous diameter charge density andchemical composition of cations in their porous structuresThe average value of heat adsorption on zeolites (36 kJmoL)is larger than for activated carbon (30 kJmoL) confirmingthe mentioned affirmation Moreover activated carbon canbe regenerated easily and completely Also its capacity did notdecay after 10 consecutive processes cycles [122ndash124]
Due to the increase in cost of raw materials growingresearch interest has been focused on producing AC fromagricultural wastes Some of the agricultural wastes includethe shells and stones of fruits wastes resulting from theproduction of cereals bagasse and coir pith [100] Rosas et al[125] prepared hemp-derived AC monolith by phosphoricacid activation The activated carbons from hemp stemare microporous materials and therefore suitable ones forhydrogen storage and CO
2capture [126]
Siriwardane et al [127] studied CO2adsorption on the
molecular sieve 13X 4A and activated carbonThemolecularsieve 13X showed better CO
2separation thanmolecular sieve
4A At lower pressures (lt50 psi) activated carbon had a lowerCO2separation than themolecular sieves but adsorptionwas
higher for activated carbon than molecular sieves at higherpressures [127 128]
Liu et al [129] indicated that zeolite 5A has highervolumetric capacities and less severe heat effect of the zeolite13X Chabazite zeolites were prepared and exchanged withalkali cations Li Na K and alkaline-earth cations Mg CaBa Zhang et al [130] studied the potential of these zeolites forCO2separation from flue gas by vacuum swing adsorption
It was found that NaCHA and CaCHA hold comparative
advantages for high temperature CO2separation whilst NaX
showed superior performance at relatively low temperatures[130] In physical adsorption the size and volume of the poresare important Micropores are defined as pores 2 nm in sizemesopores between 2 and 50 nm and macropores 50 nm insizeThemicropores make better selective adsorption of CO
2
over CH4[131 132]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most famous amongnano-hollow structuredmaterials and their dimension rangesfrom 1 to 10 nm in diameter and from 200 to 500 nm in length[133] Cinke et al [134] indicated that purified single-walledcarbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorbed CO
2better than unpu-
rified SWNT In addition multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) showed stability for 20 cycles of adsorption andregeneration [135]
More recently nanosystems researchers have synthesizedand screened a large number of zeolitic-typematerials knownas zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) CO
2capacities of
the ZIFs are high and selectivity against CO and N2is good
[136 137] The results of researchers (Burchell and Judkins[138] Dave et al [28] and Yong et al [139]) indicated thatthe CO
2adsorption efficiency of the honeycomb monolith is
twice than activated carbon and 15 times greater than ZIFmaterial [29] Results of Kimber et al [140] showed that CO
2
selectivity of honeycomb monolithic composite decreasedwith increasing in burn-off
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) were prepared by acidintercalation followed by thermal exfoliation of naturalgraphite Functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (f-GNP)wereprepared by further treatment of GNP in acidic mediumPalladium (Pd) nanoparticles were decorated over f-GNPsurface by chemical method [109 141 142] Adsorptioncapacity of this adsorbent is presented in Table 4
The presence of several impurity gases (SO119909NO119909H2O)
greatly complicates the CO2separation processes Therefore
conventional adsorption-based CO2separation processes
rely on using a pretreatment stage to remove water SO119909 and
NO119909 which adds considerably to the overall cost Also this
prelayer can be used before the amine absorption column
10 The Scientific World Journal
[143 144] Deng et al [145] showed that the adsorptioncapacities follows the order SO
2gt CO
2gt NO gt N
2on both
zeolites (5A and 13X) Comparing two different adsorbentsthe better separation efficiency can be achieved by 5A zeolite[145]
Zhang et al [130] focused on the effect of water vapour onthe pressurevacuum swing adsorption process The selectedadsorbents in this study were CDX (an aluminazeoliteblend) alumina and 13X zeolite as these adsorbents are eitherthe prelayer for water adsorption or themain CO
2adsorption
layer in the packed bed [130]Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are crys-
talline with two- or three-dimensional porous structures thatcan be synthesised withmany of the functional capabilities ofzeolites Several MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents forCO2separation processes and among these Cu-BTC [poly-
meric copper (II) benzene-135-tricarboxylate] has provedto be dedicated with CO
2adsorption performances that are
higher than those of typical adsorbents such as 13X zeolite[105 107 146 147]
TheMCM-41 material is one of the mesoporous productswhich was prepared by the hydrothermalmethod frommobilcomposition of matter (MCM) powders Lu et al [148]showed that mesoporous silica spherical particles (MSPs)can be synthesized using low-cost Na
2SiO3thus they can be
cost-effective adsorbents for CO2separation from flue gas
[149 150]Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have general formula[MII1minus119909
MIII119909(OH)2][X119892minus119909C sdot 119899H2O] with 119909 typically in the range
between 010 and 033 These materials can be readily andinexpensively synthesized with the desired characteristics fora particular application such as CO
2adsorption [108 151]
223 Adsorbent Modification The role of CO2as a weak
Lewis acid is well established Because of the nature ofCO2 the surface of the physical adsorbents can be modified
by adding basic groups such as amine groups and metaloxides to improve CO
2adsorption capacity or selectivity
[152ndash154] Three different methods for the production ofthese adsorbents were investigated activation with CO
2 heat
treatmentwith ammonia gas (amination and ammoxidation)and heat treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI) Howeverit has been suggested that amine modification can producebetter and cheaper CO
2adsorbents [24 104 155 156]
Xu et al [157 158] designed selective ldquomolecular basketrdquoby grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) uniformly on MCM-41CO2adsorption capacity of the adsorbentwas 24 times higher
thanMCM-41 and 2 times higher than PEI [93]The additionof ammoniumhydroxide resulted in the Zr-MOFwith a slightlower adsorption of CO
2and CH
4 however the selectivity
of CO2CH4is significantly enhanced [159 160] Results of
Abid et al [107] showed that the selectivity of CO2CH4
on Zr-MOF is between 22 and 38 while for Zr-MOF-NH4
selectivity is between 26 and 43A nitrogen-rich carbon with a hierarchical micro-mes-
opore structure exhibited a high CO2adsorption capacity
(141mgg at 298K 1 atm) excellent separation efficiency(CO2N2selectivity is ca 32) and excellent stability [161]
Plaza et al [162] results showed that CO2adsorption capacity
of the DETA-impregnated alumina (ge23mmoLg) exhibitedis the highest
Amine modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) havebeen prepared by several different methods Park et al [163]used dodecyl sulfate (DS) intercalated LDH as precursor andadded (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) together withN-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) [164]The highest adsorption capacity of amine modified LDHs forCO2was achieved at 175mmoLg by MgAl N3 at 353K and
1 bar According to data in Table 4 this adsorbent has highCO2capacity at high temperature therefore this adsorbent
is suitable for post-combustion CO2capture [108]
Wang et al [114] reported that porous carbons with well-developed pore structureswere directly prepared fromaweakacid cation exchange resin (CER) by the carbonization of amixture with Mg acetate in different ratios [108] The mainparameters of this adsorbent (such as CO
2capacity) are
indicated in Table 4Shafeeyan et al [165] prepared different adsorbents based
on the central composite design (CCD) with three indepen-dent variables (ie amination temperature amination timeand the use of preheat treated (HTA) or preoxidized (OXA)sorbent as the starting material) They demonstrated that theoptimum condition for obtaining an efficient CO
2adsorbent
is using a preoxidized sorbent and amination at 698K for 21 h[165]
Table 4 compares CO2adsorption capacities and stabil-
ity of different absorbents which were studied for post-combustion CO
2capture
224 Different Cycles for CO2Adsorption Five different
regeneration strategies were demonstrated in a single-bedCO2adsorption unit pressure swing adsorption (PSA) tem-
perature swing adsorption (TSA) vacuum swing adsorption(VSA) electric swing adsorption (ESA) and a combinationof vacuum and temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) Thedifference between these technologies is based on the strat-egy for regeneration of adsorbent after the adsorption step(Figure 7) In PSA applications the pressure of the bed isreduced VSA is preferred to the special PSA applicationwhere the desorption pressure is below atmospheric whereasinTSA the temperature is raisedwhile pressure ismaintainedapproximately constant and in ESA the solid is heated by theJoule effect [166ndash169]
For the single-bed cycle configurations the productivityand CO
2recovery followed the sequence
ESA lt TSA lt PSA lt VSA lt VTSA (1)
The performances of PSA TSA VSA VTSA and ESAprocesses for CO
2separation are reported in Table 5 Since
application of adsorption process for CO2capture in indus-
trial scale is very important in recent years some researcheshave been focused on this area for example Lucas et al [170]studied the scale-up CO
2adsorption with activated carbon
23 Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic method utilized lowtemperatures for condensation separation and purification
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
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[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
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[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
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phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
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bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
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[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
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2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
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Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
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[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
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of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
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2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
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vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
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Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
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2
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[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
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Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
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[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
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[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
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2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
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Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
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capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
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2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
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2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
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2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
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2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
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Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
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2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
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capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
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[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
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[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
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[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
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on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
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[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
8 The Scientific World Journal
Table 4 Adsorption capacity of physical adsorbents for post-combustion CO2
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Activated carbon 303 110 158 na na [93]AC (4 KOH) 303 30 055 na na [93]AC (EDA + EtOH) 303 30 053 na na [93]AC (4 KOH + EDA + EtOH) 303 30 064 na na [45 70 79]NiO-ACs 298 101 2227 na na [104]13X 393 15198 07 na na [105]5A 393 15198 038 na na [105 106]4A 393 15198 05 na na [105]WEG-592 393 15198 06 na na [105]APG-II 393 15198 038 na na [105]Na-Y 273 10132 49 na na [105]Na-X 373 10132 124 2 na [105]NaKA 373 10132 388 mdash na [105]NaX-h 323 10132 252 2 na [105]NaX-h 373 10132 137 2 na [105]Na-X-c 323 10132 214 2 na [105]Na-X-c 373 10132 141 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 323 10132 242 2 na [105]Cs-X-h 373 10132 148 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 323 10132 176 2 na [105]Cs-X-c 373 10132 115 na na [105]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 126 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 252 na na [93]Activated carbon 303 30 035 na na [93]MCM-41 (50 PEI) ldquomolecularbasketrdquo 348 100 295 na na [93]
PE-MCM-41 298 100 050 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 285 na na [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 348 100 236 na na [93]MCM-48 298 100 0033 na na [93]MCM-48 (APTS) 298 100 0639 na na [93]MCM-41 298 100 062 na na [93]Molecular basketrsquoMCM-41 (50 PEI) 348 100 25 8 960 [93]
PE-MCM-41 (TRI) 298 100 18 10 944 [93]PE-MCM-41 (DEA) 298 100 29 7 966 [93]MWNT 303 101 17 20 na [4 93]Unmodified [(Cu3(btc)2]
lowast 298 1818 67 na na [101]CNT (Cu3(btc)2) 298 1818 1352 na na [101]MIL-101lowastlowast 298 1010 084 na na [101]MWCNTMIL-101 298 1010 135 na na [101]MOF-2 298 4545 320 na na [107]MOF-177 298 4545 335 na na [107]Zr-MOFs 273 988 81 na na [107]Ca-Al LDH with ClO
4
minus 406 1 355 na na [108]
The Scientific World Journal 9
Table 4 Continued
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 51 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 43 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 45 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 38 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 41 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 33 na na [109]Ceria-based oxides doped with 5gallium (III) 298 101 0282 na na [110]
Amine modified layered doublehydroxides (LDHs) 298ndash353 101 074ndash175 na na [108]
lowastCu3(btc)2 btc 135-benzene-tricarboxylatelowastlowastMIL-101 or Cr3(FOH)(H2O)2O[(O2C)C6H4(CO2)]3 sdot 119899H2O (119899 asymp 25) is one of the metal organic frameworks with Lewis acid sites that can be activated byremoval of guest water molecules
[117ndash119] Activated carbons are inexpensive insensitive tomoisture and easy for regeneration These adsorbents havewell developed micro- and mesopore structures that aresuitable for highCO
2adsorption capacity at ambient pressure
[120ndash122]However activated carbon CO
2N2selectivities (ca 10)
are relatively low zeolitic materials offer CO2N2selectivities
5ndash10 times greater than those of carbonaceous materialsThe adsorption capacity and selectivity of zeolites are largelyaffected by their size porous diameter charge density andchemical composition of cations in their porous structuresThe average value of heat adsorption on zeolites (36 kJmoL)is larger than for activated carbon (30 kJmoL) confirmingthe mentioned affirmation Moreover activated carbon canbe regenerated easily and completely Also its capacity did notdecay after 10 consecutive processes cycles [122ndash124]
Due to the increase in cost of raw materials growingresearch interest has been focused on producing AC fromagricultural wastes Some of the agricultural wastes includethe shells and stones of fruits wastes resulting from theproduction of cereals bagasse and coir pith [100] Rosas et al[125] prepared hemp-derived AC monolith by phosphoricacid activation The activated carbons from hemp stemare microporous materials and therefore suitable ones forhydrogen storage and CO
2capture [126]
Siriwardane et al [127] studied CO2adsorption on the
molecular sieve 13X 4A and activated carbonThemolecularsieve 13X showed better CO
2separation thanmolecular sieve
4A At lower pressures (lt50 psi) activated carbon had a lowerCO2separation than themolecular sieves but adsorptionwas
higher for activated carbon than molecular sieves at higherpressures [127 128]
Liu et al [129] indicated that zeolite 5A has highervolumetric capacities and less severe heat effect of the zeolite13X Chabazite zeolites were prepared and exchanged withalkali cations Li Na K and alkaline-earth cations Mg CaBa Zhang et al [130] studied the potential of these zeolites forCO2separation from flue gas by vacuum swing adsorption
It was found that NaCHA and CaCHA hold comparative
advantages for high temperature CO2separation whilst NaX
showed superior performance at relatively low temperatures[130] In physical adsorption the size and volume of the poresare important Micropores are defined as pores 2 nm in sizemesopores between 2 and 50 nm and macropores 50 nm insizeThemicropores make better selective adsorption of CO
2
over CH4[131 132]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most famous amongnano-hollow structuredmaterials and their dimension rangesfrom 1 to 10 nm in diameter and from 200 to 500 nm in length[133] Cinke et al [134] indicated that purified single-walledcarbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorbed CO
2better than unpu-
rified SWNT In addition multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) showed stability for 20 cycles of adsorption andregeneration [135]
More recently nanosystems researchers have synthesizedand screened a large number of zeolitic-typematerials knownas zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) CO
2capacities of
the ZIFs are high and selectivity against CO and N2is good
[136 137] The results of researchers (Burchell and Judkins[138] Dave et al [28] and Yong et al [139]) indicated thatthe CO
2adsorption efficiency of the honeycomb monolith is
twice than activated carbon and 15 times greater than ZIFmaterial [29] Results of Kimber et al [140] showed that CO
2
selectivity of honeycomb monolithic composite decreasedwith increasing in burn-off
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) were prepared by acidintercalation followed by thermal exfoliation of naturalgraphite Functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (f-GNP)wereprepared by further treatment of GNP in acidic mediumPalladium (Pd) nanoparticles were decorated over f-GNPsurface by chemical method [109 141 142] Adsorptioncapacity of this adsorbent is presented in Table 4
The presence of several impurity gases (SO119909NO119909H2O)
greatly complicates the CO2separation processes Therefore
conventional adsorption-based CO2separation processes
rely on using a pretreatment stage to remove water SO119909 and
NO119909 which adds considerably to the overall cost Also this
prelayer can be used before the amine absorption column
10 The Scientific World Journal
[143 144] Deng et al [145] showed that the adsorptioncapacities follows the order SO
2gt CO
2gt NO gt N
2on both
zeolites (5A and 13X) Comparing two different adsorbentsthe better separation efficiency can be achieved by 5A zeolite[145]
Zhang et al [130] focused on the effect of water vapour onthe pressurevacuum swing adsorption process The selectedadsorbents in this study were CDX (an aluminazeoliteblend) alumina and 13X zeolite as these adsorbents are eitherthe prelayer for water adsorption or themain CO
2adsorption
layer in the packed bed [130]Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are crys-
talline with two- or three-dimensional porous structures thatcan be synthesised withmany of the functional capabilities ofzeolites Several MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents forCO2separation processes and among these Cu-BTC [poly-
meric copper (II) benzene-135-tricarboxylate] has provedto be dedicated with CO
2adsorption performances that are
higher than those of typical adsorbents such as 13X zeolite[105 107 146 147]
TheMCM-41 material is one of the mesoporous productswhich was prepared by the hydrothermalmethod frommobilcomposition of matter (MCM) powders Lu et al [148]showed that mesoporous silica spherical particles (MSPs)can be synthesized using low-cost Na
2SiO3thus they can be
cost-effective adsorbents for CO2separation from flue gas
[149 150]Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have general formula[MII1minus119909
MIII119909(OH)2][X119892minus119909C sdot 119899H2O] with 119909 typically in the range
between 010 and 033 These materials can be readily andinexpensively synthesized with the desired characteristics fora particular application such as CO
2adsorption [108 151]
223 Adsorbent Modification The role of CO2as a weak
Lewis acid is well established Because of the nature ofCO2 the surface of the physical adsorbents can be modified
by adding basic groups such as amine groups and metaloxides to improve CO
2adsorption capacity or selectivity
[152ndash154] Three different methods for the production ofthese adsorbents were investigated activation with CO
2 heat
treatmentwith ammonia gas (amination and ammoxidation)and heat treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI) Howeverit has been suggested that amine modification can producebetter and cheaper CO
2adsorbents [24 104 155 156]
Xu et al [157 158] designed selective ldquomolecular basketrdquoby grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) uniformly on MCM-41CO2adsorption capacity of the adsorbentwas 24 times higher
thanMCM-41 and 2 times higher than PEI [93]The additionof ammoniumhydroxide resulted in the Zr-MOFwith a slightlower adsorption of CO
2and CH
4 however the selectivity
of CO2CH4is significantly enhanced [159 160] Results of
Abid et al [107] showed that the selectivity of CO2CH4
on Zr-MOF is between 22 and 38 while for Zr-MOF-NH4
selectivity is between 26 and 43A nitrogen-rich carbon with a hierarchical micro-mes-
opore structure exhibited a high CO2adsorption capacity
(141mgg at 298K 1 atm) excellent separation efficiency(CO2N2selectivity is ca 32) and excellent stability [161]
Plaza et al [162] results showed that CO2adsorption capacity
of the DETA-impregnated alumina (ge23mmoLg) exhibitedis the highest
Amine modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) havebeen prepared by several different methods Park et al [163]used dodecyl sulfate (DS) intercalated LDH as precursor andadded (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) together withN-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) [164]The highest adsorption capacity of amine modified LDHs forCO2was achieved at 175mmoLg by MgAl N3 at 353K and
1 bar According to data in Table 4 this adsorbent has highCO2capacity at high temperature therefore this adsorbent
is suitable for post-combustion CO2capture [108]
Wang et al [114] reported that porous carbons with well-developed pore structureswere directly prepared fromaweakacid cation exchange resin (CER) by the carbonization of amixture with Mg acetate in different ratios [108] The mainparameters of this adsorbent (such as CO
2capacity) are
indicated in Table 4Shafeeyan et al [165] prepared different adsorbents based
on the central composite design (CCD) with three indepen-dent variables (ie amination temperature amination timeand the use of preheat treated (HTA) or preoxidized (OXA)sorbent as the starting material) They demonstrated that theoptimum condition for obtaining an efficient CO
2adsorbent
is using a preoxidized sorbent and amination at 698K for 21 h[165]
Table 4 compares CO2adsorption capacities and stabil-
ity of different absorbents which were studied for post-combustion CO
2capture
224 Different Cycles for CO2Adsorption Five different
regeneration strategies were demonstrated in a single-bedCO2adsorption unit pressure swing adsorption (PSA) tem-
perature swing adsorption (TSA) vacuum swing adsorption(VSA) electric swing adsorption (ESA) and a combinationof vacuum and temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) Thedifference between these technologies is based on the strat-egy for regeneration of adsorbent after the adsorption step(Figure 7) In PSA applications the pressure of the bed isreduced VSA is preferred to the special PSA applicationwhere the desorption pressure is below atmospheric whereasinTSA the temperature is raisedwhile pressure ismaintainedapproximately constant and in ESA the solid is heated by theJoule effect [166ndash169]
For the single-bed cycle configurations the productivityand CO
2recovery followed the sequence
ESA lt TSA lt PSA lt VSA lt VTSA (1)
The performances of PSA TSA VSA VTSA and ESAprocesses for CO
2separation are reported in Table 5 Since
application of adsorption process for CO2capture in indus-
trial scale is very important in recent years some researcheshave been focused on this area for example Lucas et al [170]studied the scale-up CO
2adsorption with activated carbon
23 Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic method utilized lowtemperatures for condensation separation and purification
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
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2
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Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
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2with aqueous potassium
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capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
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2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
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azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
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templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
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capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
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2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
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temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
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2removal at high
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on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
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2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
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[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
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4andCO
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2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
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[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
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[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
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2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
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2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
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[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
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2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
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CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
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2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
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2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
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carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
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in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 9
Table 4 Continued
SorbentOperatingtemperature
(K)
Operatingpressure(kPa)
CO2 capturecapacity (mol
CO2kg sorbent)
Regenerationcycles 119899
CO2 capture capacityremained after 119899
cycles ()Reference
Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 51 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 43 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 45 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 38 na na [109]Pd-GNP nanocomposite 298 1111 41 na na [109]f-GNP 298 1111 33 na na [109]Ceria-based oxides doped with 5gallium (III) 298 101 0282 na na [110]
Amine modified layered doublehydroxides (LDHs) 298ndash353 101 074ndash175 na na [108]
lowastCu3(btc)2 btc 135-benzene-tricarboxylatelowastlowastMIL-101 or Cr3(FOH)(H2O)2O[(O2C)C6H4(CO2)]3 sdot 119899H2O (119899 asymp 25) is one of the metal organic frameworks with Lewis acid sites that can be activated byremoval of guest water molecules
[117ndash119] Activated carbons are inexpensive insensitive tomoisture and easy for regeneration These adsorbents havewell developed micro- and mesopore structures that aresuitable for highCO
2adsorption capacity at ambient pressure
[120ndash122]However activated carbon CO
2N2selectivities (ca 10)
are relatively low zeolitic materials offer CO2N2selectivities
5ndash10 times greater than those of carbonaceous materialsThe adsorption capacity and selectivity of zeolites are largelyaffected by their size porous diameter charge density andchemical composition of cations in their porous structuresThe average value of heat adsorption on zeolites (36 kJmoL)is larger than for activated carbon (30 kJmoL) confirmingthe mentioned affirmation Moreover activated carbon canbe regenerated easily and completely Also its capacity did notdecay after 10 consecutive processes cycles [122ndash124]
Due to the increase in cost of raw materials growingresearch interest has been focused on producing AC fromagricultural wastes Some of the agricultural wastes includethe shells and stones of fruits wastes resulting from theproduction of cereals bagasse and coir pith [100] Rosas et al[125] prepared hemp-derived AC monolith by phosphoricacid activation The activated carbons from hemp stemare microporous materials and therefore suitable ones forhydrogen storage and CO
2capture [126]
Siriwardane et al [127] studied CO2adsorption on the
molecular sieve 13X 4A and activated carbonThemolecularsieve 13X showed better CO
2separation thanmolecular sieve
4A At lower pressures (lt50 psi) activated carbon had a lowerCO2separation than themolecular sieves but adsorptionwas
higher for activated carbon than molecular sieves at higherpressures [127 128]
Liu et al [129] indicated that zeolite 5A has highervolumetric capacities and less severe heat effect of the zeolite13X Chabazite zeolites were prepared and exchanged withalkali cations Li Na K and alkaline-earth cations Mg CaBa Zhang et al [130] studied the potential of these zeolites forCO2separation from flue gas by vacuum swing adsorption
It was found that NaCHA and CaCHA hold comparative
advantages for high temperature CO2separation whilst NaX
showed superior performance at relatively low temperatures[130] In physical adsorption the size and volume of the poresare important Micropores are defined as pores 2 nm in sizemesopores between 2 and 50 nm and macropores 50 nm insizeThemicropores make better selective adsorption of CO
2
over CH4[131 132]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most famous amongnano-hollow structuredmaterials and their dimension rangesfrom 1 to 10 nm in diameter and from 200 to 500 nm in length[133] Cinke et al [134] indicated that purified single-walledcarbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorbed CO
2better than unpu-
rified SWNT In addition multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) showed stability for 20 cycles of adsorption andregeneration [135]
More recently nanosystems researchers have synthesizedand screened a large number of zeolitic-typematerials knownas zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) CO
2capacities of
the ZIFs are high and selectivity against CO and N2is good
[136 137] The results of researchers (Burchell and Judkins[138] Dave et al [28] and Yong et al [139]) indicated thatthe CO
2adsorption efficiency of the honeycomb monolith is
twice than activated carbon and 15 times greater than ZIFmaterial [29] Results of Kimber et al [140] showed that CO
2
selectivity of honeycomb monolithic composite decreasedwith increasing in burn-off
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) were prepared by acidintercalation followed by thermal exfoliation of naturalgraphite Functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (f-GNP)wereprepared by further treatment of GNP in acidic mediumPalladium (Pd) nanoparticles were decorated over f-GNPsurface by chemical method [109 141 142] Adsorptioncapacity of this adsorbent is presented in Table 4
The presence of several impurity gases (SO119909NO119909H2O)
greatly complicates the CO2separation processes Therefore
conventional adsorption-based CO2separation processes
rely on using a pretreatment stage to remove water SO119909 and
NO119909 which adds considerably to the overall cost Also this
prelayer can be used before the amine absorption column
10 The Scientific World Journal
[143 144] Deng et al [145] showed that the adsorptioncapacities follows the order SO
2gt CO
2gt NO gt N
2on both
zeolites (5A and 13X) Comparing two different adsorbentsthe better separation efficiency can be achieved by 5A zeolite[145]
Zhang et al [130] focused on the effect of water vapour onthe pressurevacuum swing adsorption process The selectedadsorbents in this study were CDX (an aluminazeoliteblend) alumina and 13X zeolite as these adsorbents are eitherthe prelayer for water adsorption or themain CO
2adsorption
layer in the packed bed [130]Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are crys-
talline with two- or three-dimensional porous structures thatcan be synthesised withmany of the functional capabilities ofzeolites Several MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents forCO2separation processes and among these Cu-BTC [poly-
meric copper (II) benzene-135-tricarboxylate] has provedto be dedicated with CO
2adsorption performances that are
higher than those of typical adsorbents such as 13X zeolite[105 107 146 147]
TheMCM-41 material is one of the mesoporous productswhich was prepared by the hydrothermalmethod frommobilcomposition of matter (MCM) powders Lu et al [148]showed that mesoporous silica spherical particles (MSPs)can be synthesized using low-cost Na
2SiO3thus they can be
cost-effective adsorbents for CO2separation from flue gas
[149 150]Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have general formula[MII1minus119909
MIII119909(OH)2][X119892minus119909C sdot 119899H2O] with 119909 typically in the range
between 010 and 033 These materials can be readily andinexpensively synthesized with the desired characteristics fora particular application such as CO
2adsorption [108 151]
223 Adsorbent Modification The role of CO2as a weak
Lewis acid is well established Because of the nature ofCO2 the surface of the physical adsorbents can be modified
by adding basic groups such as amine groups and metaloxides to improve CO
2adsorption capacity or selectivity
[152ndash154] Three different methods for the production ofthese adsorbents were investigated activation with CO
2 heat
treatmentwith ammonia gas (amination and ammoxidation)and heat treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI) Howeverit has been suggested that amine modification can producebetter and cheaper CO
2adsorbents [24 104 155 156]
Xu et al [157 158] designed selective ldquomolecular basketrdquoby grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) uniformly on MCM-41CO2adsorption capacity of the adsorbentwas 24 times higher
thanMCM-41 and 2 times higher than PEI [93]The additionof ammoniumhydroxide resulted in the Zr-MOFwith a slightlower adsorption of CO
2and CH
4 however the selectivity
of CO2CH4is significantly enhanced [159 160] Results of
Abid et al [107] showed that the selectivity of CO2CH4
on Zr-MOF is between 22 and 38 while for Zr-MOF-NH4
selectivity is between 26 and 43A nitrogen-rich carbon with a hierarchical micro-mes-
opore structure exhibited a high CO2adsorption capacity
(141mgg at 298K 1 atm) excellent separation efficiency(CO2N2selectivity is ca 32) and excellent stability [161]
Plaza et al [162] results showed that CO2adsorption capacity
of the DETA-impregnated alumina (ge23mmoLg) exhibitedis the highest
Amine modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) havebeen prepared by several different methods Park et al [163]used dodecyl sulfate (DS) intercalated LDH as precursor andadded (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) together withN-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) [164]The highest adsorption capacity of amine modified LDHs forCO2was achieved at 175mmoLg by MgAl N3 at 353K and
1 bar According to data in Table 4 this adsorbent has highCO2capacity at high temperature therefore this adsorbent
is suitable for post-combustion CO2capture [108]
Wang et al [114] reported that porous carbons with well-developed pore structureswere directly prepared fromaweakacid cation exchange resin (CER) by the carbonization of amixture with Mg acetate in different ratios [108] The mainparameters of this adsorbent (such as CO
2capacity) are
indicated in Table 4Shafeeyan et al [165] prepared different adsorbents based
on the central composite design (CCD) with three indepen-dent variables (ie amination temperature amination timeand the use of preheat treated (HTA) or preoxidized (OXA)sorbent as the starting material) They demonstrated that theoptimum condition for obtaining an efficient CO
2adsorbent
is using a preoxidized sorbent and amination at 698K for 21 h[165]
Table 4 compares CO2adsorption capacities and stabil-
ity of different absorbents which were studied for post-combustion CO
2capture
224 Different Cycles for CO2Adsorption Five different
regeneration strategies were demonstrated in a single-bedCO2adsorption unit pressure swing adsorption (PSA) tem-
perature swing adsorption (TSA) vacuum swing adsorption(VSA) electric swing adsorption (ESA) and a combinationof vacuum and temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) Thedifference between these technologies is based on the strat-egy for regeneration of adsorbent after the adsorption step(Figure 7) In PSA applications the pressure of the bed isreduced VSA is preferred to the special PSA applicationwhere the desorption pressure is below atmospheric whereasinTSA the temperature is raisedwhile pressure ismaintainedapproximately constant and in ESA the solid is heated by theJoule effect [166ndash169]
