Prof. Dr. Esko I. KauppinenHelsinki University of Technology

(TKK)Espoo, Finland

Forecast Seminar February 13, 2009Helsinki, FINLAND

Carbon Nanomaterials: Nanotubesand Nanobuds and Graphene –

towards new products 2030

Size scales in nanotech

Engineered Nano(particle) Materials (ENP)

• Metal oxides (TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, ZnO, …)• Metals (Al, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd…)• Carbon nanomaterials (carbon black, fullerenes,

nanotubes CNT, nanobuds CNB, graphene GR)• Quantum dots (CdSe, ZnS, InGaP/ZnS – basically

coated NPs in solution)• Inorganic fullerenes (WS2, MoS2,…) and nanotubes

(transition metal chalcogenides, oxides, BN, metal…)• Wide variety of chemical compositions, crystal

structures and surface properties (most ENPs are covered with surfactant), common some dimension in nanometer scale

1 101 102 103 104

Single WalledCarbon Nanotube

Multi-walledCNT

CarbonFibers

(nm)

VGCF's

Vapor grownVapor grown

Carbon Nanofiber

Vapor grownVapor grown

ElectricalMechanical

Thermal

ElectricalThermal

MechanicaElectrical

MechanicalThermal

Carbon Fiber Products Overview

ElectricalMechanical

Thermal

Tube Diameter, nm

Properties of Carbon Nanotubes• Better conductor than copper• Better transistor material than silicon• Conduct heat twice as efficiently as diamond• Field emit 500 times as efficiently as molybdenum• Thermally stable up to 1500 oC while polymers

degrade below 150 oC• Half as dense as aluminum• 25 times stronger than steel• Challenging to integrate into composite

materials and to incorporate into electronics manufacturing – but we will solve many of these issues

Known forms of Carbon NanomaterialsCarbon Nanotube (SWCNT):

Roll of carbon sheet one atomic layer thick= Graphene NanoRibbons (GNR)

1 000 000 times thinner than paper

Rolling in different directions makes different kinds of tubes(10,10) armchair tube

METALLIC(10,5) helical (chiral) tube

SEMICONDUCTINGBy Prof. Shigeo Maruyama, Tokyo Universssity, Japan

Three allotropic modifications of carbon: diamond, graphite, and fullerene structures (fullerenes and CNTs).Carbon resources are practically unlimited.

??PEAPOD

Graphene

CNB- Carbon NanoBudTM

New Carbon NanoMaterial invented at TKK

NanobudTM combines Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes in Single Structure with Covalent Bonding

Nasibulin & Kauppinen et al. Nature Nanotechnology, 2(3) 156 March 2007

Prof. Morinobu Endo (ShinshuUniversity, Nagano, Japan)

One of the Worldleader in the Carbon Nanotube field, Nobel Prize candidate:

March 2007: “This novel nano-carbon (NanoBuds™) will attract lots of attention due to its novel electronic properties as well as potential in various applications“

Unique Integrated Electronics Component Manufacturing

Direct Manufacture

Synthesis Process

Control of Material

.

. NanobudTM

Aerosol

Deposition Process

Product

NEED for Novel IC INTERCONNECT Materials

Forecast 1

• Nanocarbons will allow IC interconnects to be reduced below 32 nm linewidth, i.e. Moore law can be followed 2030

Future FETs – Si cannot be scaled ultimately –SWCNT to replace Si ?

World wide economic activity associated with electronics:(Phaedon Avouris, IBM, 3/2006)- Semiconductors 215 B$- Electronics 1 T$- IT enabled services 5 T$

From Ishida et al., NEC, NT05

ISSUESTO BE SOLVED:individual SWCNTwith given (n,m)Deposited at ambientT to exact locationat the substrate, i.e.how to integrateSWCNT’s intoelectronics integratedmanufacturingprocesses

Forecast 2

• Nanocarbons will allow IC transistor to bereduced below 32 nm linewidth, i.e. Moore law can be followed 2030

Materials for Flexible Electronics

Mobility

Year

CNTN FET

According to Prof. G. Gruner, UCLA,USA

Forecast 3

• Flexibel and transparent electronics is partof everyday life – large, foldable displays, TV’s, e-books etc.

• CNT networks offer the material for thinfilm transistor active gate – all of us will becarrying invisible nanocarbon films 2025

TKK/Canatu O

Forecast 4

• Haptic (based on sensing the proximity of user finger) user interfaces replacekeyboards and -pads for computer, phones etc.

• Nanocarbons offer the material solutioni.e. conductive, flexible and transparentfilms for these devices

CNTN FETs on Si and polymer substrates –Respective mobilities 5 and 1 cm2/V*s

Forecast 5

• Devices sensing the environment aroundus as well as our body functions are in common use - temperature, pressure, air pollution, sun radiation intensity; bloodpressure, sugar content etc.

• These multiple sensor systems are basedon invisible nanocarbon thin filmtransistors

Why using NanoCarbos in Fuel Cells?

Pt

e-

CNTs vs conventional C powders:• Increased utilization of Pt: enhanced electron pathway due

to their wire-like structure and better interconnects.• Higher resistance to corrosion: less Pt

dissolution/aggregation• Water management: hydrophobic nature of CNTs prevents

catalyst flooding• Lower onset potential and higher ET rate constant for ORR:

higher binding energy of d-band electrons of Pt on CNT supports.

Forecast 6

• Nanocarbons, especially N-doped carbonnanotubes, replace metal catalyst+carbonsupports as electrode material in polymerelectrolyte fuell cells, allowing economicaland environmetally friendly manufacturingof efficient and durable fuell cells for cleanenergy production

Why using nanocarbons in solarcells?

At PHOTOELECTRODEAt PHOTOELECTRODE: : CNBsCNBs as scaffolds as scaffolds for lightfor light--harvesting TiOharvesting TiO22/dye to improve /dye to improve photoinducedphotoinduced charge separation and charge separation and electron transport to the PE surfaceelectron transport to the PE surface

At COUNTER ELECTRODEAt COUNTER ELECTRODE: Replace the TCO : Replace the TCO coating as transparent conductive layer or coating as transparent conductive layer or even the Pt catalyst. even the Pt catalyst.

Pt

Forecast 7

• Nanocarbons allow development of economical yet efficient solar cells – thesewill be in everyday use 2030

Forecast 8

• Combined energy production and storageis common 2030 – based on e.g. followingconcepts– Fuel cell – super capacitor combination– Solar cell – battery combination

• Nanocarbons offer material solutions for these devices

Forecast 9

• Electric cars replace combustion enginecars

• Litium (or another metal) ion batteries willbe 10 lighter and offer 10 times bettercapacity than currently

• Nanocarbon essential material in thesenovel batteries

Forecast 10

• Energy efficient, environmetally friendlytransportation needed 2030

• Nanocarbon composites are strong and light, being adapted to cars and airplanes

THANKS TO YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !