Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PerspectiveWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspective
Carbon in low Metallicity Carbon in low Metallicity PDRsPDRs
Markus RölligMarkus Röllig11
V. OssenkopfV. Ossenkopf1,31,3, J. Stutzki, J. Stutzki11, A. Sternberg, A. Sternberg44, C. Kramer, C. Kramer11, , M.CubickM.Cubick11, H. Jakob, H. Jakob11, B. Mookerjea, B. Mookerjea22, R. Simon, R. Simon11, F. , F.
BenschBensch55, ,
1KOSMA, Universität zu Köln2University of Maryland, USA
3SRON, Groningen, Netherlands4Tel Aviv University, Israel
5Radioastronomisches Institut der Universität Bonn
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
IntroductionIntroduction• PDR – a working definition:PDR – a working definition:
PPhotohotoDDissociationissociationRRegionegion
• This implies the existence of atomic and This implies the existence of atomic and molecular gas PLUS the dissociating molecular gas PLUS the dissociating photonsphotons
• Also used: Also used: Photon Dominated RegionPhoton Dominated Region
• But much broader classification (HII But much broader classification (HII regions, PNe, …) regions, PNe, …)
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
IntroductionIntroduction
• PDRs occur where far-ultraviolet (FUV) PDRs occur where far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation (6-13.6 eV) dominates the radiation (6-13.6 eV) dominates the physics (e.g. heating and cooling) and physics (e.g. heating and cooling) and determines the chemical composition determines the chemical composition of the gas. of the gas.
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
IntroductionIntroduction
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-15
-10
-5
0
n=104 cm-3, =100, M=10
log
n
r/Rtot
nCO
nC
nC+
CC++CC00COCO
typical stratification: Ctypical stratification: C++/C/CO, H/H/C/CO, H/H22, S, S++,S,SO,…,S,SO,…
cent
er o
f th
e cl
oud
edg
e o
f th
e cl
oud
FU
V
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
IntroductionIntroduction
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-15
-10
-5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
n=104 cm-3, =100, M=10
log
n
r/Rtot
nCO
nC
nC+
Tga
s [K]
Tgas
FU
V
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code Code
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-15
-10
-5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
log
n
n=103 cm-3, =100, M=10
r/Rtot
nC
nC+
[CII] 158µm
TB [K
km
/s]
nCO
CO(1-0)[CI] 610µm
Tga
s [K]
Tgas
r/Rtot
0 1
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code Code
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-15
-10
-5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
n=104 cm-3, =100, M=10
log
n
r/Rtot
nCO
nC
nC+
[CII] 158µm TB [K
km
/s]
CO(1-0)
[CI] 610µm
Tga
s [K]
Tgas
r/Rtot
0 1
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code Code
DR21 in Cygnus X: CO 7-6 & [CI] 3P2-3P1
Figure: Figure: 3m-KOSMA maps of 3m-KOSMA maps of [CI] 2-1 (color) and [CI] 2-1 (color) and CO 7-6 (contours) atCO 7-6 (contours) at42'' HPBW (0.35 pc)42'' HPBW (0.35 pc)(Jakob et al. 2005 in prep.)(Jakob et al. 2005 in prep.)
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
IntroductionIntroduction
Radiative Transfer
Chemical Models PDR-Models
LTE Esc. Prob. Monte Carlo
Gas Phase Dust Phase Time Dep.