For the single-bed cycle configurations the productivityand CO
2recovery followed the sequence
ESA lt TSA lt PSA lt VSA lt VTSA (1)
The performances of PSA TSA VSA VTSA and ESAprocesses for CO
2separation are reported in Table 5 Since
application of adsorption process for CO2capture in indus-
trial scale is very important in recent years some researcheshave been focused on this area for example Lucas et al [170]studied the scale-up CO
2adsorption with activated carbon
23 Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic method utilized lowtemperatures for condensation separation and purification
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
[11] A Hussain and M-B Hagg ldquoA feasibility study of CO2capture
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[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
2emissionsrdquo in Proceedings
of the Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies-6th InternationalConference p 995 Pergamon Turkey 2003
[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
10 The Scientific World Journal
[143 144] Deng et al [145] showed that the adsorptioncapacities follows the order SO
2gt CO
2gt NO gt N
2on both
zeolites (5A and 13X) Comparing two different adsorbentsthe better separation efficiency can be achieved by 5A zeolite[145]
Zhang et al [130] focused on the effect of water vapour onthe pressurevacuum swing adsorption process The selectedadsorbents in this study were CDX (an aluminazeoliteblend) alumina and 13X zeolite as these adsorbents are eitherthe prelayer for water adsorption or themain CO
2adsorption
layer in the packed bed [130]Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are crys-
talline with two- or three-dimensional porous structures thatcan be synthesised withmany of the functional capabilities ofzeolites Several MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents forCO2separation processes and among these Cu-BTC [poly-
meric copper (II) benzene-135-tricarboxylate] has provedto be dedicated with CO
2adsorption performances that are
higher than those of typical adsorbents such as 13X zeolite[105 107 146 147]
TheMCM-41 material is one of the mesoporous productswhich was prepared by the hydrothermalmethod frommobilcomposition of matter (MCM) powders Lu et al [148]showed that mesoporous silica spherical particles (MSPs)can be synthesized using low-cost Na
2SiO3thus they can be
cost-effective adsorbents for CO2separation from flue gas
[149 150]Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have general formula[MII1minus119909
MIII119909(OH)2][X119892minus119909C sdot 119899H2O] with 119909 typically in the range
between 010 and 033 These materials can be readily andinexpensively synthesized with the desired characteristics fora particular application such as CO
2adsorption [108 151]
223 Adsorbent Modification The role of CO2as a weak
Lewis acid is well established Because of the nature ofCO2 the surface of the physical adsorbents can be modified
by adding basic groups such as amine groups and metaloxides to improve CO
2adsorption capacity or selectivity
[152ndash154] Three different methods for the production ofthese adsorbents were investigated activation with CO
2 heat
treatmentwith ammonia gas (amination and ammoxidation)and heat treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI) Howeverit has been suggested that amine modification can producebetter and cheaper CO
2adsorbents [24 104 155 156]
Xu et al [157 158] designed selective ldquomolecular basketrdquoby grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) uniformly on MCM-41CO2adsorption capacity of the adsorbentwas 24 times higher
thanMCM-41 and 2 times higher than PEI [93]The additionof ammoniumhydroxide resulted in the Zr-MOFwith a slightlower adsorption of CO
2and CH
4 however the selectivity
of CO2CH4is significantly enhanced [159 160] Results of
Abid et al [107] showed that the selectivity of CO2CH4
on Zr-MOF is between 22 and 38 while for Zr-MOF-NH4
selectivity is between 26 and 43A nitrogen-rich carbon with a hierarchical micro-mes-
opore structure exhibited a high CO2adsorption capacity
(141mgg at 298K 1 atm) excellent separation efficiency(CO2N2selectivity is ca 32) and excellent stability [161]
Plaza et al [162] results showed that CO2adsorption capacity
of the DETA-impregnated alumina (ge23mmoLg) exhibitedis the highest
Amine modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) havebeen prepared by several different methods Park et al [163]used dodecyl sulfate (DS) intercalated LDH as precursor andadded (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) together withN-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) [164]The highest adsorption capacity of amine modified LDHs forCO2was achieved at 175mmoLg by MgAl N3 at 353K and
1 bar According to data in Table 4 this adsorbent has highCO2capacity at high temperature therefore this adsorbent
is suitable for post-combustion CO2capture [108]
Wang et al [114] reported that porous carbons with well-developed pore structureswere directly prepared fromaweakacid cation exchange resin (CER) by the carbonization of amixture with Mg acetate in different ratios [108] The mainparameters of this adsorbent (such as CO
2capacity) are
indicated in Table 4Shafeeyan et al [165] prepared different adsorbents based
on the central composite design (CCD) with three indepen-dent variables (ie amination temperature amination timeand the use of preheat treated (HTA) or preoxidized (OXA)sorbent as the starting material) They demonstrated that theoptimum condition for obtaining an efficient CO
2adsorbent
is using a preoxidized sorbent and amination at 698K for 21 h[165]
Table 4 compares CO2adsorption capacities and stabil-
ity of different absorbents which were studied for post-combustion CO
2capture
224 Different Cycles for CO2Adsorption Five different
regeneration strategies were demonstrated in a single-bedCO2adsorption unit pressure swing adsorption (PSA) tem-
perature swing adsorption (TSA) vacuum swing adsorption(VSA) electric swing adsorption (ESA) and a combinationof vacuum and temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) Thedifference between these technologies is based on the strat-egy for regeneration of adsorbent after the adsorption step(Figure 7) In PSA applications the pressure of the bed isreduced VSA is preferred to the special PSA applicationwhere the desorption pressure is below atmospheric whereasinTSA the temperature is raisedwhile pressure ismaintainedapproximately constant and in ESA the solid is heated by theJoule effect [166ndash169]
For the single-bed cycle configurations the productivityand CO
2recovery followed the sequence
ESA lt TSA lt PSA lt VSA lt VTSA (1)
The performances of PSA TSA VSA VTSA and ESAprocesses for CO
2separation are reported in Table 5 Since
application of adsorption process for CO2capture in indus-
trial scale is very important in recent years some researcheshave been focused on this area for example Lucas et al [170]studied the scale-up CO
2adsorption with activated carbon
23 Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic method utilized lowtemperatures for condensation separation and purification
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
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[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
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[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
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[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
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2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
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bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
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[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
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2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
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Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
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[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
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of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
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2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
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2
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[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
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[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
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2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
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Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
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capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
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2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
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2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
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2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
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2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
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Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
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2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
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[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
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[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 11
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Steam
Cond
ensa
te
(a)
Adso
rben
t be
d
Adso
rben
t be
d
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
(b)
Vacuum pump
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
(c)
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Ads
orbe
nt
bed
Flue gas
Adsorbed gas
++
minusminus
(d)
Figure 7 Schematic diagrams of various adsorption cycles (a) TSA (b) PSA (c) VSA and (d) ESA thin lines indicated operation streamsin regenerated step
Table 5 Comparison between several adsorption cycles forCO2 separation process [166]
Process CO2 feed molar fraction() (other gases present)
CO2purity ()
CO2recovery ()
PSA 13 (O2) 995 69TSA 10 95 81TSA 17 na 40ESA 10 2333 9257VSA 15 90 90VSA 17 na 873-bed VSA 12 90ndash95 60ndash70PSAVSA 20 58ndash63 70ndash75PSAVSA 15 (H2O) 59 87VPSA 17 995ndash998 34ndash69VPSA 16 (O2) 99 53ndash70PTSA 10 99 902-bed-2-stepPSA na 18 90
VTSA 17 na 97
of CO2from flue gases (freezing point of pure CO
2is 1955 K
at atmospheric pressure) Therefore under the cryogenicseparation process the components can be separated by
a series of compression cooling and expansion steps Itenables direct production of liquid CO
2that can be stored
or sequestered at high pressure via liquid pumping [171ndash173]The advantages of this technology can be summarized as
follows [6 8 174]
(1) Liquid CO2is directly produced thus making it
relatively easy to store or send for enhanced oilrecovery
(2) This technology is relatively straightforward involv-ing no solvents or other components
(3) The cryogenic separation can be easy scaled-up toindustrial-scale utilization
The major disadvantages of this process are the largeamount of energy required to provide the refrigerationand the CO
2solidification under a low temperature which
causes several operational problems [176ndash178] Thereforemore studies are required for reducing the cost of cryogenicseparation
Clodic et al [179] indicated that the energy requirementfor cryogenic process was in the range of 541ndash1119 kJkg CO
2
Zanganeh et al [6] have constructed a pilot-scaleCO2capture
and compression unit (CO2CCU) that can separate CO
2as
liquid phase from the flue gas of oxy-fuel combustion Theirresults showed that cryogenic is the most cost effective when
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
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2abatement in oil refineries
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[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
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[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
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2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
12 The Scientific World Journal
S1
C1
H1 S3 H2 Sep1 S4 C2 S7 H3 S8 H4
Sep2
S12 (purge gas) H5
S13 (purge gas) T S14 (purge gas)
C1 (intercooled
S2
P2
External cold energy
External cold energy
P1
Mixture
Step 1 Step 2
S6 (liquid CO2)
S5 (liquid CO2) S9 (liquid CO2)
S10 (liquid CO2)
S15 (liquid CO2)
S11 (liquid CO2)
Figure 8 Novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction and separation system [175]
the feed gas is available at high pressureTherefore cryogenicis not suitable for post-combustion and it is well effective forseparation stream with high CO
2concentration such as oxy-
fuel combustion Amann et al [180] reported that conversionof O2CO2cycle was more efficient than amine scrubbing
but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine
Xu et al [175] studied a novel CO2cryogenic liquefaction
and separation system (Figure 8) In this system two-stagecompression two-stage refrigeration two-stage separationand sufficient recovery of cryogenic energywere adoptedTheenergy consumption for CO
2recovery is only 0395MJkg
CO2 Furthermore this CO
2cryogenic separation system is
more suitable for gas mixtures with high initial pressure andhigh CO
2concentration [175]
Song et al [181] developed a novel cryogenic CO2capture
system based on Stirling coolers (SC) The operation ofStirling cooler contains four processes isothermal expansionrefrigeration under a constant volume isothermal compres-sion and heating under a constant volume condition Thisnovel cryogenic system can condense and separate H
2O
and CO2from flue gas Their results showed that under
the optimal temperature and flow rate CO2recovery of the
cryogenic process can reach 96 with 15MJkg CO2energy
consumptionTuinier et al [182] exploited a novel cryogenic CO
2
capture process using dynamically operated packed beds(Figure 9) By the developed process above 99ofCO
2could
be recovered from a flue gas containing 10 vol CO2and
1 vol H2O with 18MJkg CO
2energy consumption [181]
Chiesa et al [183] proposed an advanced cycle that amolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was used to separatethe CO
2from the gas turbine exhaust of a natural gas fired
combined cycle power plant In this cycle gas turbine fluegases actually are used as cathode feeding for MCFC WhileCO2is moved from the cathode to anode side concentrate
CO2in the anode exhaust Then the CO
2is concentrated
on the anode side of MCFC allowing to easily treat this
spent fuel stream in a cryogenic process to split combustiblespecies (routed back to gas turbine combustor) from the CO
2
addressed to storage (Figure 10) [183]
24 Membrane Separation Themembrane separation meth-od is a continuous steady-state clean and simple processand ideal as an energy-saving method for CO
2recovery Gas
separation using membranes is a pressure-driven processDue to the low pressure of flue gases driving force is too lowfor membrane processes in post-combustion (low pressureand low CO
2concentration) Membrane processes offer
increased separation performances when CO2concentration
in the feed mixture increases [184ndash186]Membrane separation processes have several advantages
over other CO2separation technologiesThe required process
equipment is very simple compact relatively easy to operateand control clear process and easy to scale up [187 188]
The energy required for the recovery of CO2by mem-
brane processes depends on the target purity flue gascomposition and membrane selectivity for CO
2 Howevre
membrane processes require too much energy for post-combustion CO
2capture therefore low partial pressure of
CO2in the flue gas is a possible disadvantage for the appli-
cation of membranes Another disadvantage of membraneprocess is that the membrane selectivity for the separation ofCO2from SO
119909andNO
119909is very lowMembrane process is not
useful for high flow rate applications [189ndash191]Therefore the useful membrane for post-combustion
CO2capture should have some specification such as [192 193]
(i) high CO2permeability
(ii) high selectivity for CO2separatation from flue gases
(iii) high thermal and chemical stability(iv) resistant to plasticisation(v) resistant to aging(vi) cost effective(vii) low production cost for differentmembranemodules
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
[11] A Hussain and M-B Hagg ldquoA feasibility study of CO2capture
from flue gas by a facilitated transport membranerdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp 140ndash148 2010
[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
2emissionsrdquo in Proceedings
of the Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies-6th InternationalConference p 995 Pergamon Turkey 2003
[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 13
Flue gas in
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2
TC in
T0
TH2O
TCO2
t1
t2
(a)
Axial position Te
mpe
ratu
re
CO2 in CO2 out
TC in
TR inTlowast
CO2
TH2O
TCO2
t0
t2
(b)
Axial position
Tem
pera
ture
N2 in N2 out
TC in
TR in
T0
Tlowast
CO2
TH2O
t0
t1
t2
(c)
Figure 9 Schematic axial temperature and correspondingmass deposition profiles for the cryogenic (a) capture (b) recovery and (c) coolingcycles [182]
Condensate
Cryogenic
separation
storageMake-up
water
Air
Cathode
Anode
ACDC
Natural gas
Sulfurremoval
CO2 to
CO2
Figure 10 Plant layout showing the integration of the MCFC in a combined cycle with cryogenic CO2separation after oxygen combustion
of the cell an anode exhaust [183]
Many efforts have been made to find new material withsuitable properties (Table 6)
Various groups of materials have been already proposedand experimentally investigated for post-combustion CO
2
capture with membrane process By modifying membranetheir properties can be improved For example when aminefunctional groups are randomly dispersed in the silicamatrix
thismembrane can separate CO2with high selectivity On the
other hand membrane structure can be modified by addingarginine salts [194ndash196]
241 Inorganic Membranes Based on structure inorganicmembranes can be classified into two categories porous and
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
[1] S Q Solomon S Q DMManning et al ldquoBook reviewsrdquo SouthAfrican Geographical Journal vol 91 pp 103ndash104 2009
[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
[11] A Hussain and M-B Hagg ldquoA feasibility study of CO2capture
from flue gas by a facilitated transport membranerdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp 140ndash148 2010
[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
2emissionsrdquo in Proceedings
of the Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies-6th InternationalConference p 995 Pergamon Turkey 2003
[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
14 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas permeability data for different membranes
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Ion-exchanged zeolites membraneY (FAU) with 120572-A12O3 support na 308 na na 139 [197]ZSM-5 (MFI) with120572-A12O3 support
na na na na 3 [197]
ZSM-5polymeric silica na 373 1140 na [198]Stainless steel support infiltratedwith a eutectic molten carbonatemixture (LiNaK)
na 923 7780 na 16 [199]
Y-type na 303ndash403 35900ndash89800 na 5 [200]NaY na 313 359000 na 5 [200]Li(20)Y na 308 210000 na 3 [200]K(30)Y na 308 269000 na 9 [200]K(62)Y na 313 150000 na 6 [200]Rb(38)Y na 313 150000 na 3 [200]Cs(32)Y na 313 59900 na 2 [200]20 K2CO3 80 Li2CO3 na 798 2990 na 4 [199]MCM-48 na na 10200 na 08 [189]PEI-modified MCM-48 na 363 14100 na 80 [201]Chitosan 175 295 100 na 100 [192]Swollen chitosan 15 383 482 na 250 [192]Arginine salt-chitosan 15 383 1500 na 852 [194]
PolyacetylenePolytrimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 19000 1800 106 [193]Poly-33-dimethyl-but-1-yne na 298 560 43 130 [193]Poly-1-(dimethyl-trimethylsilanylmethyl-silanyl)-propyne
na 298 310 21 148 [193]
Poly-1-[dimethyl-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethyl)-silanyl]-propyne
na 298 150 14 107 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(2-prop-1-ynyl-phenyl)-silane na 298 290 24 121 [193]
Poly-1-prop-1-ynyl-2-trifluoromethyl-benzene na 298 130 73 178 [193]
Poly-dec-2-yne na 298 130 14 93 [193]Poly-1-chloro-dec-1-yne na 298 170 16 106 [193]Poly-1-chloro-oct-1-yne na 298 130 11 118 [193]Poly-1-chloro-hex-1-yne na 298 180 10 18 [193]Polyhexyl-dimethyl-prop-1-ynyl-silane na 298 71 43 165 [193]
Polytrimethyl-(1-pentyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 120 87 138 [193]
Polyhexyl-dimethyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 70 63 111 [193]
Polyprop-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 25 22 114 [193]Polybut-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 40 45 89 [193]Polyoct-1-ynyl-benzene na 298 48 55 87 [193]Polychloroethynyl-benzene na 298 23 10 230 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
[1] S Q Solomon S Q DMManning et al ldquoBook reviewsrdquo SouthAfrican Geographical Journal vol 91 pp 103ndash104 2009
[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
[11] A Hussain and M-B Hagg ldquoA feasibility study of CO2capture
from flue gas by a facilitated transport membranerdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp 140ndash148 2010
[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
2emissionsrdquo in Proceedings
of the Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies-6th InternationalConference p 995 Pergamon Turkey 2003
[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 15
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
Poly-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-benzene na 298 15 30 50 [193]Polydimethyl-phenyl-(1-propyl-prop-2-ynyl)-silane na 298 54 25 216 [193]
Polyarylene ether6FPT-6FBPA 10 308 2529 218 116 [193]6FPT-BPA 10 35 10 308 1853 137 135 [193]6FPPy-6FBPA 10 308 2946 239 1232 [193]6FPPy-BPA 10 308 2144 170 126 [193]
Fixed site carrier membrane (FSCM)Polarix 20 303 107 na 50 [202]PAAM-PVAPS 10 298 24 times 105 na 80 [203]PVAmPVA blend 145 298 212 times 106 na 145 [204]PEIPVA na 298 104 na 230 [184]PDMAPS 2 296 3 times 105 na 53 [143]
PolyaminePA12 10 308 120 na 51 [152]PA6 10 308 66 na 56 [152]Polyethyleneiminepolyvinylbutyral 0132 318 380 na 32 [193]
Poly[(2-NN-dimethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate] 0237 298 370 na 111 [193]
Poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium fluoride) 0224 296 113 na 983 [193]
Polyethyleneiminepoly(vinylalcohol) 0355 298 650 na 235 [193]
PEIPDMSPEBA1657PDMS 5 298 157 times 106 na 64 [205]Polyarylate
BPAIA 10 308 54 024 225 [193]BPAtBIA 10 308 242 120 202 [193]HFBPAIA 10 308 191 111 172 [193]HFBPAtBIA 10 308 569 388 147 [193]PhThIA 10 308 674 028 241 [193]PhThtBIA 10 308 238 109 218 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 124 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]TBBPAIA 10 308 493 018 274 [193]TBBPAtBIA 10 308 215 090 239 [193]TBHFBPAIA 10 308 256 107 239 [193]TBHFBPAtBIA 10 308 851 447 190 [193]TBPhThIA 10 308 834 029 288 [193]TBPhThtBIA 10 308 306 128 239 [193]TBFBPIA 10 308 204 070 291 [193]TBFBPtBIA 10 308 695 294 236 [193]DMBPAIA 10 308 124 0063 197 [193]DMBPATbia 10 308 80 039 205 [193]TMBPAIA 10 308 120 058 207 [193]TMBPAtBIA 10 308 446 252 177 [193]DiisoBPAIA 10 308 516 027 191 [193]
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
[1] S Q Solomon S Q DMManning et al ldquoBook reviewsrdquo SouthAfrican Geographical Journal vol 91 pp 103ndash104 2009
[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
[11] A Hussain and M-B Hagg ldquoA feasibility study of CO2capture
from flue gas by a facilitated transport membranerdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp 140ndash148 2010
[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
2emissionsrdquo in Proceedings
of the Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies-6th InternationalConference p 995 Pergamon Turkey 2003
[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
16 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DiisoBPAtBIA 10 308 161 108 149 [193]DBDMBPAIA 10 308 545 022 248 [193]PhAnthIA 10 308 90 036 25 [193]PhAnthtBIA 10 308 259 135 192 [193]FBPIA 10 308 124 057 218 [193]FBPtBIA 10 308 368 193 191 [193]
PolycarbonatesPC 1ndash10 308 60ndash68 0289ndash032 21 [193]TMPC 1ndash10 308 1758ndash186 10 186 [193]TCPC 1 308 666 036 185 [193]TBPC 1 308 423 0182 232 [193]HFPC 10 308 24 16 150 [193]TMHFPC 10 308 111 74 150 [193]NBPC 10 308 91 047 194 [193]PCZ 10 308 22 0105 210 [193]PC-AP 2 308 948 0361 263 [193]FBPC 2 308 151 0592 255 [193]
Polyethylene oxidePEO 78 298 81 007 140 [193]PEO 44ndash146 308ndash318 13ndash52 024ndash1 55 [193]PEO-PBT na 308 120 2 60 [193]EOEMAGE (80202) na 308 773 168 46 [193]EOEMAGE (772323) na 308 680 155 44 [193]EOEMAGE (96425) na 308 580 121 48 [193]
PolyimidesAmine modified polyimide 0368 308 186 na 38 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 68 308 118 066 178 [193]PMDA-3BAPHF 68 308 612 029 211 [193]PMDA-441015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 114ndash27 0049ndash01 233 [193]
PMDA-331015840-ODA 68ndash10 308 050ndash355 0018ndash0145 245ndash278 [193]
PMDA-MDA 10 308 403 020 202 [193]PMDA-IPDA 10 308 297 150 198 [193]PMDA-BAPHF 10 308 176 0943 187 [193]PMDA-BATPHF 10 308 246 150 164 [193]BPDA-BAHF 1ndash10 298ndash308 23ndash277 06ndash139 199ndash377 [193]BPDA-mTrMPD 10 308 137 842 163 [193]BTDA-44-ODA 10 308 0625 00236 265 [193]BTDA-BAPHF 10 308 437 0195 224 [193]BTDA-BAHF 10 308 101 045 224 [193]BTDA-mTrMPD 10 308 309 155 199 [193]BTDA-BAFL 1 298 15 039 385 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]oMeCat-durene 1 303 27 083 33 [193]mMeCat-durene 1 303 20 059 34 [193]DMeCat-durene 1 303 63 205 31 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
[11] A Hussain and M-B Hagg ldquoA feasibility study of CO2capture
from flue gas by a facilitated transport membranerdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp 140ndash148 2010
[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
2emissionsrdquo in Proceedings
of the Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies-6th InternationalConference p 995 Pergamon Turkey 2003
[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 17
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
mtBuCat-durene 1 303 71 255 28 [193]oMeptBuCat-durene 1 303 67 25 27 [193]TMeCat-durene 1 303 200 81 25 [193]mMetCat-MDA 1 303 22 065 34 [193]mtBuCat-MDA 1 303 63 22 29 [193]TMeCat-MDA 1 303 110 38 30 [193]TMeCat-TMB 1 303 39 12 33 [193]DBuCat-TMB 1 303 95 49 19 [193]mtBuCat-DMOB 1 303 67 021 32 [193]TMeCat-6FiPDA 1 303 54 19 28 [193]6F 3 na 114 58 196 [193]TMMPD 3 na 600 351 171 [193]IMDDM 3 na 196 108 181 [193]ODA 3 na 25 097 258 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]
6FDA-based polyimides6FDA-pPDA 10 308 153 080 1912 [193]6FDA-pDiMPDA 10 303 427 267 160 [193]6FDA-durene 10 308 440 3560 124 [193]6FDA-durene 10 303 456 3550 1285 [193]6FDA-mPDA 68ndash10 308 823ndash920 036ndash0447 206ndash227 [193]6FDA-mMPDA 68ndash10 303 401ndash425 212ndash224 179ndash201 [193]6FDA-mTrMPDA 10 308 431 316 136 [193]6FDA-DATr 68 303 2863 131 219 [193]6FDA-DBTF 68 308 2164 117 185 [193]6FDA-PHDoeP 68 303 859 450 191 [193]6FDA-PEPE 68 308 688 0255 270 [193]6FDA-PBEPE 68 303 250 0099 253 [193]6FDA-PMeaP 68 308 241 0086 280 [193]6FDA-341015840ODA 10 303 611 0259 236 [193]6FDA-APAP 10 308 107 0473 226 [193]6FDA-pp1015840ODA 10 303 167 0733 228 [193]6FDA-BAPHF 10 308 191 0981 195 [193]6FDA-BATPHF 10 303 228 130 175 [193]6FDA-BAHF 10 308 512 311 165 [193]6FDA-15-NDA 10 308 23 11 21 [193]6FDA-durene 24 h amidation 10 na 116 133 875 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 10 na 846 518 164 [193]6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 4 hamidation 10 na 549 338 162 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050) 6 hamidation 10 na 491 327 150 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)12 h amidation 10 na 460 294 156 [193]
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
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[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
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2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
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[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
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2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
18 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)24 h amidation 10 na 360 206 175 [193]
6FDA-durenemPDA (5050)48 h amidation 10 na 245 138 178 [193]
6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 4650 199 234 [193]6FDA-ODA 10 308 23 083 277 [193]6FDA-44-ODA 68 303 220 094 234 [193]6FDA-MDA 10 308 19 081 235 [193]6FDA-4BDAF 68 303 19 098 194 [193]6FDA-331015840-ODA 68 308 21 010 21 [193]6FDA-3BDAF 68 303 63 024 263 [193]6FDA-IPDA 10 308ndash328 243ndash274 087ndash139 197ndash279 [193]6FDA-DAF 10 308ndash328 195ndash213 081ndash115 185ndash241 [193]PI-1 1 303 32 14 229 [193]PI-3 1 303 360 165 218 [193]PI-4 1 303 62 24 258 [193]PI-5 1 303 190 73 260 [193]6FDA-BAFL 1 298 98 33 297 [193]
Poly(phenylene oxide)PPO (hollow fiber) 4 308 106 21 [205]PPS 15 308 160 0046 348 [193]PDMPO 15 308 655 35 187 [193]PDPPO 15 308 399 15 266 [193]PDMPO 6891 295 900 37 243 [193]PDMPO (200 brominated) 6891 295 936 38 246 [193]PDMPO (374 brominated) 6891 295 971 37 262 [193]PDMPO (600 brominated) 6891 295 1599 80 200 [193]
Polypyrrole6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 26 208 [193]6FDA-TADPO 10 308 276 12 230 [193]BBL 10 308 012 0003 463 [193]
PolysulfonesPSF 10 308 56 025 224 [193]TMPSF 10 308 21 106 198 [193]HFPSF 10 308 12 067 179 [193]TMHFPSF 10 308 72 40 18 [193]PSF-F 10 308 45 020 225 [193]PSF-O 10 308 43 020 215 [193]PSF-P 10 308 68 032 213 [193]TMPSF-F 10 308 55 061 90 [193]TMPSF-P 10 308 132 057 232 [193]BIPSF 10 308 56 024 233 [193]TMBIPSF 10 308 318 121 263 [193]15-NPSF 10 308 16 0057 281 [193]26-NPSF 10 308 15 0051 294 [193]27-NPSF 10 308 18 0074 243 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
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[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
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[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
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2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
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bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
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[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
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[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
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2
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[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
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2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
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Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
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capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
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testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
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[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
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2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
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Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
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2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 19
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DMPSF 10 308 21 0091 231 [193]HMBIPSF 10 308 255 12 233 [193]DMPSF-Z 10 308 14 0057 246 [193]PSF-AP 2 308 812 0278 292 [193]FBPSF 2 308 138 0484 285 [193]PSF-M 1 308 28 011 255 [193]TMPSF-M 10 308 70 028 250 [193]PSF-BPFL 1 308 10 025 40 [193]341015840-PSF 1 308 15 0066 227 [193]13-ADM PSF 35 308 72 033 218 [193]22-ADM PSF 35 308 95 046 206 [193]PSF (6 Br 92 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 365 21 174 [193]PSF (3 Br 47 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 185 124 149 [193]PSF (21 Br 77 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 282 17 166 [193]PSF (5 Br 45 CequivCSiMe3) 1 308 164 09 182 [193]PSF 1 308 56 025 224 [193]PSF-s-HBTMS 1 308 21 096 222 [193]PSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 70 329 213 [193]PSF-CH2-TMS 1 308 18 095 189 [193]EM3 1 308 29 13 22 [193]EM2 1 308 62 024 26 [193]EM1 1 308 48 016 30 [193]SM3 (degree of substitution =20) 1 308 18 077 23 [193]
SM3 (degree of substitution = 10) 1 308 10 038 26 [193]SM1 1 308 51 017 30 [193]PPSF 1 308 32 010 32 [193]RM3 1 308 27 19 14 [193]RM2 1 308 67 060 11 [193]RM1 1 308 69 061 11 [193]HFPSF 1 308 120 067 179 [193]HFPSF-o-HBTMS 1 308 105 563 186 [193]HFPSF-s-TMS 1 308 41 20 20 [193]HFPSF-o-TMS 1 308 84 47 18 [193]HFPSF-TMS 1 308 110 63 18 [193]TM6FPSF 1 308 72 40 18 [193]TM6FPSF-s-TMS 1 308 96 52 19 [193]TMPSF-TMS 1 308 32 151 213 [193]TMPSF-s-TMS 1 308 663 307 216 [193]TMPSF-HBTMS 1 308 72 336 214 [193]
Other membranesHQDPA-PDA 7 303 0598 0016 374 [193]HQDPA-PDA 7 373 170 0111 153 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 303 0683 0015 455 [193]HQDPA-DBA 7 373 210 0125 168 [193]HQDPA-MDBA 7 303 118 0034 347 [193]
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
[1] S Q Solomon S Q DMManning et al ldquoBook reviewsrdquo SouthAfrican Geographical Journal vol 91 pp 103ndash104 2009
[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
[11] A Hussain and M-B Hagg ldquoA feasibility study of CO2capture
from flue gas by a facilitated transport membranerdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp 140ndash148 2010
[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
2emissionsrdquo in Proceedings
of the Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies-6th InternationalConference p 995 Pergamon Turkey 2003
[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
20 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
HQDPA-MDBA 7 373 237 0160 148 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 303 226 0077 294 [193]HQDPA-EDBA 7 373 418 0292 143 [193]12H 5 308 46 021 219 [193]6H6F 5 308 86 044 195 [193]6F6H 5 308 89 042 212 [193]12F 5 308 129 076 170 [193]PBK 10 308 33 013 254 [193]PBK-S 10 308 327 011 297 [193]PBSF 10 308 108 047 230 [193]PESPI 4 308 115 times 105 na 30 [193]PPES na 273 092 0027 34 [193]PPESK na 273 075 0042 18 [193]20 percent DEA immobilized in254 120583mmicroporouspolypropylene supports
016ndash167 298 974ndash4825 na 56ndash276 [200]
Copolymers and polymer blendPEBA 2533 (hollow fiber) 68 273 260 na 32 [206]PEBAPSF composite 34 273 61 times 105 na 30 [206]COPNA na 373 2990 na 14 [200]Pebax na 303 73 na 156 [207]PebaxPEG10 na 303 75 na 158 [207]PebaxPEG20 na 303 80 na 159 [207]PebaxPEG30 na 303 105 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG40 na 303 132 na 151 [207]PebaxPEG50 na 303 151 na 155 [207]PebaxPEG-DME10 na 303 123 na 44 [208]PebaxPEG-DME20 na 303 206 na 45 [208]PebaxPEG-DME30 na 303 300 na 46 [208]PebaxPEG-DME40 na 303 440 na 42 [208]PebaxPEG-DME50 na 303 606 na 43 [208]6FDA-TAB 10 308 540 28 193 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (50 50) 10 308 158 070 226 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (25 75) 10 308 313 0098 319 [193]6FDAPMDA-TAB (1090) 10 308 111 0036 308 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (7525) 3 308 737 31 238 [193]6FDA-TABDAM (5050) 3 308 155 66 235 [193]6FDA-DAM 3 308 370 295 125 [193]6FDATMPDA na 308 400 235 1702 [193]6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(CH2Cl2 cast)
10 308 187 117 160 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(NMP cast) 10 308 144 876 164 [193]
6FDAPMDA (1 6)-TMMDA(DMF cast) 10 308 886 516 172 [193]
MDI-BPAPEG (75) 2 308 31 070 44 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (80) 2 308 48 10 47 [193]MDI-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 59 120 49 [193]LTDI (20)-BPAPEG (90) 2 308 47 092 51 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
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2abatement in oil refineries
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[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
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[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
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[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
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2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
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Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
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[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
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2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
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[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 21
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
LTDI (40)-BPAPEG (85) 2 308 35 072 48 [193]IPA-ODAPEO3 (80) 2 308 58 11 53 [193]BPDA-pp1015840ODA na 303 18000 na 31 [155]BPDA-ODADAT (oxidized) na 308 599 na 40 [155]BPDA-ODADABAPEO1 (75) 2 308 27 0048 56 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO1 (80) 2 308 38 0066 58 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (70) 2 308 14 025 57 [193]BPDA-ODADABAPEO2 (80) 2 308 36 064 56 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO3 (75) 2 308 75 14 52 [193]BPDA-mDDSPEO3 (75) 2 308 72 14 53 [193]BPDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 81 15 54 [193]BPDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 117 23 51 [193]PMDA-ODADABAPEO1 (80) 2 308 14 027 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO2 (75) 2 308 40 074 54 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO3 (80) 2 308 99 20 50 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO3 (80) 2 308 159 31 51 [193]PMDA-APPSPEO4 (70) 2 308 136 26 53 [193]PMDA-mPDPEO4 (80) 2 308 151 29 52 [193]PMDA-ODAPEO4 (80) 2 308 167 32 52 [152]PMDA-pDDSPEO4 (80) 2 308 238 49 49 [152]PMDABTDA-BAFL (50 50) 1 298 43 13 33 [193]PMDABTDAndashBAFL (90 10) 1 298 130 38 34 [193]BPDA-BAFLHMDA (50 50) 1 298 054 0014 39 [193]PPES na 298 092 0027 34 [193]PPESPPEK (3 1) na 298 294 0074 40 [193]PPESPPEK (1 1) na 298 412 0089 46 [193]PPESPPEK (1 3) na 298 206 0026 39 [193]PPESPPEK (1 4) na 298 177 0052 34 [193]PPEK 18 na 298 075 0042 18 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 303 0957 0023 412 [193]HQDPA-DPAMDPA 7 373 234 0147 159 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 303 1334 0036 376 [193]HQDPA-DPAEDPA 7 373 325 0207 157 [193]PI 10 308 200 0063 317 [193]PI10PS 10 308 233 0085 274 [193]PI15PS 10 308 232 009 258 [193]PI20PS 10 308 290 091 319 [193]PI25PS 10 308 429 091 471 [193]PI10PSVP 10 308 358 013 284 [193]PI15PSVP 10 308 371 014 265 [193]PI20PSVP 10 308 565 015 384 [193]PI25PSVP 10 308 655 155 431 [193]NTDA-BDSA(30)CARDOODA 3 303 70 17 41 [193]
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
[11] A Hussain and M-B Hagg ldquoA feasibility study of CO2capture
from flue gas by a facilitated transport membranerdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp 140ndash148 2010
[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
2emissionsrdquo in Proceedings
of the Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies-6th InternationalConference p 995 Pergamon Turkey 2003
[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
22 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
NTDA-BDSA (30)CARDO] 3 303 164 45 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)BAPHF 3 303 23 064 36 [193]NTDA-BDSA (30)ODA 3 303 52 01 52 [193]6FDA-FDAHFBAPP (11) 11 kgcm2 303 465 199 234 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (8020) 10 308 230 1688 1362 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (5050) 10 308 126 774 1628 [193]6FDA-durenepPDA (2080) 10 308 5926 281 2109 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (7525) 10 308 847 591 143 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (5050) 10 308 198 109 182 [193]6FDA-durene331015840-DDS (2575) 10 308 512 026 197 [193]6FDA-331015840-DDS 10 308 184 008 227 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 4 308 340 201 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDAndashDABA-125annealed 4 308 708 450 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) 4 308 309 170 182 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 TMOS) annealed 4 308 476 316 151 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) 4 308 440 253 174 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 110 707 156 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) 4 35 4 308 323 180 179 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 918 559 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) 4 308 307 188 163 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-125(225 PTMOS) annealed 4 308 909 587 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 4 308 203 120 169 [193]6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25annealed 4 308 773 485 159 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) 4 308 157 106 148 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225TMOS) annealed 4 308 798 487 164 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150MTMOS) annealed 4 308 811 507 160 [193]
6FDAndash6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) 4 308 166 107 155 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225MTMOS) annealed 4 308 601 3837 157 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) 4 308 184 094 196 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (150PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
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2
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capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
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2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
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CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
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azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
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aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
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2capture by adsorption materials and process
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templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
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capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
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2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
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temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
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on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
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[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
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2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
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[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
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[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
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2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
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[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
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[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
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2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 23
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) 4 308 191 098 195 [193]
6FDA-6FpDA-DABA-25 (225PTMOS) annealed 4 308 104 625 166 [193]
Poly(5 5 BPABN) 5 308 571 019 301 [193]Poly(7 3 BPABN) 5 308 462 016 289 [193]
Cross-linking polymersPoly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)11
300 298 150 23 652 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)2
300 298 149 10 149 [193]
Poly(ethyleneoxide-co-epichlorohydrin) (1 1)5
300 298 161 05 322 [193]
DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 298 45 066 68 [193]DM14MM9 (1000) 0967 323 107 28 38 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 298 62 090 69 [193]DM14MM9 (9010) 0967 323 133 34 39 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 298 96 15 66 [193]DM14MM9 (7030) 0967 323 195 54 36 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 298 144 225 64 [193]DM14MM9 (5050) 0967 323 260 72 36 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 298 210 33 63 [193]DM14MM9 (3070) 0967 323 350 106 33 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 298 93 15 63 [193]DB30MM9 (1000) 0967 323 200 57 35 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 298 105 16 64 [193]DB30MM9 (9010) 0967 323 210 58 36 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 298 141 21 67 [193]DB30MM9 (7030) 0967 323 270 77 35 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 298 179 29 62 [193]DB30MM9 (5050) 0967 323 330 97 34 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 298 250 42 60 [193]DB30MM9 (3070) 0967 323 410 124 33 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 298 183 03 68 [193]DM9MM9 (9010) 0967 323 51 13 38 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 298 145 22 66 [193]DM23MM9 (9010) 0967 323 290 76 38 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 298 67 011 61 [193]DB10MM9 (9010) 0967 323 27 079 34 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 298 240 43 56 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (cooling) 0967 323 510 142 36 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 298 98 16 62 [193]DB69MM9 (9010) (heating) 0967 323 400 114 35 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 298 240 39 62 [193]DM14MM23 (3070) (cooling) 0967 323 420 12 35 [193]
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
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2abatement in oil refineries
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[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
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[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
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[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
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2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
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Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
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of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
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2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
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2
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[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
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2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
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2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
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2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
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2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
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2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
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2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
24 The Scientific World Journal
Table 6 Continued
Name Feed pressure(atm)
Temperature(K)
119875
lowast (CO2)(barrer)
119875
lowast (N2)(barrer)
120572
(CO2N2)Reference
DM14MM23 (3070) (heating) 0967 298 250 40 62 [193]Matrimid 5218 10 308 65 025 256 [193]Matrimid 5218 1-daycross-linking 10 308 74 029 256 [193]
Matrimid 5218 3-daycross-linking 10 308 60 024 252 [193]
Matrimid 5218 7-daycross-linking 10 308 51 021 246 [193]
Matrimid 5218 14-daycross-linking 10 308 47 019 241 [193]
Matrimid 5218 21-daycross-linking 10 308 34 015 222 [193]
Matrimid 5218 32-daycross-linking 10 308 19 013 150 [193]
6FDA-durene 5min cross-linked 10 308 136 111 123 [193]6FDA-durene 10mincross-linked 10 308 918 653 141 [193]
6FDA-durene 15mincross-linked 10 308 700 605 116 [193]
6FDA-durene 30mincross-linked 10 308 303 287 106 [193]
6FDA-durene 60mincross-linked 10 308 214 040 535 [193]lowastPermeability
dense In porous inorganic membranes a porous thin toplayer is supported on a porous metal or ceramic supportZeolite silicon carbide carbon glass zirconia titania andalumina membranes are mainly used as porous inorganicmembranes supported on different substrates such as 120572-alumina 120574-alumina zirconia zeolite or porous stainless steel[17 199 209 210]
Zeolite membrane is the most important group of inor-ganic membranes Zeolite membranes are considered moreexpensive than polymeric membranes and therefore theirunique properties of size selectivity and thermal and chemicalstability should be exploited for successful application [211ndash213]
The dense inorganic membranes (nonporous material)consist of a thin layer of metal such as palladium and itsalloys (metallic membrane) or solid electrolytes such aszirconia Another form of inorganic membrane is the liquid-immobilized membrane where the pores of a membraneare completely filled with a liquid which is permselectivefor certain compounds Recently attempts have been madeto develop dense molten carbonate selective membranes forCO2separation at high temperatures (gt723K)The inorganic
membranes have high thermal stability for CO2separation
but their selectivity and permeability are very low [200 214215]
242 Polymeric Membranes In polymeric membranes theselective layer is generally a nonporous film that trans-ports gases across by the solution-diffusion mechanism
Polyacetylenes polyaniline polyarylene ethers polyarylatespolycarbonates polyetherimides polyethylene oxide poly-imides polyphenylene oxides polypyrroles polysulfonesand amino groups such as polyethyleneimine blends poly-methacrylates are examples of polymericmembranes used forCO2separation [17 216ndash218]
Selective polymeric membranes can be divided into twobasic categories glassy and rubbery Almost glassy poly-meric membranes are more suitable than rubbery polymericmembranes for CO
2separation because of their high gas
selectivity and good mechanical properties On the otherhand rubbery membranes are flexible and soft and theyhave a high permeability but a low selectivity whereas glassypolymers exhibit a low permeability but a high selectivity[206 219ndash221]
Several advantages of polymeric membranes are (i) lowcost of production (ii) high performance separation (iii)ease of synthesis and (iv) mechanical stability Although thepolymeric membranes have high selectivity and permeabilityfor CO
2separation but their thermal stability is very low and
these membrane may be plasticized with influence of CO2
in membrane Therefore application of these membranes forpost-combustion capture is limited and flue gas must first becooled down to 313ndash333K for membrane process [184 222223]
Ren et al [205] prepared polymeric membranes withblock copolymers the balance of the hard and soft blocks canprovide a good CO
2separation performance without loss of
its permeability
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
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2abatement in oil refineries
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[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
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[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
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[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
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[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
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2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
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Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
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[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
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[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
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[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
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2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 25
Table 7 Comparison between various technologies used for CO2 capture
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Scale
Absorption(i) React rapidly(ii) High absorption capacities(iii) Very flexible
(i) Equipment corrosion(ii) High energy required for regeneratingsolvent
Industrial
Adsorption(i) Low energy consumption and cost ofCO2 capture(ii) Suitable for separating CO2 from dilutestream
Low adsorption capacities (in flue gasesconditions) Pilot
Cryogenic distillation
(i) Liquid CO2 production(ii) Not requiring solvents or othercomponents(iii) Easy scaled-up to industrial-scaleapplication
Require large amount of energy Pilot
Membrane separation (i) Clean and simple process(ii) Continuous steady-state technology
Require high energy for post-combustionCO2 capture
Experimental
Improved polymeric membrane materials with superiorseparation performance can be obtained by synthesizing newpolymers or modification or blending existing commercialpolymers with organic or inorganic compounds [208 224]
Due to high operating cost of membrane processes itis necessary to perform more researches and studies aboutpreparation of suitable membranes
243 Mixed Matrix Membranes Zeolites carbon molecularsieves (CMS) and many polymeric materials offer attractivetransport properties for CO
2separation By mixing mem-
brane material excellent membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared [200] A group of scientists proposed the useof membrane based on polymerimmobilized liquid systemespecially polymerized ionic liquid membrane (PILM) orgelled ionic liquid membrane ILMs consisting of aqueoussolutions of 20 DEA immobilized in 254120583m microporouspolypropylene supports have low permeability and suitableselectivity (974 barrer 276 resp) in 2 atm at 298K [225ndash228]
244 Hollow Fiber Membrane Most industrially importantmembranes for gas separations are hollow fiber ones Asym-metric hollowfibermembranes (such as polyvinylidene diflu-oride (PVDF)) with inner skinless structures are favourablefor CO
2separation and absorption in gas-liquid membrane
by low mass-transfer resistance and high permeability Inaddition this process can achieve significantly high adsorp-tion efficiencies due to the much larger surface area for gas-liquid interface than conventional gas absorption processes[206 229ndash232]
According to data in Table 6 inorganic membranes havehigh permeability (about 150000 barrer) and low selectivity(about 15) Of course some of inorganic membranes suchas Y (FAU) with 120572-A1
2O3support and chitosan group are
highly selective for CO2N2separation (selectivity (120572) asymp 100ndash
800) Among polymeric membranes polyamines have highpermeability and selectivity (106 (barrer) and 980 resp) andthe second FSCM membranes have high permeability andfine selectivity (105 (barrer) 230 resp) Other polymeric
membrane groups are not selective for CO2N2separation
and maximum selectivity of these membranes is about 30
25 Novel CO2Capture Technologies These methods include
electrochemical pumps and chemical looping approachesto CO
2separation The molten carbonate and aqueous
alkaline fuel cells have been studied for use in separatingCO2from both air and flue gases Electrochemical pumps
discussed include carbonate and proton conductors Moltencarbonate is nearly 100 selective for CO
2separation but
major disadvantage in the application of molten carbonateelectrochemical cells for CO
2separation is that this process
is not repeatedly Other disadvantages of these technologiesare corrosion difficult operating condition (119879 = 873K) andsensitivity to the presence of SO
119909[45 233]
In chemical looping combustion the oxygen for com-bustion of the fuel is provided by a regenerable metal oxidecatalystThe chemical looping scheme can be presented in thegeneral form [45]
HC +metal oxide
997888rarr CO2+H2O + lower oxide (andor metal)
(2)
lower oxide (andor metal) +O2997888rarr metal oxide (3)
Nickel oxide is one main candidate for the chemicallooping combustion of methane as low as 673K because it isextensive and effective for the chemical looping combustion[45]
26 Discussion Various technologies such as absorptionadsorption cryogenic distillation and membrane have beensuggested for CO
2separation from flue gases (Table 7) In
this paper various technologies for different feed conditionswere investigated Absorption is an important technologyfor CO
2separation Although physical solvents required low
energy for regeneration they have low absorption capacityand selectivity for CO
2separation Selexol is the best physical
solvent and suitable for sweetening natural gas Howeverphysical absorption is not economical for flue gas streams
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[2] C A McMillan G A Keoleian and D V Spitzley GreenhouseGases University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mich USA 2005
[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
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2abatement in oil refineries
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[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
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[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
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[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
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[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
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bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
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2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
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[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
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Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
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of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
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2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
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2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
