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Gabriella ChiellinoTechnical-Scientific manager of eAmbiente Srl
Federico BalzanTechnical-Scientific employee of eAmbiente Srl, natural scientist
Venice International UniversityFriday, June 17
Carbon footprint and its application to cities
Gabriella Chiellino is the first woman graduated in Environmental Science in Italy and she founded eAmbiente in the year 2002. The Company is now a consultancy firm for environment and engineering that works in Italy and in Europe.
MILANVia Tiziano
Branch office
CONEGLIANORegistered
Office
VENICE - VEGA Head Office
CASTELLAVAZZO (BL) Branch
office
BRUXELLES - Belgium
Branch office
NEWNEW
Environmental assessments and analysis
UNDERSTANDING
DESIGNEnvironmental restoration
and remediation
Environmental management and control
MANAGE
CARBON FOOTPRINT
FIRST PART
Global climate changeIncreased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere since the revolution industry.
The temperature riseIt represents one of the most important indicators that we are living beyond the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances.
Decreased emissionsAn effort by the productive sectors to reduce emissions and the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is vital to combat climate change in progress.
CO2 and Global warming
The differences
CARBON FOOTPRINTAssessment throughout the life cycle of a product / process related to the impact category "global warming " (in terms of CO2 eq.)
LCA (Life cycle assessment)Assessment throughout the life cycle of a product / process relating to many categories of impact: acidification, eutrophication, land use etc..
The Carbon Footprint is a part of an LCA
LCA
Carbon footprint
Applicable law
Screening study Complete studyunder the rulesUNI EN ISO 14040:2006 UNI EN ISO 14044:2006
EPD Environmental Product Declaration
Time + internal resources for data retrieval
Testing a possible third body on internal methodology
Certification of a possible third body in accordance with standard
Comunication
Comunication / Ecodesign
Comunication
Carbon markets
BINDINGThe trading of greenhouse gas emissions has been established through the EU Directive 2003/87/EC to fulfill their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol.Annex I of Directive:•Combustion installations exceeding 20 MW•Petroleum Refineries•Coke ovens•Etc.
VOLUNTEERThere are independent verification and validation services to voluntary projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, for the issuance of VERs (Verified Emissions Reductions), or "emission reduction units".
Objective: environmental communication
What happended with CO2?
The whole life on earth is based on photosynthesis of chlorophyll:
Reactions during which green plants produce organic substances -mainly carbohydrates - from carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of light. This series of chemical reactions within the anabolic processes (synthesis) of carbohydrates and is totally opposed to the reverse process of catabolisi (oxidation).
Reaction of the molecules6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (Water) + light → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (Oxygen)
And then?
The “food chain” or “net chain” (better) provides to feed animals and the uman:
Dynamic balance
The CO2 cycle on earth (but also water cycle, nitrogen cycle etc.) are in dynamic balance during the years.
Only with other sources not renewable (fossils) this dynamic balance is altered with many pollution problems.
Carbon footprint
It measure the impact that human activities have on the environment in terms of amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide (CO2 equivalent).
Production ActivitieskWh energym3 waterMaterials / resources
AdministrativekWh energym3 methane
TransportationKm covered
WasteKg produced
Processing tonnes of CO2 equivalent
SimaPro 7.3.0. Analyst
Processing
Method of calculation
Categories of impact
Mid-PointEvaluate the causes of the
damage
End-PointEvaluate the
damage
Acidification Eutrophication Global Warming Thinning of the ozone layer Photochemical oxidation Land use Fossil Fuels Ecotoxicity Ionizing radiation Etc.
Human Health Ecosystem quality Decay of natural
resources
SimaPro 7.3.0. Analyst
Explanation of categories
Decay of natural
resources Ecosystem quality Human health
The results are expressed as:
Equivalent unitsCO2 eq.kg SO2 eq.kg CFC-11 eq.
"Eco-points"Normalized equivalent units around them, with a percentage of the total European currency.
The calculation of carbon footprint provides tons of CO2 equivalent produced in a year
The Company may decide to reduce emissions with a reduction plans (technological improvements, logistics etc.).