Energy Balance
Heating/Cooling B fields Shocks
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code CodeModel NameModel Name AuthorsAuthors
AikawaAikawaH.-H. Lee, E. Herbst, G. Pineau des Forets, J. Le Bourlot, Y. Aikawa, H.-H. Lee, E. Herbst, G. Pineau des Forets, J. Le Bourlot, Y. Aikawa, N. KuboiN. Kuboi
KOSMA-KOSMA--2-2 H. Störzer, B. Köster, M. Zilinsky, U. Leuenhagen, S.Jeyakumar, F. BenschH. Störzer, B. Köster, M. Zilinsky, U. Leuenhagen, S.Jeyakumar, F. Bensch
CLOUDYCLOUDY G.J. Ferland, P. van Hoof, N. P. Abel, G. ShawG.J. Ferland, P. van Hoof, N. P. Abel, G. Shaw
COSTARCOSTAR I. Kamp, F. Bertoldi, G.-J. van ZadelhoffI. Kamp, F. Bertoldi, G.-J. van Zadelhoff
HTBKWHTBKWD. Hollenbach, A.G.G.M. Tielens, M.G. Burton, M.J. Kaufman, M.G. D. Hollenbach, A.G.G.M. Tielens, M.G. Burton, M.J. Kaufman, M.G. Wolfire Wolfire
KOSMA-KOSMA--1-1H. Störzer, B. Köster, M. Zilinsky, U. Leuenhagen, S.Jeyakumar, M.Röllig, H. Störzer, B. Köster, M. Zilinsky, U. Leuenhagen, S.Jeyakumar, M.Röllig, A.SternbergA.Sternberg
Lee96modLee96mod H.-H. Lee, E. Herbst, G. Pineau des Forets, E. Roueff, J. Le BourlotH.-H. Lee, E. Herbst, G. Pineau des Forets, E. Roueff, J. Le Bourlot
LeidenLeiden J. Black, E. van Dishoeck, J. Black, E. van Dishoeck, D. Jansen and B. JonkheidD. Jansen and B. Jonkheid
MeijerinkMeijerink R.Meijerink, M.SpaansR.Meijerink, M.Spaans
MeudonMeudon J. Le Bourlot, E. Roueff, F. Le PetitJ. Le Bourlot, E. Roueff, F. Le Petit
SternbergSternberg A.Sternberg, A.DalgarnoA.Sternberg, A.Dalgarno
UCL_PDRUCL_PDR S. Viti, Wing-Fai Thi, T. BellS. Viti, Wing-Fai Thi, T. Bell
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code Code• spherical symmetry spherical symmetry • isotropic FUV fieldisotropic FUV field• density profile (4 parameter)density profile (4 parameter)• D/G, Z as free parameterD/G, Z as free parameter• 20 heating/cooling processes20 heating/cooling processes• modular, steady-state, gas-phase modular, steady-state, gas-phase
chemistry (UMIST95/99/…)chemistry (UMIST95/99/…)• pre-shielding possiblepre-shielding possible• external multi-shell RT code computes external multi-shell RT code computes
emergent line intensitiesemergent line intensities ( (CO,CO,1313CO,CI,CII,OI,…)CO,CI,CII,OI,…) • clump-mass & mass-size relations clump-mass & mass-size relations
applicableapplicable
0( )r
n r nR
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code Code
• The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code is designed to Code is designed to supply a large parameter grid of pre-supply a large parameter grid of pre-calculated model clouds.calculated model clouds.
• results available per web-interfaceresults available per web-interface• Standard parameters: Standard parameters:
D/G, nD/G, n00, M, , M, , standard chemistry, standard chemistry
• Extra: Extra: , R, Rcorecore, pre-shielding, , pre-shielding, DD, CR, , CR, ΔΔvvDD, , XXii, chemical composition , chemical composition
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code Code
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code Code
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code Code
1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 101E-20
1E-19
1E-18
1E-17
1E-16
1E-15
1E-14
1E-13
1E-12
1E-11
1E-10
1E-9
H2 p
ho
tod
isso
ciat
ion
rat
e [s
-1]
AV,eff
rescaled to effective Av
1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
1E-20
1E-19
1E-18
1E-17
1E-16
1E-15
1E-14
1E-13
1E-12
1E-11
1E-10
1E-9
AV
H2 p
ho
tod
isso
ciat
ion
rat
e [s
-1]
directed illumination isotropic illumination
perpendicular Av
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code Code
, ( )dust gasT r
Solve energy balance
( , , , ) ( , , , )i ii i
n nr T r T
heat cooling
Solve chemical network
( ) ( )i i q qi rs r s t tiq r s t
n n k kT n n nT
destruction formation
( )n r
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
The KOSMA-The KOSMA- Code Code
Radiative Transfer CalculationsRadiative Transfer Calculationsmulti-shell ray-tracing ONION, SimLine, etc.multi-shell ray-tracing ONION, SimLine, etc.calculates emergent intensities per beamcalculates emergent intensities per beamand averaged over the whole clumpand averaged over the whole clump
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Low Z-PDRsLow Z-PDRsTheory and observations suggest that metallicity Z Theory and observations suggest that metallicity Z significantly changes the structure of PDR’s : significantly changes the structure of PDR’s :
• altered Z altered Z altered gas-phase chemistry altered gas-phase chemistry • altered Z altered Z less dust less dust
– altered grain surface chemistry (e.g. formation of Haltered grain surface chemistry (e.g. formation of H22))– weaker extinction weaker extinction deeper FUV penetration deeper FUV penetration
stronger photo-reactionsstronger photo-reactions• altered Z altered Z altered heating/cooling rates altered heating/cooling rates altered altered
TTequil.equil.
• dissociation/formation of Hdissociation/formation of H22 and CO change and CO change differently with Z differently with Z standard X standard XCOCO factors yield factors yield incorrect results incorrect results molecular gas in low-Z systems molecular gas in low-Z systems not well traced by CO.not well traced by CO.
temperature structure and chemical temperature structure and chemical
stratification depend on metallicitystratification depend on metallicity
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
0 1 2 3 4 5 63.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Z=0.2
Z=1
[OI]
< [CII]
[OI]
> [CII]
Lo
g(n
)
Log()
0 1 2 3 4 5 63.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Z=0.2
PE
< H
2*,net
Lo
g(n
)
Log()
PE
> H
2*,net
Z=1
Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRsTemperature determinedTemperature determinedby balancing heating andby balancing heating andcoolingcooling
At the Surface: At the Surface: 4 primary h/c processes:4 primary h/c processes:
• PE heatingPE heating• H2 vib. de-excitationH2 vib. de-excitation• [CII] 158µm fine-[CII] 158µm fine-
structure coolingstructure cooling• [OI] 63µm fine-[OI] 63µm fine-
structure coolingstructure cooling
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
nn
[OI] [CII]
PE H2*
PE~Z…Z1.5
H2*~Z
T~Z0.5…Z
[OI] [CII]
PE H2*
PE~Z
H2*~Z
T~const.
[OI] [CII]
PE H2*
PE~Z
H2*~Z/(1+2 Z)
T~1 /(1+2 Z)
[OI] [CII]
PE H2*
PE~Z2
H2*~Z
T~Z
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
100
1000
Tsu
rf [K
]
Z
=106
n=103 cm-3
n=104 cm
-3
n=105 cm
-3
n=106 cm
-3
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.010
100
1000
n=106 cm-3
n=103 cm-3
n=104 cm-3
n=105 cm-3
n=106 cm-3
Tsu
rf [K
]
Z
=100
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0100
1000
n=103 cm
-3
n=104 cm
-3
n=105 cm
-3
n=106 cm-3
Z
Tsu
rf [K
]
=103
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
0.1 1
0.1
1
n0=104 cm-3
=100
De
pth
of
C+ L
aye
r [p
c]
Z
constant density
density gradient
0.1 1
0.1
1
n0=104 cm-3
=100
De
pth
of
C+ L
aye
r [p
c]
Z
constant density
density gradient
C + C+ + e-
C++ H2 CH2++
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
Nakagawa et al. 2005
LMC
[CII]
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
0.1 1 101E-5
1E-4
[CII]
su
rfa
ce
bri
gh
tne
ss
[e
rg s
-1 c
m-2 s
r-1]
Z
n=103 cm-3
n=104 cm-3
n=105 cm-3
n=106 cm-3=100, M=10
line integrated, clump averaged surface brightness of [CII]158µmline integrated, clump averaged surface brightness of [CII]158µm
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.51E-15
1E-14
1E-13
1E-12
1E-11
1E-10
1E-9
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
surf
ace
bri
ghtn
ess
[erg
-1cm
-2sr
-1]
12+log(O/H)
n=103cm-3
n=104cm-3
n=105cm-3
12CO(1-0)
[CII]
M=10=100
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.51E-15
1E-14
1E-13
1E-12
1E-11
1E-10
1E-9
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
surf
ace
bri
ghtn
ess
[erg
-1cm
-2sr
-1]
12+log(O/H)
n=103cm-3
n=104cm-3
n=105cm-3
12CO(1-0)
[CII]
M=10=100
[C
II]/C
O(1
-0)
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6
103
104
105
106
NGC 1156
NGC 1569
IC 4662
NGC 4449
M51
ORIONLMC
30 Doradus
IC 10SMC
NGC 1313
IZw 36
NGC 1068M83
NGC 4736
NGC 6946
I [CII
]158
µ/I
12C
O(1
-0)
12+log(O/H)
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6
103
104
105
106
NGC 1156
NGC 1569
IC 4662
NGC 4449
M51
ORIONLMC
30 Doradus
IC 10SMC
NGC 1313
IZw 36
NGC 1068M83
NGC 4736
NGC 6946
=10 4,n=10 4
,M=1
=10
2,n=
103,M
=10
=10 1,n=10 4
,M=10
=10 4,n=10 4,M
=10
=10 2,n=10 4,M=1
I [CII
]158
µ/I
12C
O(1
-0)
12+log(O/H)
=10 2,n=10 4
,M=10
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
[CI][CI]610µm610µm/CO(1-0)/CO(1-0)
7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.51E-15
1E-14
1E-13
1E-12
1E-11
1E-10
1E-9
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5 [CI]610µn
surf
ace
brig
htn
ess
[erg
-1cm
-2sr
-1]
12+log(O/H)
n=103cm-3
n=104cm-3
n=105cm-3
12CO(1-0)
M=10=100
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.51E-15
1E-14
1E-13
1E-12
1E-11
1E-10
1E-9
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
101
102
103
0.13
1.28
12.82
[CI]610µn
surf
ace
brig
htn
ess
[erg
-1cm
-2sr
-1]
12+log(O/H)
n=103cm-3
n=104cm-3
n=105cm-3
12CO(1-0)
M=10=100
[C
I]61
0µm/C
O(1
-0)
[CI][CI]610µm610µm/CO(1-0)/CO(1-0)
Galactic values
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
[CI][CI]610µm610µm/CO(1-0)/CO(1-0)
7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6
101
southern MW
M51
ORION
LMC (N159)
30 Doradus
IC 10
SMC (N27)
M83
NGC 4736
NGC 6946
D 478 (M31)
NGC 604-2
NGC 604-4
IC 342Milky Way MC 20 (M33)
MC 32 (M33)
GC
GC, foreground
southern MW
I [CI]
610µ
/I12
CO
(1-0
)
12+log(O/H)
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
[CI][CI]610µm610µm/CO(1-0)/CO(1-0)
7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6
101
southern MW
M51
ORION
LMC (N159)
30 Doradus
IC 10
SMC (N27)
M83
NGC 4736
NGC 6946
D 478 (M31)
NGC 604-2
NGC 604-4
IC 342Milky Way MC 20 (M33)
MC 32 (M33)
GC
GC, foreground
southern MW
I [CI]
610µ
/I12
CO
(1-0
)
12+log(O/H)
M=1,=100 M=1, =1
n=105cm-3
n=104cm-3
n=106cm-3
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Modeling the MWModeling the MW
COBE-FIRAS:far-infrared survey of the spectral line emission from the Galaxy with a 7° beam
(Fixsen et al. 1999)
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Modeling the MWModeling the MW
• a single, spherical a single, spherical clump scenario is a very clump scenario is a very special casespecial case
• usually molecular clouds usually molecular clouds have a highly irregular, have a highly irregular, clumpy structure, far clumpy structure, far from simple plane-from simple plane-parallel or spherical parallel or spherical model cloudsmodel clouds
• furthermore, molecular furthermore, molecular clouds are embedded in clouds are embedded in atomic gas, also atomic gas, also contributing to the total contributing to the total emissionemission