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2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
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2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
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2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
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2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
26 The Scientific World Journal
with CO2concentration lower than 15 vol (95US$ton CO
2
[234])Chemical solvents are classified in main groups such
as alkanolamines ammonia aqueous piperazine (PZ) andamino acids Chemical absorbents such as monoethanol-amine (MEA) have high absorption capacities and are veryflexible for CO
2separation therefore these solvents are
usually preferred to physical solvents Chemical absorptionwith alkanolamines is the only technology that is used in anindustrial scale for post-combustion capture Amines reactrapidly selectively and reversibly with CO
2and are relatively
nonvolatile and inexpensive solvents In this process thecorrosion is the main problem therefore in recent studiesnew amines and various mixtures of them were proposedand compared with previous ones to find suitable solventsSuitable solvents for CO
2separation must have high CO
2
absorption capacity less corrosion less viscosity and lessregeneration energy These studies showed that CASTOR 1and 2 which are blended amine solvents (MEAMDEA)are the best chemical adsorbents so far proposed for post-combustion CO
2capture Experimental results indicated that
amine amino acid salts (AAAS) have better performancethan MEA of the same concentration for CO
2absorption
but do not deteriorate in the presence of oxygen Howeverabsorption has several disadvantages such as it requires highenergy to regenerate solvents (30GJton CO
2for absorption
with 40wt MEA in 210 kPa [235]) therefore need moreefforts in the future to reduce energy consumption in post-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption
Adsorption is the one effective technology that canreduce energy and cost of the capture or separation ofCO2in post-combustion capture Adsorption is suitable for
separating CO2from dilute and low flow rate stream but
flue gases conditions are the main problem against industri-alization adsorption process The CaO-MgAl
2O4and nano
CaOAl2O3are the best chemical adsorbents Although the
chemical adsorbents have high capacity and selectivity buttheir regeneration is difficult Physical adsorption is themost suitable for CO
2capture at high pressures and low
temperatures At higher pressure (above 4 bar) activatedcarbons are more efficient than zeolites The energy and costof adsorption for activated carbons are nearly half of that ofzeolites On the other hand zeolites (particularly 13X and 5A)have high selectivity for CO
2separation Generally zeolite
5A may have better adsorption efficiency at co-adsorption ofSO2 NO and CO
2than zeolite 13X
In order to achieve more selective CO2separation from
flue gases the modified adsorbent surface was consideredNew adsorbents such as honeyncomb monolith MOFsCHAs (NaCHA and CaCHA) PMO (MCM and SBA) andMSPs (Na
2SiO4) are suitable adsorbents for selective CO
2
separation but they require more researches and studiesHowever the development of suitable adsorbents with highCO2adsorption capacity which can be replaced absorption
with chemical adsorbent is still demandedCryogenic distillation separation can be used for CO
2
separation but its major disadvantage is the large amountof energy required to provide the refrigeration Many newprocesses have been proposed for using cryogenic but
generally this technology is not suitable for post-combustioncapture and is appropriate for oxy-fuel combustion methodand CO
2separation from exhaust of cement industry (stream
with high CO2concentration)
The membrane separation method is a continuoussteady-state clean and simple process for CO
2recovery Since
the pressure drop is driving force for membrane processthe flue gas stream must compress Since compressing fluegas is very difficult and expensive membrane separation issuitable for high pressure stream with high concentration(gt10 vol) Inorganic membrane have high thermal andchemical stability but their selectivity is lower than polymericmembranes Although Y (FAU) with 120572-Al
2O3support and
arginine salt chitosan are the best inorganic membranezeolite mambranes are suitable ones for CO
2separation
Polymeric membranes are very selective for CO2separation
but they have low thermal stability Therefore polymericmembranes are suitable for application in pre-combustionprocesses Glassy polymeric membranes have higher selec-tivity while the rubbery polymeric membranes have higherthermal stability Perfect membrane with high performancefor CO
2separation (selectivities of CO
2N2= 178ndash396) can
be prepared by mixing various membranesBecause of operating problems andhigh cost of compress-
ingmembrane separation is not suitable for post-combustioncapture but membrane technology is suitable for producingoxygen-enriched streams from air in oxy-fuel combustionsystems
Electrochemical pumps and chemical looping are twonew technologies suggested for CO
2capture Now these
technologies are not effective in comparison with other tech-nologies Therefore application of electrochemical pumpsand chemical looping in CCS needs more research
3 Conclusion
Because of economical and environmental incentivesresearchers have mainly focused on CO
2separation from
different process streams especially from the flue gases Inrecent years post-combustion capture has been the topic ofmany researches because it is more flexible and can be easilyadded to the fossil fuel power plants
Based on above findings it can be concluded that fluegases properties (mainly concentration of CO
2 temperature
and pressure) are the most effective factors for selection ofsuitable process for CO
2separation
Since flue gases have high temperature (about 373K)low pressure and low CO
2concentration (1 atm and 10ndash15
moL) bulk absorption and adsorption processes may be thebest suitable process for CO
2separation from these streams
Due to simplicity of absorption process this process has beenapplied in industrial plants although many researches havebeen focused on preparation of adsorbents with high selec-tivity and capacity in recent years For industrial applicationmore studies about adsorbents are necessary Cryogenic dis-tillation andmembrane processes are efficient for gas streamswith high CO
2concentration Therefore these process are
economically efficient for pre-combustion capture In recent
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
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[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
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2abatement in oil refineries
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2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
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Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
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isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
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F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
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of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
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2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
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nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
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2
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[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
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2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
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[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
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state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
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Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
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capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
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2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
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2with aqueous potassium
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2with various amino acid salts in
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2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
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Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
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2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
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capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
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2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
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2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
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2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
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azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
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aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
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2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
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templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
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capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
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2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
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[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
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temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
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on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
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30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
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2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 27
years different studies have been performed to optimizecryogenic cycles and preparation of suitable membrane forCO2separation from post-combustion flue gases
By the result of this study future research direction on thescale-up and industrialization of adsorption (with modifiedadsorbent) andmembrane process forCO
2separation is sug-
gested Therefore more studies must be focused on modelingand simulation of these processes (membrane and adsorp-tion) although research for finding new adsorbent suitablemambrane (with mixed or modified present membrane) andblending amine solvents can reduce CCS cost
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests re-garding the publication of this paper
References
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[3] T J BlasingRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations USDepart-ment of Energy 32 edition 2012
[4] C H Chiao J L Chen C R Lan S Chen and H WHsu ldquoDevelopment of carbon dioxide capture and storagetechnology taiwan power company perspectiverdquo SustainableEnvironment Research vol 21 pp 1ndash8 2011
[5] T L P Dantas F M T Luna I J Silva et al ldquoCarbon dioxide-nitrogen separation through pressure swing adsorptionrdquoChem-ical Engineering Journal vol 172 no 2-3 pp 698ndash704 2011
[6] K E Zanganeh A Shafeen and C Salvador ldquoCO2capture and
development of an advanced pilot-scale cryogenic separationand compression unitrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 247ndash2522009
[7] A T A oCaNACo ldquoCanadian aviation industry reporton greenhouse gas emissions reductionsrdquo Tech Rep OttawaCanda 2012
[8] D Berstad R Anantharaman and P Neksa ldquoLow-temperatureCO2capture technologies-applications and potentialrdquo Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration vol 36 pp 1403ndash1416 2013[9] IEAIGGRD Programme ldquoCO
2abatement in oil refineries
fired heatersrdquo I E A IGGRD PH331 edition 2000[10] L Zhao E Riensche R Menzer L Blum and D Stolten
ldquoA parametric study of CO2N2gas separation membrane
processes for post-combustion capturerdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 325 no 1 pp 284ndash294 2008
[11] A Hussain and M-B Hagg ldquoA feasibility study of CO2capture
from flue gas by a facilitated transport membranerdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp 140ndash148 2010
[12] I T Forum ldquoReducing transport greenhouse gas emissionstrends amp datardquo 2010
[13] N Mahasenan S Smith K Humphreys and Y Kaya ldquoThecement industry and global climate change current and poten-tial future cement industry CO
2emissionsrdquo in Proceedings
of the Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies-6th InternationalConference p 995 Pergamon Turkey 2003
[14] K S Lackner A H A Park and B G Miller ldquoEliminating CO2
emissions from coal-fired power plantsrdquo in Generating Electric-ity in aCarbon-ConstrainedWorld pp 127ndash173 Academic PressBoston 2010
[15] A Mohammadi M Soltanieh M Abbaspour and F AtabildquoWhat is energy efficiency and emission reduction potential inthe Iranian petrochemical industryrdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 12 pp 460ndash471 2013
[16] E Worrell L Price N Martin C Hendriks and L O MeidaldquoCarbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industryrdquoAnnual Review of Energy and the Environment vol 26 pp 303ndash329 2001
[17] H Yang Z Xu M Fan et al ldquoProgress in carbon dioxideseparation and capture a reviewrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalSciences vol 20 no 1 pp 14ndash27 2008
[18] J Barnett S Dessai and M Webber ldquoWill OPEC lose from theKyoto Protocolrdquo Energy Policy vol 32 no 18 pp 2077ndash20882004
[19] H Li R P Berrens A K Bohara H C Jenkins-Smith CL Silva and D L Weimer ldquoWould developing country com-mitments affect US householdsrsquo support for a modified KyotoProtocolrdquo Ecological Economics vol 48 no 3 pp 329ndash3432004
[20] M Crombie S Imbus and I Miracca ldquoCO2capture project
phase 3-demonstration phaserdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp6104ndash6108 2011
[21] U Springer ldquoThe market for tradable GHG permits under theKyoto Protocol a survey of model studiesrdquo Energy Economicsvol 25 no 5 pp 527ndash551 2003
[22] A Pridmore A Bristow TMay andM Tight ldquoClimate changeimpacts future scenarios and the role of transportrdquo Report ofUniversity of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies 2003
[23] J G J Olivier G Janssens-Maenhout and J A H W PetersldquoTrends in global CO
2emissionsrdquo Tech Rep PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency Ispra Italy 2012[24] H Herzog J Meldon and A Hatton ldquoAdvanced post-com-
bustion CO2capturerdquo Tech Rep Clean Air Task Force Doris
Duke Foundation 2009[25] J C M Pires F G Martins M C M Alvim-Ferraz and M
Simoes ldquoRecent developments on carbon capture and storagean overviewrdquoChemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89no 9 pp 1446ndash1460 2011
[26] D G Chapel C L Mariz and J Ernest ldquoRecovery of CO2from
flue gases commercial trendsrdquo in Proceedings of the CanadianSociety of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting pp 1ndash16 1999
[27] F T Zangeneh S Sahebdelfar andM T Ravanchi ldquoConversionof carbon dioxide to valuable petrochemicals an approachto clean development mechanismrdquo Journal of Natural GasChemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 219ndash231 2011
[28] N Dave T Do G Puxty R Rowland P H M Feron andM I Attalla ldquoCO
2capture by aqueous amines and aqueous
ammonia-A Comparisonrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 949ndash9542009
[29] R Thiruvenkatachari S Su H An and X X Yu ldquoPost com-bustion CO
2capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbentsrdquo
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 35 no 5 pp438ndash455 2009
[30] J Gibbins and H Chalmers ldquoCarbon capture and storagerdquoEnergy Policy vol 36 no 12 pp 4317ndash4322 2008
[31] BMetz ldquoCarbonDioxide Capture and Storagerdquo Special Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2005
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
28 The Scientific World Journal
[32] T F Wall ldquoCombustion processes for carbon capturerdquo Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute vol 31 pp 31ndash47 2007
[33] E Rubin and H de Coninck ldquoIPCC special report on carbondioxide capture and storagerdquo Tech Rep Cambridge UniversityPress UK 2005 TNO Cost Curves for CO
2Storage part 2
2004[34] V R Choudhary S Mayadevi and A P Singh ldquoSorption
isotherms of methane ethane ethene and carbon dioxide onNaX NaY and Na-mordenite zeolitesrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Faraday Transactions vol 91 no 17 pp 2935ndash29441995
[35] P Dechamps ldquoEuropean CO2capture and storage projectsrdquo
Tech Rep European Commission Brussels Belgium 2007[36] B J P Buhre L K Elliott C D Sheng R P Gupta and T
F Wall ldquoOxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired powergenerationrdquo Progress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 31no 4 pp 283ndash307 2005
[37] M Glazer C Bertrand L Fryda and W de Jong ldquoEOSLTconsortiumbiomass co-firingWP4mdashbiomass co-firing in oxy-fuel combustion Part II ash deposition modelling of coal andbiomass blends under air and oxygen combustion conditionsrdquoTech Rep Energy research Center of the Neterland 2010
[38] SAGE Publications I Green Issues and Debates an A-to-ZGuide Green Issues and Debates an A-to-Z Guide SAGEPublications Oaks Calif USA
[39] AAOlajire ldquoCO2capture and separation technologies for end-
of-pipe applicationsmdasha reviewrdquo Energy vol 35 no 6 pp 2610ndash2628 2010
[40] A Samanta A Zhao G K H Shimizu P Sarkar and R GuptaldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture using solid sorbents a reviewrdquo
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 no 4 pp1438ndash1463 2012
[41] J S Rhodes andDW Keith ldquoEngineering economic analysis ofbiomass IGCC with carbon capture and storagerdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 29 no 6 pp 440ndash450 2005
[42] T L Dantas A E Rodrigues and R F Moreira ldquoSeparationof carbon dioxide from flue gas using adsorption on poroussolidsrdquo Tech Greenhouse GasesmdashCapturing Utilization andReduction 2012
[43] G S Esber III ldquoCarbon dioxide capture technology for thecoal-powered electricity industry a systematic prioritization ofresearch needsrdquo Tech Rep Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy 2006
[44] Y Lv X Yu J Jia S-T Tu J Yan and E Dahlquist ldquoFabricationand characterization of superhydrophobic polypropylene hol-low fiber membranes for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquo AppliedEnergy vol 90 no 1 pp 167ndash174 2012
[45] E J Granite and T OrsquoBrien ldquoReview of novel methods forcarbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gasesrdquo FuelProcessing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1423ndash1434 2005
[46] T Nguyen M Hilliard and G T Rochelle ldquoAmine volatility inCO2capturerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
vol 4 no 5 pp 707ndash715 2010[47] M Gupta I Coyle and K Thambimuthu ldquoCO2capture tech-
nologies and opportunities in Canadardquo in Proceedings of the 1stCanadian CCampS Technology Roadmap Workshop CO2 capturetechnologies and opportunities in Canada CANMET EnergyTechnology Centre Natural Resources Canada 2003
[48] H J Herzog ldquoThe economics of CO2separation and capturerdquo
Journal of the Franklin Institute vol 7 pp 13ndash24 2000
[49] G Pellegrini R Strube andGManfrida ldquoComparative study ofchemical absorbents in postcombustion CO
2capturerdquo Energy
vol 35 no 2 pp 851ndash857 2010[50] NMacDowell N Florin A Buchard et al ldquoAnoverviewofCO
2
capture technologiesrdquo Energy and Environmental Science vol 3no 11 pp 1645ndash1669 2010
[51] X P Li Gang A Webley Paul Zhang Jun and R SinghldquoCompetition of CO
2H2O in adsorption based CO
2capturerdquo
Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1123ndash1130[52] P Singh J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoStructure
and activity relationships for amine based CO2absorbents-Irdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 1 no 1 pp5ndash10 2007
[53] S Marsquomun ldquoSelection and characterization of new absorbentsfor carbon dioxide capturerdquo inChemical Engineering Faculty ofNatural Science and Technology 2005
[54] S Cavenati C A Grande and A E Rodrigues ldquoRemoval ofcarbon dioxide from natural gas by vacuum pressure swingadsorptionrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 20 no 6 pp 2648ndash26592006
[55] J David Economic evaluation of leading technology options23 for sequestration of carbon dioxide [MS thesis] ChemicalEngineering Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology2000
[56] D L Albritton T Barker I A Bashmakov et alClimate Change2001 Synthesis Report edited by D J Dokken M Noguer P Vd LindenC Johnson J Pan Cambridge University Press 2001
[57] M Wang A Lawal P Stephenson J Sidders and C RamshawldquoPost-combustion CO
2capture with chemical absorption a
state-of-the-art reviewrdquo Chemical Engineering Research andDesign vol 89 no 9 pp 1609ndash1624 2011
[58] J Gabrielsen H F Svendsen M L Michelsen E H Stenbyand G M Kontogeorgis ldquoExperimental validation of a rate-basedmodel for CO
2capture using anAMP solutionrdquoChemical
Engineering Science vol 62 no 9 pp 2397ndash2413 2007[59] R Idem M Wilson P Tontiwachwuthikul et al ldquoPilot plant
studies of the CO2capture performance of aqueous MEA and
mixed MEAMDEA solvents at the University of Regina CO2
capture technology development plant and the boundary damCO2capture demonstration plantrdquo Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research vol 45 no 8 pp 2414ndash2420 2006[60] M Lucquiaud and J Gibbins ldquoOn the integration of CO
2
capture with coal-fired power plants a methodology to assessand optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systemsrdquoChemical Engineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp1553ndash1571 2011
[61] J N Knudsen J N Jensen P J Vilhelmsen and O BiedeldquoExperience with CO
2capture from coal flue gas in pilot-scale
testing of different amine solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 no1 pp 783ndash790 2009
[62] P H M Feron ldquoExploring the potential for improvement ofthe energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxiderdquo International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 2 pp 152ndash160 2010
[63] F Qin S Wang A Hartono H F Svendsen and C ChenldquoKinetics of CO
2absorption in aqueous ammonia solutionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 729ndash738 2010
[64] H P Mangalapally R Notz S Hoch et al ldquoPilot plant exper-imental studies of post combustion CO
2capture by reactive
absorption with MEA and new solventsrdquo Energy Procedia vol1 pp 963ndash970 2009
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 29
[65] P S Kumar J A Hogendoorn G F Versteeg and P H MFeron ldquoKinetics of the reaction of CO
2with aqueous potassium
salt of taurine and glycinerdquo AIChE Journal vol 49 no 1 pp203ndash213 2003
[66] S A Freeman R Dugas D van Wagener T Nguyen and G TRochelle ldquoCarbon dioxide capture with concentrated aqueouspiperazinerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1489ndash1496 2009
[67] J V Holst G F Versteeg D W F Brilman and J A Hogen-doorn ldquoKinetic study of CO
2with various amino acid salts in
aqueous solutionrdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 64 no 1pp 59ndash68 2009
[68] E S Hamborg J P M Niederer and G F Versteeg ldquoDis-sociation constants and thermodynamic properties of aminoacids used in CO
2absorption from (293 to 353) Krdquo Journal of
Chemical and Engineering Data vol 52 no 6 pp 2491ndash25022007
[69] U E Aronu H F Svendsen and K A Hoff ldquoInvestigationof amine amino acid salts for carbon dioxide absorptionrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 4 no 5pp 771ndash775 2010
[70] J T Yeh K P Resnik K Rygle and H W Pennline ldquoSemi-batch absorption and regeneration studies for CO
2capture by
aqueous ammoniardquo Fuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1533ndash1546 2005
[71] C H Yu C H Huang and C S Tan ldquoA Review of CO2
Capture by Absorption and Adsorptionrdquo Aerosol and AirQuality Research vol 12 pp 745ndash769 2012
[72] B E Gurkan C Juan E M Mindrup et al ldquoChemicallycomplexing ionic liquids for post-combustion CO
2capturerdquo in
Clearwater Clean Coal Conference pp 6ndash10 Clearwater FlaUSA 2010
[73] E D Bates R D Mayton I Ntai and J H Davis Jr ldquoCO2
capture by a task-specific ionic liquidrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 124 no 6 pp 926ndash927 2002
[74] S Baj A Siewniak A Chrobok T Krawczyk and A Sob-olewski ldquoMonoethanolamine and ionic liquid aqueous solu-tions as effective systems for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology vol 88 pp 1220ndash1227 2012[75] J P Ciferno D Lang and G T Rochelle Carbon Dioxide
Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate University ofTexas 2010
[76] J T Cullinane andG T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of aqueouspotassium carbonate piperazine and carbon dioxiderdquo FluidPhase Equilibria vol 227 no 2 pp 197ndash213 2005
[77] H P Mangalapally and H Hasse ldquoPilot plant experiments withmea and new solvents for post combustion CO
2capture by
reactive absorptionrdquo Energy Procedia vol 4 pp 1ndash8 2011[78] J Brouwer P Feron and N Ten Asbroek ldquoAmino-acid salts for
CO2capture from flue gasesrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
Conference on Carbon Capture amp Sequestration 2009[79] D Kang S Park H Jo J Min and J Park ldquoSolubility of
CO2in amino-acid-based solutions of (potassium sarcosinate)
(potassium alaninate + piperazine) and (potassium serinate +piperazine)rdquo Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 58pp 1787ndash1791 2013
[80] B Farid and E Fadwa ldquoFront matterrdquo in Proceedings of the 2ndAnnualGas Processing Symposium p 488 ElsevierDohaQatar2010
[81] R M Davidson Post-Combustion Carbon Capture from CoalFired Plants Solvent Scrubbing IEA Clean Coal Centre 2007
[82] V Darde KThomsenW J vanWell and E H Stenby ldquoChilledammonia process for CO
2capturerdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp
1035ndash1042 2009[83] S Bishnoi and G T Rochelle ldquoThermodynamics of piper-
azinemethyldiethanolaminewatercarbon dioxiderdquo Industrialand Engineering Chemistry Research vol 41 no 3 pp 604ndash6122002
[84] A Bajpai and M K Mondal ldquoEquilibrium solubility of CO2in
aqueous mixtures of DEA and AEEArdquo Journal of Chemical ampEngineering Data vol 58 pp 1490ndash1495 2013
[85] A L Chaffee G P Knowles Z Liang J Zhang P Xiao and PA Webley ldquoCO
2capture by adsorption materials and process
developmentrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Controlvol 1 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2007
[86] J-R Li Y Ma M C McCarthy et al ldquoCarbon dioxidecapture-related gas adsorption and separation in metal-organicframeworksrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 255 no 15-16 pp 1791ndash1823 2011
[87] L-Y Meng and S-J Park ldquoInfluence of MgO template oncarbon dioxide adsorption of cation exchange resin-basednanoporous carbonrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciencevol 366 no 1 pp 135ndash140 2012
[88] M Sevilla and A B Fuertes ldquoCO2adsorption by activated
templated carbonsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol366 no 1 pp 147ndash154 2012
[89] M Martunus Z Helwani A D Wiheeb J Kim and MR Othman ldquoImproved carbon dioxide capture using metalreinforced hydrotalcite under wet conditionsrdquo InternationalJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 127ndash136 2012
[90] B Dou Y Song Y Liu and C Feng ldquoHigh temperature CO2
capture using calcium oxide sorbent in a fixed-bed reactorrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 183 no 1ndash3 pp 759ndash7652010
[91] M Kotyczka-moranska G Tomaszewicz and G LabojkoldquoComparison of different methods for enhancing CO
2capture
by CaO-based sorbents Reviewrdquo Physicochemical Problems ofMineral Processing vol 48 pp 77ndash90 2012
[92] G Valenti D Bonalumi and E Macchi ldquoA parametric inves-tigation of the chilled ammonia process from energy andeconomic perspectivesrdquo Fuel vol 101 pp 74ndash83 2011
[93] Z H Lee K T Lee S Bhatia and A R Mohamed ldquoPost-combustion carbon dioxide capture evolution towards uti-lization of nanomaterialsrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 16 no 5 pp 2599ndash2609 2012
[94] Z Xiang Z Hu D Cao et al ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith incorporated carbonnanotubes improving carbondioxideandmethane storage capacities by lithium dopingrdquoAngewandteChemie vol 50 no 2 pp 491ndash494 2011
[95] K Essaki M Kato and K Nakagawa ldquoCO2removal at high
temperature using packed bed of lithium silicate pelletsrdquo Jour-nal of the Ceramic Society of Japan vol 114 no 1333 pp 739ndash7422006
[96] C S Martavaltzi and A A Lemonidou ldquoDevelopment ofnew CaO based sorbent materials for CO
2removal at high
temperaturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 110no 1 pp 119ndash127 2008
[97] R BessonM RochaVargas and L Favergeon ldquoCO2adsorption
on calcium oxide an atomic-scale simulation studyrdquo SurfaceScience vol 606 no 3-4 pp 490ndash495 2012
[98] SMiyata ldquoAnion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like com-poundsrdquo Clays amp Clay Minerals vol 31 no 4 pp 305ndash311 1983
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
30 The Scientific World Journal
[99] A RMohamed S Bhatia K T Lee C Y H Foo Z H Lee andN A Razali ldquoNanomaterials as environmentally compatiblenext generation green carbon capture and utilizationmaterialsrdquoTransactions on GIGAKU vol 1 Article ID 01006 pp 1ndash7 2012
[100] M Songolzadeh M Takht Ravanchi and M Soleimani ldquoCar-bon dioxide capture and storage a general review on adsor-bentsrdquo World Academy of Science Engineering and Technologyvol 70 pp 225ndash232 2012
[101] M Anbia and V Hoseini ldquoDevelopment of MWCNTMIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity forcarbon dioxiderdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 191 pp 326ndash330 2012
[102] L-Y Lin and H Bai ldquoContinuous generation of mesoporoussilica particles via the use of sodiummetasilicate precursor andtheir potential for CO
2capturerdquo Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials vol 136 no 1ndash3 pp 25ndash32 2010[103] D M DrsquoAlessandro B Smit and J R Long ldquoCarbon dioxide
capture prospects for new materialsrdquo Angewandte Chemie vol49 no 35 pp 6058ndash6082 2010
[104] D I Jang and S J Park ldquoInfluence of nickel oxide on carbondioxide adsorption behaviors of activated carbonsrdquo Fuel vol102 pp 439ndash444 2012
[105] S Choi J H Drese and C W Jones ldquoAdsorbent materialsfor carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic pointsourcesrdquo ChemSusChem vol 2 no 9 pp 796ndash854 2009
[106] J A Delgado M A Uguina J L Sotelo and B Ruız ldquoFixed-bed adsorption of carbon dioxide-helium nitrogen-heliumand carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures onto silicalite pelletsrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 49 no 1 pp 91ndash1002006
[107] H R Abid G H Pham H-M Ang M O Tade and S WangldquoAdsorption of CH
4andCO
2on Zr-metal organic frameworksrdquo
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 366 no 1 pp 120ndash124 2012
[108] J Wang L A Stevens T C Drage and J Wood ldquoPreparationand CO
2adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via
exfoliation routerdquo Chemical Engineering Science vol 68 no 1pp 424ndash431 2012
[109] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoPalladium nanoparticlesdecorated graphite nanoplatelets for room temperature carbondioxide adsorptionrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 187 pp10ndash15 2012
[110] G Finos S Collins G Blanco et al ldquoInfrared spectroscopicstudy of carbon dioxide adsorption on the surface of cerium-gallium mixed oxidesrdquo Catalysis Today vol 180 no 1 pp 9ndash182012
[111] R P Grimm K A Eriksson N Ripepi C Eble and SF Greb ldquoSeal evaluation and confinement screening criteriafor beneficial carbon dioxide storage with enhanced coal bedmethane recovery in the Pocahontas Basin Virginiardquo Interna-tional Journal of Coal Geology vol 90-91 pp 110ndash125 2012
[112] B Guo L Chang and K Xie ldquoAdsorption of carbon dioxide onactivated carbonrdquo Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry vol 15 no3 pp 223ndash229 2006
[113] R Sakurovs S Day and S Weir ldquoRelationships between thesorption behaviour of methane carbon dioxide nitrogen andethane on coalsrdquo Fuel vol 97 pp 725ndash729 2012
[114] P Weniger J Francu P Hemza and B M Krooss ldquoInvestiga-tions on the methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity ofcoals from the SWUpper Silesian Coal Basin Czech RepublicrdquoInternational Journal of Coal Geology vol 93 pp 23ndash39 2012
[115] C Garnier G Finqueneisel T Zimny et al ldquoSelection of coalsof different maturities for CO
2Storage by modelling of CH
4
and CO2adsorption isothermsrdquo International Journal of Coal
Geology vol 87 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2011[116] J C Abanades E S Rubin and E J Anthony ldquoSorbent
cost and performance in CO2capture systemsrdquo Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol 43 no 13 pp 3462ndash34662004
[117] T C Drage J M Blackman C Pevida and C E SnapeldquoEvaluation of activated carbon adsorbents for CO
2capture in
gasificationrdquo Energy and Fuels vol 23 no 5 pp 2790ndash27962009
[118] W Shen S Zhang Y He J Li and W Fan ldquoHierarchicalporous polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers for CO
2
capturerdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 21 no 36 pp14036ndash14040 2011
[119] M Gray Y Soong K Champagne R Stevens Jr P Toochindaand S Chuang ldquoSolid amine CO2capture sorbentsrdquo Fuel vol80 pp 867ndash871 2001
[120] C Pevida M G Plaza B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera andJ J Pis ldquoSurface modification of activated carbons for CO
2
capturerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 254 no 22 pp 7165ndash71722008
[121] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias J Fermoso F Rubiera and J JPis ldquoA comparison of two methods for producing CO
2capture
adsorbentsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 1107ndash1113 2009[122] M G Plaza S Garcıa F Rubiera J J Pis and C Pevida ldquoPost-
combustion CO2capture with a commercial activated carbon
comparison of different regeneration strategiesrdquoChemical Engi-neering Journal vol 163 no 1-2 pp 41ndash47 2010
[123] K S Nor Kamarudin and H Mat ldquoSynthesis and modificationof micro and mesoporous materials as CO
2adsorbentrdquo Tech
Rep Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity of Technology Johor Malaysia 2009
[124] M Radosz X Hu K Krutkramelis and Y Shen ldquoFlue-gascarbon capture on carbonaceous sorbents toward a low-costmultifunctional carbon filter for ldquogreenrdquo energy producersrdquoIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 10pp 3783ndash3794 2008
[125] J M Rosas J Bedia J Rodrıguez-Mirasol and T CorderoldquoPreparation of hemp-derived activated carbon monolithsAdsorption of water vaporrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chem-istry Research vol 47 no 4 pp 1288ndash1296 2008
[126] R Yang G Liu M Li J Zhang and X Hao ldquoPreparationand N2 CO
2and H
2adsorption of super activated carbon
derived from biomass source hemp (Cannabis sativa L) stemrdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 158 pp 108ndash1162012
[127] R V Siriwardane M-S Shen E P Fisher and J A PostonldquoAdsorption of CO
2on molecular sieves and activated carbonrdquo
Energy and Fuels vol 15 no 2 pp 279ndash284 2001[128] K I Vatalis A Laaksonen G Charalampides andN P Benetis
ldquoIntermediate technologies towards low-carbon economy theGreek zeolite CCS outlook into the EU commitmentsrdquo Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 5 pp 3391ndash3400 2012
[129] Z Liu C AGrande P Li J Yu andA E Rodrigues ldquoMulti-bedvacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capturefrom flue gasrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 81pp 307ndash317 2011
[130] J Zhang P Xiao G Li and P A Webley ldquoEffect of fluegas impurities on CO
2capture performance from flue gas at
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 31
coal-fired power stations by vacuum swing adsorptionrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 1 pp 1115ndash1122 2009
[131] X Cui RM Bustin andGDipple ldquoSelective transport of CO2
CH4 and N
2in coals insights from modeling of experimental
gas adsorption datardquo Fuel vol 83 no 3 pp 293ndash303 2004[132] C J Anderson W Tao J Jiang S I Sandler G W Stevens
and S E Kentish ldquoAn experimental evaluation and molecularsimulation of high temperature gas adsorption on nanoporouscarbonrdquo Carbon vol 49 no 1 pp 117ndash125 2011
[133] M Kumar and Y Ando ldquoChemical vapor deposition of carbonnanotubes a review on growth mechanism and mass produc-tionrdquo Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 10 no 6pp 3739ndash3758 2010
[134] M Cinke J Li C W Bauschlicher Jr A Ricca and MMeyyappan ldquoCO
2adsorption in single-walled carbon nan-
otubesrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 376 no 5-6 pp 761ndash7662003
[135] A F Portugal PW J Derks G F Versteeg F DMagalhaes andAMendes ldquoCharacterization of potassium glycinate for carbondioxide absorption purposesrdquo Chemical Engineering Sciencevol 62 no 23 pp 6534ndash6547 2007
[136] R Banerjee A Phan B Wang et al ldquoHigh-throughput synthe-sis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and application to CO
2
capturerdquo Science vol 319 no 5865 pp 939ndash943 2008[137] K S Park Z Ni A P Cote et al ldquoExceptional chemical and
thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworksrdquo Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica vol 103 no 27 pp 10186ndash10191 2006
[138] T D Burchell and R R Judkins ldquoPassive CO2removal using a
carbon fiber compositemolecular sieverdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 37 no 6ndash8 pp 947ndash954 1996
[139] Z Yong V Mata and A E Rodrigues ldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide at high temperaturemdasha reviewrdquo Separation and Purifi-cation Technology vol 26 no 2-3 pp 195ndash205 2002
[140] G M Kimber M Jagtoyen Y Q Fei and F J DerbyshireldquoFabrication of carbon fibre composites for gas separationrdquoGasSeparation and Purification vol 10 no 2 pp 131ndash136 1996
[141] L M Viculis J J Mack O M Mayer H T Hahn andR B Kaner ldquoIntercalation and exfoliation routes to graphitenanoplateletsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 15 no 9 pp974ndash978 2005
[142] A K Mishra and S Ramaprabhu ldquoStudy of CO2adsorption
in low cost graphite nanoplateletsrdquo International Journal ofChemical Engineering andApplications vol 1 pp 266ndash269 2010
[143] R Du X Feng and A Chakma ldquoPoly(NN-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)polysulfone compositemembranes for gas separationsrdquo Journal of Membrane Sciencevol 279 no 1-2 pp 76ndash85 2006