So they may decide to compensate (offset) for remaining emissions (in part or entirely).
Total CO2
CO2
reduced
CO2 offset
A number of tonnes of CO2
Project Choice
Purchase of credits corresponding
1 ton = 1 credit
Emissions offset
Publication on the register
Cancellation of debt certificates
Environmental Communication
Forest managemet Energy saving
Biogas from landfills
1 ton = 1 credit Public Register Credits Certificates
Our experience
Calculation of CO2 equivalent
Projections of the reduction with improvement initiatives
Communication on the company website and 1.000.000 of paper carnet
Withdrawal of claims and posting to register eCO2care
Calculation of CO2 equivalent to 20 emitters
APPLICATION TO CITIES:CONVENANT OF MAYORS
SECOND PART
Rural and urban populations worldwide, 1950-2050
Year
Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, 2009
2009
Sustainability in urban
contest
ENERGY ISSUES
Urban population Rural population
Cities have a fundamental role. They are residential place but also administrative, trading and productive places.
ENERGY, NATURAL RESOURCES, GOODS…
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS, WASTEWATERS, WASTE, HEAT…. …
URBAN SYSTEM
ENERGY ISSUES
Sustainability in urban
contest
Air pollution
Human diseases
Loss of natural and cultural heritage
Urban waste
Water pollution
© Jan Lai Ming Chuen
© Roberto Salomone / AFP -
Getty Images
© Reuters
Human diseases
Environmental degradation
Resource waste
B(a)P
O3
NO2
PM10
aquatic life toxicity
Impossibility to use the resource for recreational goals
LOW LIFE QUALITY
LOW LIFE QUALITY
COSTSCOSTS
ENERGY ISSUES
Sustainability in urban
contest
ENERGY: an essential factor • gives personal comfort and
mobility to people
• is essential for the generation of
industrial, commercial and social
wealth.
Unfortunatly energy production and consumption
place considerable pressures on the
environment
emission of greenhouse gases and air
pollutants
BUT
ENERGY ISSUES
“The urban world consumes about 75% of global energy and emits about 80% of total greenhouse gas "
(Hayden, 2007)
Energy61,4%
GHG SOURCES
CO2: 77%CH4: 14%N2O: 8%
HFC, PFC, SF6: 1%
Source: UN-HABITAT, State of the World’s Cities, 2009
ENERGY ISSUES
ENERGY DEMAND
Energy demand is growing
Fossil fuels still predominate
about 79% of the energy needs of the average European are met by coal, gas and oil
around 13% comes from nuclear power
the remaining 8% comes from rapidly increasing renewable energy sources (especially wind and solar energy).
Energy demand is growing
Fossil fuels still predominate
about 79% of the energy needs of the average European are met by coal, gas and oil
around 13% comes from nuclear power
the remaining 8% comes from rapidly increasing renewable energy sources (especially wind and solar energy).
ENERGY ISSUES
Present
contest
TOWARDS LOW CARBON
ECONOMY
The 20-20-20 targets
What are they?
How?
In January 2008 the European Commission proposed binding legislation to implement the
CLIMATE AND ENERGY PACKAGE
It was agreed by the European Parliament and Council in December 2008 and became law in June 2009.
It set a series of demanding targets to be met by 2020, known as the "20-20-20" targets.
1.- 20% EU greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels2.+20% of EU energy consumption from renewable resources3.- 20% in primary energy use to be achieved by improving energy efficiency
The 20-20-20 targets s
TOWARDS LOW CARBON
ECONOMY
The 20-20-20 targets
Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (2007-12)
•to improve the energy performance of products, buildings, services•to improve the yield of energy production and distribution•to reduce the impact of transport on energy consumption•to facilitate financing and investments in the sector •to encourage and consolidate rational energy consumption behaviour •to step up international action on energy efficiency
CLIMATE AND ENERGY PACKAGE
MEASURES
TOWARDS LOW CARBON
ECONOMY
29 January 2008
in the second edition of the European Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW 2008), the European Commission launched
The Covenant of Mayors
initiative to actively involve European cities in the path towards sustainability and environmental efficiency.