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Modeling the MWModeling the MW
• observations show observations show an almost universal an almost universal clump-mass clump-mass distribution with distribution with dN/dMdN/dMMM-1.6…1.8 -1.6…1.8 and a and a mass-size relation of mass-size relation of MMRR2.32.3
(Kramer et al. (Kramer et al. 1998)1998)
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Modeling the MWModeling the MW• MW as disk with MW as disk with
RRtottot=18kpc and h=59pc=18kpc and h=59pc
• nn, , , and , and Z Z as function of as function of galactocentric radius galactocentric radius (Wolfire et al. 2003)(Wolfire et al. 2003)
• n(Rn(R)=10)=1044cmcm-3-3, , (R(R)=3)=3
• molecular gas distributed molecular gas distributed according to C-M and M-according to C-M and M-S relation S relation
• COBE beam (1°COBE beam (1°5°)5°)
• area- and volume filling area- and volume filling per concentric ringper concentric ring
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt (SSC)
(Fixsen et al. 1999)
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Modeling the MWModeling the MW
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Modeling the MWModeling the MW
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Modeling the MWModeling the MW
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Modeling the MWModeling the MW
=100
=3
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
SummarySummary
• KOSMA-KOSMA- model, a spherical PDR code model, a spherical PDR code featuring isotropic FUV illumination and featuring isotropic FUV illumination and a highly modular chemistrya highly modular chemistry
• Z-dependence of the gas temperature Z-dependence of the gas temperature in PDR in PDR
• Z-dependence of the CZ-dependence of the C++-layer-layer• Influence of geometrical beam filling on Influence of geometrical beam filling on
the total surface brightnessthe total surface brightness• Observational trend in Galactic and Observational trend in Galactic and
extragalactic [CII]/CO(1-0) with extragalactic [CII]/CO(1-0) with metallicity observations can be metallicity observations can be explained with spherical PDR model explained with spherical PDR model resultsresults
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
SummarySummary• The connection between [CI]/CO(1-0) and Z The connection between [CI]/CO(1-0) and Z
is more complicated, but again the is more complicated, but again the observational trend can be reproducedobservational trend can be reproduced
• By applying C-M spectra and M-S relations By applying C-M spectra and M-S relations to the KOSMA-to the KOSMA- database it is possible to database it is possible to analyze large surveys, i.e. observations analyze large surveys, i.e. observations with large beam filling with large beam filling → → application to a simple MW-model in application to a simple MW-model in order to explain COBE results as PDR order to explain COBE results as PDR emission emission ([CII] can only be explained partly)([CII] can only be explained partly)
• Clump-ensemble approach suitable for any Clump-ensemble approach suitable for any single position observation, face-on galaxy single position observation, face-on galaxy scan, etc. with considerable beam filling. scan, etc. with considerable beam filling.
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/workgroups/http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/workgroups/theo_astronomy/pdr/theo_astronomy/pdr/
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
Modeling the MWModeling the MW
Onsala - 2005Onsala - 2005Workshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA PersWorkshop in Extragalactic and Galactic ISM - Modelling in an ALMA Perspectivepective
•IntroductionIntroduction
•The KOSMA-The KOSMA- CodeCode
•Low Z PDRsLow Z PDRs
•[CII]/CO(1-0)[CII]/CO(1-0)
•[CI]/CO(1-0)[CI]/CO(1-0)
•Clumpy PDRsClumpy PDRs
•Modeling the MWModeling the MW
•SummarySummary
C+
C
CO
Z=1Z=0.5Z=0.1