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Carbon Sequestration
Sana Ehsan 12182
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What is carbon dioxide captureand sequestration?
• can greatl* reduce CO2 emissions from new and
existing coal- and gas-fired power plants and
large industrial sources!
• Three-step process
Capture of CO2 from power plants or industrial
processes
+ransport of the captured and compressedCO2 $usuall* in pipelines'!
,nderground inection and geologic se.uestration
set of
technologies
/
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Why is it important?
• in reducing greenhouse gas emissions• enabling low-carbon electricit* generation
from power plants• more than 401 of CO2 emissions in the ,nited
tates are from electric power generation• CC technologies are currentl* available and
can dramaticall* reduce $b* 0-01'CO2 emissions from power plants that burn
fossil fuels!• !
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Sequestration methods
• enhancing the storage of carbon in soil
(soil sequestration)
• enhancing the storage in forests and other vegetation
(plant sequestration)• storing carbon in underground geological formations
(geo sequestration)
• storing carbon in the ocean
(ocean sequestration)• chemical reactions to form inorganic carbonates
$mineral carbonation)
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anagement practicesincrease C content (soil)
• low-tillage or no tillage
• use of manures and compost
• conversion of monoculture s*stems to
diverse s*stems• crop rotations
• winter cover crops
• perennial vegetation on steep slopes• :n alternative and promising approach
biochar
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Plant Sequestration
• ;lants use sunlight energ* - convert CO2 from the atm! to carboh*drates
• for their growth and maintenance#photos*nthesis!
• one third of CO2 emissions from fossil fuelcombustion alread* se.uester b*
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• uptae of CO2 decreases as plants grow to their
full capacit*
• the capacit* is limited and longevit* of storage
depends on the final fate of the timber or plant
material
93
Biological storage could be enhanced through
agricultural
forestr*
practice
s
re-
vegetation
significant shorter-term
contribution to c!c
mitigation!
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Geosequestration
• ,nderground inection and storage of
5"5s
• 3 component scheme of CC
9!capture of CO2 either before or after
combustion of the fuel
2!transport of the captured CO2 to the site ofstorage# and
3!inection and storage of the CO2!
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• predominantl* aimed at mitigating emissions
of CO2# but geo-se.uestration ma* also
prove to be applicable to other greenhouse
gases!• long-term storage options
• most promising due to higher confidence in
the longevit* of storage= large capacit* ofpotential storage sites= and generall* greater
understanding of the mechanisms of storage!
9(
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Ocean sequestration
• the largest carbon store on earth
• inect CO2 directl* into the deep ocean to
utilise its enormous storage capacit*
• 8odels suggest that CO2 inected into the
deep ocean would remain isolated from the
atmosphere for several centuries#
• enhance the ocean carbon involves large
scale ocean fertilisation with iron to stimulate
ph*toplanton growth and photos*nthesis
9)
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Mineral sequestration
• nown as mineral carbonation
• reaction of CO2 with metal oxides that arepresent in common# naturall* occurring
silicate rocs!• results in natural carbonate products that
are stable on a geological time scale
• natural reaction is slow• accelerated through energ*-intensive
preparation of the reactants
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Why action is needed now
• CO2 emissions e.uivalent to more than the totalamount of carbon stored in ,!! forests
• trends continue double b* 20(0 and increase b* afactor of three to four b* 2900!
• :ccording to the >;CC Report 200/# se.uestration
and reduction of emissions over the next two tothree decades will potentiall* have a substantialimpact on long-term opportunities to stabili?e levelsof atmospheric CO2 and mitigate impacts ofclimate change!
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Carbon Ofsets
• Reduction in emissions of CO2 or 5"5s
made in order to compensate an emission
made elsewhere!
• @g! planting trees to offset oneAs gas
emissions from driving a car to wor ever*da*!
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Reerences
• Roger# ! and Brent# ! $2092'! Carbon e.uestration inorests and oils! :nnual Review of Resource @conomics! 4#92/944!
• httpDEEunfccc!intEessentialFbacgroundEglossar*EitemsE3)))!phpGC
• httpDEEen!wiipedia!orgEwiiECarbonFse.uestrationGciteFnote-)• Chris# "! $200'! .uaring the Circle on Coal - Carbon
Capture and torage $CC' Claverton 5roup conference#Bath 24-2) October!
• ;acala# ! and ocolow# R! $2004' tabili?ation wedges-
solving the climate problem for the next (0 *ears with currenttechnologies! cience! 30(# )-/2!
• httpDEEpubs!usgs!govEfsE200E30/EpdfECarbon!pdf • httpDEEwww!epa!govEclimatechangeEccsE• httpDEEwww!epa!govEamlErevitalEcse.fact!pdf
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