29 January 2008
in the second edition of the European Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW 2008), the European Commission launched
The Covenant of Mayors
initiative to actively involve European cities in the path towards sustainability and environmental efficiency.
What is it?THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
PECULIARITIES
DIRECT INVOLVEMENT of local and regional authorities. For the first time the DG ENER (Directorate-General for Energy) gets in touch directly with the local level
It is a VOLUNTARY COMMITMENT by signatories to meet and exceed the EU 20% CO2 reduction objective. It goes beyond what is requested by law in matter of urban planning
It is based on the adoption of a flexible instrument called SEAP which can be adapted to the progress towards goals
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
Mayors commit to…
Go beyond the objectives set by the EU for 2020, reducing the CO2 emissions in their respective territories by at least 20%, through the implementation of Sustainable Energy
Action Plans
Go beyond the objectives set by the EU for 2020, reducing the CO2 emissions in their respective territories by at least 20%, through the implementation of Sustainable Energy
Action Plans
SIGNATORIES
Cities with different size that have signed the Covenant of Mayors on a voluntary manner during the Covenant of Mayors Annual Ceremony
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
9 February 2009Hemicycle of the European
Parliament, Brussels
370 cities committed to reduce CO2 emissions on their territories by at least 20% by 2020
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
1680 cities committed to reduce CO2 emissions on their territories by at least 20% by 2020
4 May 2010Hemicycle of the European
Parliament, Brussels
The unprecedent growth of the Covenant of Mayors
Who ?
Today 2586 signatories
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
1. Energy is one of the few municipal fields where significant financial savings can be achieved...
3 main reasons why cities get involved
Why to get involved?THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
2. Lower energy bills for citizens, comfortable living conditions, pleasant environment, more jobs…
3. The battle against climate change has to be fought at local level…
Steps
Baseline Emission Inventory & SEAP developmentwith stakeholders and citizens
Monitoring and reporting
Implementation of your SEAP
STEP 1: Signature of the Covenant of Mayors
STEP 2: Submission of your SEAP
STEP 3: Regular submission of implementation reports (every 2 years)
Creation of adequate administrative structures
1st year
3rd year& beyond
3 steps leading to the Covenant objective
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
All the elements to develop a Sustainable Energy Action Plan
STRUCTURE:
Part 1The SEAP process, step-by-step towards the -20%target by 2020
Part IIBaseline emissions inventory
Part IIITechnical measures for energy efficiency and renewable energy
Official GuidelinesBy Joint Research Centre (JRC)
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
Step 1The political commitment
Signature of the Covenant of Mayors must be decided by the municipal council
Step 2Adapting administrative structures
Adjustment and optimisation of Local Authority’s internal administrative structures: multidisciplinary approach is needed
Step 3Building support from stakeholders
Concertation and partecipation allow to mobilise the civil society to take part in developing the action plan, establishing a common vision for the future
Stakeholders:• Local and regional energy agencies
• Financial partners such as banks,
ESCO
• Energy suppliers, utilities
• Transport companies
• Universities
• Chambers of commerce
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
Step 4Baseline emission inventory (BEI) elaboration
Step 4Baseline emission inventory (BEI) elaboration
Assessment of the current framework about energy consumption and CO2 emissions at the local level
Building the BEI - Features and contents
Geographical boundariesthe administrative bounderies of the local authorities.
Define Baseline yearsIs the year against which the achievements of the emission reductions in 2020 shall be collected.
Collecting dataQuantification of following emissions that occur due to energy consumption in the territory of the local authority:
DIRECT EMISSIONS: fuel combustion
INDIRECT EMISSIONS: production of electricity, heat or cold consumed in the territory
OTHER DIRECT EMISSIONS: depending on the choice of BEI
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
SECTORS TO INCLUDE IN BEI
BUILDINGS - Municipal buildings - Tertiary buildings - Residential buildings
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURES - municipal public lighting - wastewater treatment - solid waste treatment
ENERGY PRODUCTIONFuel consumption for electricity productionFuel consumption for heat/cold production
TRANSPORTATION-Municipal fleet-Public transportation-Private and commercial transportation
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
Step 4Baseline emission inventory elaboration
Assessment of the current framework about energy consumption and CO2 emissions at the local level
Step 5Establishment of a long term vision with clear objectives.
To point out the direction in which the local authority wants to head.
Step 6SEAP elaboration
Translation of the vision into practical actions assigning deadlines and a budget for each of them.
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
AT LAST!!
How to reach the goals•Measures in the short and medium term•Long-term strategies
\
SECTOR POLICIES TECHNICAL MEASURES
Buildingsplantsfacilities
• Regulations for new or renovated private buildings• Financial incentives and loan• Information and training• Increase the rate of refurbishment• Urban plannig and regulations• Energy taxes• Coordinate policies with other levels of authority• Public procurement requirement in public building
• smart systems for energy management• more efficient heating /cooling/lighting systems•Condensig boilers• geothermal heat pumps• solar termal and photovoltaic plant on roofs•insulating technics (walls, windows, ….)
Transport • Reducing the need for transport through ICT (teleworking)• Increasing the attractiveness of alternative transport mode (public transport, cycling, walking)• making travel by car less attractive (fees, circulation taxes, pedestiran only zone in the center, more expensive parking or parking costs related to the car model)
•smart systems for traffic management•Smart system for driving management•Bike-sharing•Car-sharing•Electric cars
Energy generation and distribution
• local energy generation• Intruducing renewable energy installation requirements in new buildings• Provide information and support to stakeholders
Photovoltaic electricity generation on abandoned land and on the roof of public buildingsCreation of heating and cooling district (centralised plant to provide thermal energy for external custromers
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
MOSAIC OF ACTIONS & SOLUTIONS
…contributing to the achievement of the Covenant objectives
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
Communication with local stakeholders and citizens
Organisation of Local Energy Days www.sustenergy.org
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
Step 7Approval of the Plan and its associated budget
Formal approval of the SEAP by the municipal council is a mandatory requirement. In addition the local authority should allocate the necessary resources in the annual budget .
Step 8Monitoring and progress description
Step 8Monitoring and progress description
Continuous monitoring is needed to follow SEAP implementation and eventually to maje corrections in a continuous improvement cycle.
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
1.Covenant of Mayors Office (COMO)
2. Covenant Supporting Structures
3. Benchmarks of Excellence
4. Financial support
5. European institutions
What support for the Signatories?
Who supports?THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
Covenant of Mayors Office
Promotes the initiative in the EU and beyond
Provides administrative and technical support for Signatories
Monitors the implementation by Signatories and Supporting Structures
Facilitates exchange of experiences and networking
Liaises with relevant EU initiatives and actors
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
1. Public administrations - national and regional public bodies, counties, provinces, agglomerations, mentor cities etc.
They provide: strategic guidance financial support technical support
to municipalities lacking the skills and /or resources to fulfil the Covenant commitments, esp. the preparation and implementation of SEAP.
Covenant Supporting Structures
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
Last september during the International Conference on Climate Change on Palmaria Island near La Spezia, 25 Italian Provinces had signed
The Province of Venice had signed as Supporting Structures
The Province of Venice
44
Municipalities
Technical partners
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
The Province of Venice
Start-up
Organization of a plenary event open to all the Municipalities in San Servolo in 18th of March
Meeting with the Municipality interested in the project
Application to European Financial Instruments called Intelligent Energy for Europe with an international project involving more or less 35 Municipalities
www.202020-provinciavenezia.it
THE COVENANT OF MAYORS
Monitor emissions of their productive activity and helping to organize a plan to reduce emissions (= savings);It provides an objective assessment of the performance of their products / processes;The compensation provides a significant contribution to combating climate change;It allows you to identify aspects of the process which lends itself more easily to be optimized;Allows a comparison of products with the same functional unit (ie the service provided);Allows the communication environment to new customer groups, particularly effective if done in a standardized and controlled by third party EPD. Battle against climate change that has to be fought at local level…
ConclusionsCarbon footprint and its application to cities:
Global problem……local solution!
Thanks for your attention
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