[144] K Kumar C N Dasgupta B Nayak P Lindblad and D DasldquoDevelopment of suitable photobioreactors for CO
2seques-
tration addressing global warming using green algae andcyanobacteriardquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 8 pp 4945ndash4953 2011
[145] H Deng H Yi X Tang Q Yu P Ning and L YangldquoAdsorption equilibrium for sulfur dioxide nitric oxide carbondioxide nitrogen on 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 188 pp 77ndash85 2012
[146] N Gargiulo F Pepe and D Caputo ldquoModeling carbon dioxideadsorption on polyethylenimine-functionalized TUD-1 meso-porous silicardquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 367no 1 pp 348ndash354 2012
[147] A R Millward and O M Yaghi ldquoMetal-organic frameworkswith exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxideat room temperaturerdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 127 no 51 pp 17998ndash17999 2005
[148] C Lu H Bai F Su W Chen J F Hwang and H-H LeeldquoAdsorption of carbondioxide fromgas streams viamesoporousspherical-silica particlesrdquo Journal of the Air andWaste Manage-ment Association vol 60 no 4 pp 489ndash496 2010
[149] A Boonpoke S Chiarakorn N Laosiripojana S Towprayoonand A Chidthaisong ldquosynthesis of activated carbon andMCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorp-tion capacityrdquo Journal of Sustainable Energy amp Environmentnvol 2 pp 77ndash81 2011
[150] J Wei L Liao Y Xiao P Zhang and Y Shi ldquoCapture ofcarbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41rdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 22 no 10 pp 1558ndash1563 2010
[151] QWang H H Tay Z Zhong J Luo and A Borgna ldquoSynthesisof high-temperature CO
2adsorbents from organo-layered dou-
ble hydroxides with markedly improved CO2capture capacityrdquo
Energy amp Environmental Science vol 5 pp 7526ndash7530 2012[152] H Lin and B D Freeman ldquoGas solubility diffusivity and
permeability in poly(ethylene oxide)rdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 239 no 1 pp 105ndash117 2004
[153] P Chowdhury C Bikkina and S Gumma ldquoGas adsorptionproperties of the chromium-based metal organic frameworkMIL-101rdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113 no 16pp 6616ndash6621 2009
[154] P Li B Ge S Zhang S Chen Q Zhang and Y ZhaoldquoCO2capture by polyethylenimine-modified fibrous adsor-
bentrdquo Langmuir vol 24 no 13 pp 6567ndash6574 2008[155] B Aziz N Hedin and Z Bacsik ldquoQuantification of chemisorp-
tion and physisorption of carbon dioxide on porous silicamodified by propylamines effect of amine densityrdquoMicroporousand Mesoporous Materials vol 159 pp 42ndash49 2012
[156] M M Maroto-Valer Z Tang and Y Zhang ldquoCO2capture
by activated and impregnated anthracitesrdquo Fuel ProcessingTechnology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1487ndash1502 2005
[157] X Xu C Song B G Miller and A W Scaroni ldquoAdsorptionseparation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of natural gas-firedboiler by a novel nanoporous ldquomolecular basketrdquo adsorbentrdquoFuel Processing Technology vol 86 no 14-15 pp 1457ndash14722005
[158] X Xu C Song J M Andresen B G Miller and A W Sca-roni ldquoNovel polyethylenimine-modified mesoporous molecu-lar sieve of MCM-41 type as high-capacity adsorbent for CO
2
capturerdquo Energy and Fuels vol 16 no 6 pp 1463ndash1469 2002[159] J Zhang R Singh and P A Webley ldquoAlkali and alkaline-earth
cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO2
capturerdquoMicroporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 111 no 1ndash3 pp 478ndash487 2008
[160] H R Abid H Tian H-M Ang M O Tade C E Buckleyand S Wang ldquoNanosize Zr-metal organic framework (UiO-66)for hydrogen and carbon dioxide storagerdquoChemical EngineeringJournal vol 187 pp 415ndash420 2012
[161] C Chen J Kim and W-S Ahn ldquoEfficient carbon dioxidecapture over a nitrogen-rich carbon having a hierarchicalmicro-mesopore structurerdquo Fuel vol 95 pp 360ndash364 2012
[162] M G Plaza C Pevida B Arias et al ldquoApplication of ther-mogravimetric analysis to the evaluation of aminated solidsorbents for CO
2capturerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and
Calorimetry vol 92 no 2 pp 601ndash606 2008
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
32 The Scientific World Journal
[163] A-Y Park H Kwon A J Woo and S-J Kim ldquoLayered doublehydroxide surface modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysi-lane by covalent bondingrdquoAdvancedMaterials vol 17 no 1 pp106ndash109 2005
[164] N S Nhlapo ldquoIntercalation of fatty acids into layered doublehydroxidesrdquo Tech Rep Department of Chemistery Faculty ofNatural and Agricultural sciences South Africa University ofPretoria 2008
[165] M S Shafeeyan W M A Wan Daud A Houshmand and AArami-Niya ldquoThe application of response surfacemethodologyto optimize the amination of activated carbon for the prepara-tion of carbon dioxide adsorbentsrdquo Fuel vol 94 pp 465ndash4722012
[166] M Clausse J Merel and F Meunier ldquoNumerical parametricstudy on CO
2capture by indirect thermal swing adsorptionrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 5pp 1206ndash1213 2011
[167] L Wang Z Liu P Li J Yu and A E Rodrigues ldquoExperimentalandmodeling investigation onpost-combustion carbon dioxidecapture using zeolite 13X-APG by hybrid VTSA processrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 151ndash161 2012
[168] A R Kulkarni and D S Sholl ldquoAnalysis of Equilibrium-BasedTSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO
2from Airrdquo Industrial
amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp 8631ndash8645 2012[169] J Merel M Clausse and F Meunier ldquoExperimental investi-
gation on CO2post-combustion capture by indirect thermal
swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolitesrdquo Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 209ndash215 2008
[170] S LucasM P Calvo C Palencia andM J Cocero ldquoMathemat-ical model of supercritical CO
2adsorption on activated carbon
effect of operating conditions and adsorption scale-uprdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 32 no 1ndash3 pp 193ndash201 2004
[171] C Hoeger C Bence S S Burt A Baxter and L BaxterldquoCryogenic CO
2capture for improved efficiency at reduced
costrdquo in Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting November2010
[172] S Burt A Baxter and L Baxter ldquoCryogenic CO2capture
to control climate change emissionsrdquo in Proceedings of the34th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal amp FuelSystems May 2009
[173] M J TuinierH PHamers andM van SintAnnaland ldquoTechno-economic evaluation of cryogenic CO
2capture-A comparison
with absorption andmembrane technologyrdquo International Jour-nal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 6 pp 1559ndash1565 2011
[174] AHart andNGnanendran ldquoCryogenic CO2capture in natural
gasrdquo Energy Procedia vol 1 pp 697ndash706 2009[175] G Xu L Li Y Yang L Tian T Liu and K Zhang ldquoA novel CO
2
cryogenic liquefaction and separation systemrdquo Energy vol 42pp 522ndash529 2012
[176] B Shimekit and H Mukhtar ldquoNatural gas purification tech-nologies-major advances for CO
2separation and future direc-
tionsrdquo inAdvances inNaturalGas Technology AMHamid Edpp 235ndash270 InTech China 2012
[177] M T Ravanchi S Sahebdelfar and F T Zangeneh ldquoCarbondioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aimof reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsrdquo Frontiers of ChemicalEngineering in China vol 5 no 2 pp 173ndash178 2011
[178] R P LivelyW J Koros and J R Johnson ldquoEnhanced cryogenicCO2capture using dynamically operated low-cost fiber bedsrdquo
Chemical Engineering Science vol 71 pp 97ndash103 2012
[179] D Clodic R El Hitti M Younes A Bill and F CasierldquoCO2capture by anti-sublimation thermo-economic process
evaluationrdquo in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference onCarbon Capture amp Sequestration pp 2ndash5 Alexandria Va USA2005
[180] J-M Amann M Kanniche and C Bouallou ldquoNatural gascombined cycle power plant modified into an O
2CO2cycle for
CO2capturerdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 50 no
3 pp 510ndash521 2009[181] C-F Song Y Kitamura S-H Li and K Ogasawara ldquoDesign
of a cryogenic CO2capture system based on Stirling coolersrdquo
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 7 pp 107ndash114 2012
[182] M J Tuinier M van Sint Annaland and J A M KuipersldquoA novel process for cryogenic CO
2capture using dynamically
operated packed beds-An experimental and numerical studyrdquoInternational Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control vol 5 no 4pp 694ndash701 2011
[183] P Chiesa S Campanari andGManzolini ldquoCO2cryogenic sep-
aration from combined cycles integrated withmolten carbonatefuel cellsrdquo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol 36 no16 pp 10355ndash10365 2011
[184] E Favre ldquoMembrane processes and postcombustion carbondioxide capture challenges and prospectsrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Journal vol 171 no 3 pp 782ndash793 2011
[185] B Freeman and Y YampolskiiMembrane Gas Separation JohnWiley amp Sons 2010
[186] R Bounaceur N Lape D Roizard C Vallieres and E FavreldquoMembrane processes for post-combustion carbon dioxidecapture a parametric studyrdquo Energy vol 31 no 14 pp 2220ndash2234 2006
[187] D Aaron and C Tsouris ldquoSeparation of CO2from flue gas a
reviewrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 40 no 1ndash3 pp321ndash348 2005
[188] A Xu A Yang S Young D deMontigny and P Tonti-wachwuthikul ldquoEffect of internal coagulant on effectiveness ofpolyvinylidene fluoride membrane for carbon dioxide separa-tion and absorptionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 311 no1-2 pp 153ndash158 2008
[189] T-L Chew A L Ahmad and S Bhatia ldquoOrdered mesoporoussilica (OMS) as an adsorbent and membrane for separationof carbon dioxide (CO
2)rdquo Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science vol 153 no 1-2 pp 43ndash57 2010[190] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoNitric oxide and carbon monoxide permeation through glassypolymericmembranes for carbon dioxide separationrdquoChemicalEngineering Research and Design vol 89 no 9 pp 1730ndash17362011
[191] C A Scholes S E Kentish and GW Stevens ldquoCarbon dioxideseparation through polymeric membrane systems for flue gasapplicationsrdquo Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp52ndash66 2008
[192] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen by fixed facilitated transport inswollen chitosanmembranesrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol323 no 2 pp 225ndash234 2008
[193] C E Powell and G G Qiao ldquoPolymeric CO2N2gas separation
membranes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plantflue gasesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 279 no 1-2 pp1ndash49 2006
[194] L A El-Azzami and E A Grulke ldquoCarbon dioxide separationfrom hydrogen and nitrogen facilitated transport in arginine
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
The Scientific World Journal 33
salt-chitosan membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol328 no 1-2 pp 15ndash22 2009
[195] G Xomeritakis C-Y Tsai and C J Brinker ldquoMicroporoussol-gel derived aminosilicate membrane for enhanced carbondioxide separationrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol42 no 3 pp 249ndash257 2005
[196] E Favre ldquoCarbon dioxide recovery from post-combustion pro-cesses can gas permeation membranes compete with absorp-tionrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 294 no 1-2 pp 50ndash592007
[197] A Julbe ldquoChapter 6 Zeolite membranesmdashsynthesis characteri-zation and applicationrdquo Studies in Surface Science and Catalysisvol 168 pp 181ndash219 2007
[198] D W Shin S H Hyun C H Cho and M H Han ldquoSynthesisand CO
2N2gas permeation characteristics of ZSM-5 zeolite
membranesrdquo Microporous and Mesoporous Materials vol 85no 3 pp 313ndash323 2005
[199] M Anderson and Y S Lin ldquoCarbonate-ceramic dual-phasemembrane for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journal ofMembraneScience vol 357 no 1-2 pp 122ndash129 2010
[200] D Shekhawat D R Luebke and H W Pennline ldquoA review ofcarbon dioxide selective membranesrdquo A Topical Report DOENETL-20031200 Department of Energy National EnergyTechnology Laboratory 2003
[201] P Kumar S Kim J Ida and V V Guliants ldquoPolyethyleneimine-modified MCM-48 membranes effect of water vapor and feedconcentration on N
2CO2selectivityrdquo Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry Research vol 47 no 1 pp 201ndash208 2008[202] T C Merkel H Lin X Wei and R Baker ldquoPower plant
post-combustion carbon dioxide capture an opportunity formembranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 359 no 1-2 pp126ndash139 2010
[203] Y Cai Z Wang C Yi Y Bai J Wang and S WangldquoGas transport property of polyallylamine-poly(vinyl alco-hol)polysulfone composite membranesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 310 no 1-2 pp 184ndash196 2008
[204] L Deng T-J Kim and M-B Hagg ldquoFacilitated transportof CO
2in novel PVAmPVA blend membranerdquo Journal of
Membrane Science vol 340 no 1-2 pp 154ndash163 2009[205] X Ren J Ren H Li S Feng and M Deng ldquoPoly (amide-6-
b-ethylene oxide) multilayer composite membrane for carbondioxide separationrdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 8 pp 111ndash120 2012
[206] L Liu A Chakma and X Feng ldquoPreparation of hollow fiberpoly(ether block amide)polysulfone composite membranesfor separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogenrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 105 no 1-2 pp 43ndash51 2004
[207] A Car C Stropnik W Yave and K-V Peinemann ldquoPEGmodified poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) membranes for CO
2
separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 307 no 1 pp 88ndash95 2008
[208] W Yave A Car and K-V Peinemann ldquoNanostructured mem-brane material designed for carbon dioxide separationrdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 350 no 1-2 pp 124ndash129 2010
[209] Y Gu and S T Oyama ldquoHigh molecular permeance in aporeless ceramic membranerdquo Advanced Materials vol 19 no12 pp 1636ndash1640 2007
[210] M Reif and R Dittmeyer ldquoPorous catalytically active ceramicmembranes for gas-liquid reactions a comparison betweencatalytic diffuser and forced through flow conceptrdquo CatalysisToday vol 82 no 1ndash4 pp 3ndash14 2003
[211] K Kusakabe T Kuroda and S Morooka ldquoSeparation ofcarbon dioxide from nitrogen using ion-exchanged faujasite-type zeolite membranes formed on porous support tubesrdquoJournal of Membrane Science vol 148 no 1 pp 13ndash23 1998
[212] J van den Bergh W Zhu J Gascon J A Moulijn and FKapteijn ldquoSeparation and permeation characteristics of aDD3Rzeolite membranerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 316 no 1-2 pp 35ndash45 2008
[213] M P Bernal J Coronas M Menendez and J SantamarıaldquoSeparation of CO
2N2mixtures using MFI-type zeolite mem-
branesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 50 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2004[214] Z Rui H Ji and Y S Lin ldquoModeling and analysis of ceramic-
carbonate dual-phase membrane reactor for carbon dioxidereforming with methanerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 36 no 14 pp 8292ndash8300 2011
[215] Z RuiM Anderson Y S Lin and Y Li ldquoModeling and analysisof carbon dioxide permeation through ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranesrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 345 no1-2 pp 110ndash118 2009
[216] S J Metz M H V Mulder and M Wessling ldquoGas-permeationproperties of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate)block copolymersrdquo Macromolecules vol 37 no 12 pp 4590ndash4597 2004
[217] Z Xu J Wang W Chen and Y Xu ldquoSeparation and fixation ofcarbon dioxide using polymeric membrane contactorrdquo in Pro-ceedings of the 1st National Conference on Carbon Sequestration2001
[218] D Dortmundt and K Doshi Recent Developments in CO2
Removal Membrane Technology UOP LLC 1999[219] C A Scholes S E Kentish and G W Stevens ldquoThe effect of
condensable minor components on the gas separation perfor-mance of polymeric membranes for carbon dioxide capturerdquoEnergy Procedia vol 1 pp 311ndash317 2009
[220] K Hunger N Schmeling H B Jeazet C Janiak C Staudt andK Kleinermanns ldquoInvestigation of cross-linked and additivecontaining polymer materials for membranes with improvedperformance in pervaporation and gas separationrdquoMembranevol 2 pp 727ndash763 2012
[221] S R Reijerkerk ldquoPolyether based block copolymer membranesfor CO
2separationrdquo in Science and Technology University of
Twente Enschede The Netherlands 2010[222] A L B Ahmad Z A Jawad S C Low andH S Zein ldquoProspect
of mixedmatrix membrane towards CO2Separationrdquo Journal of
Membrane Science amp Technology vol 2 article e110 2012[223] C A Scholes G Q Chen G W Stevens and S E Kentish
ldquoPlasticization of ultra-thin polysulfone membranes by carbondioxiderdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 346 no 1 pp 208ndash214 2010
[224] N Du H B Park G P Robertson et al ldquoPolymer nanosievemembranes for CO
2-capture applicationsrdquo Nature Materials
vol 10 no 5 pp 372ndash375 2011[225] P Uchytil J Schauer R Petrychkovych K Setnickova and S
Y Suen ldquoIonic liquid membranes for carbon dioxide-methaneseparationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 383 no 1-2 pp262ndash271 2011
[226] O G Nik X Y Chen and S Kaliaguine ldquoAmine-functionalizedzeolite FAUEMT-polyimide mixed matrix membranes forCO2CH4separationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 379
no 1-2 pp 468ndash478 2011[227] Y C Hudiono T K Carlisle J E Bara Y Zhang D L Gin
and R D Noble ldquoA three-component mixed-matrix membrane
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007
34 The Scientific World Journal
with enhanced CO2separation properties based on zeolites and
ionic liquid materialsrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 350no 1-2 pp 117ndash123 2010
[228] A Kovvali and G Obuskovic ldquoImmobilized liquid membranesfor CO
2separationrsquordquo in Proceedings of the Preprints of Symposia-
American Chemical Society pp 665ndash667 Division of FuelChemistry American Chemical Society 2000
[229] Z Wang L E K Achenie S J Khativ and S T OyamaldquoSimulation study of single-gas permeation of carbon dioxideand methane in hybrid inorganic-organic membranerdquo Journalof Membrane Science vol 387-388 no 1 pp 30ndash39 2012
[230] S-P Yan M-X Fang W-F Zhang et al ldquoExperimental studyon the separation of CO
2from flue gas using hollow fibermem-
brane contactors without wettingrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 88 no 5 pp 501ndash511 2007
[231] J-L Li andB-HChen ldquoReviewofCO2absorption using chem-
ical solvents in hollow fiber membrane contactorsrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 41 no 2 pp 109ndash122 2005
[232] Y-S Kim and S-M Yang ldquoAbsorption of carbon diox-ide through hollow fiber membranes using various aqueousabsorbentsrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 21 no1-2 pp 101ndash109 2000
[233] K Sugiura K Takei K Tanimoto and YMiyazaki ldquoThe carbondioxide concentrator by usingMCFCrdquo Journal of Power Sourcesvol 118 no 1-2 pp 218ndash227 2003
[234] H Herzog ldquoAssessing the feasibility of capturing CO2from the
airrdquo Tech Rep MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environ-ment Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambridge MassUSA 2003
[235] M R M Abu-Zahra J P M Niederer P H M Feron andG F Versteeg ldquoCO
2capture from power plants Part II A
parametric study of the economical performance based onmono-ethanolaminerdquo International Journal of Greenhouse GasControl vol 1 no 2 pp 135ndash142 2007