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© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 2
Typical Properties of Powdered
Carbopol® Polymers
Chemical Description: High molecular weight,non-linear polyacrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkenyl polyether
Physical Appearance: White powder
Particle Size: 2 - 7 microns
Bulk Density: 176 - 208 kg/m3
pH (1% water dispersion) 2.5 - 3.0
Moisture Content: < 2%
Equivalent Weight 76 ± 4
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Major Functions of Carbopol® and Pemulen®
Rheology Modifiers
• Thickening with a wide range of flow properties
• Suspension of insoluble ingredients
• Stabilization of emulsions (Carbopol® polymers)
• Emulsification (Pemulen® polymers)
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 5
How Carbopol® Polymers Thicken
Carbopol®
Powder
State I:
Powder State II:
Hydrated State III:
Neutralized
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 6
State I: Powder
Before contact with water, cross-linked polyacrylic acid is tightly coiled
COO
H
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 7
State II (Polymer Dispersion): Hydrated
When dispersed in water, cross-linked polyacrylic acid begins uncoiling
COOH
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 8
State III (Polymer Mucilage): Neutralized
u Neutralization with a base creates negative charges along
backbone
u These repulsive forces uncoil polymer into an extended structure
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+ NH4
+
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Neutralization Ratio Chart - pH 7.0
*Note: The 40% solution should be made from Tris Amino crystals from the manufacturer.
Do not use the pre-dispersed solution from the manufacturer as it contains many impurities.
Neutralizer Trade
Name
Neutralizer INCI/CTFA
Name
Manufacturer Weight Ration
Base/Carbopol® polymer
NaOH (18%) Sodium Hydroxide 2.3/1.0
Ammonia (28%) Ammonium Hydroxide 0.7/1.0
KOH (18%) Potassium Hydroxide 2.7/1.0
L-Arginine Arginine Ajinomoto 4.5/1.0
AMP-95® Aminomethyl Propanol Angus 0.9/1.0
Neutrol® TE Tetrahydroxypropyl
Ethylenediamine
BASF 2.3/1.0
TEA (99%) Triethanolamine 1.5/1.0
Tris Amino® (40%)* Tromethamine Angus 3.2/1.0
Ethomeen® C-25 PEG-15 Cocamine Akzo 6.2/1.0
Diisopropanolamine Diisopropanolamine Dow 1.2/1.0
Triisopropanolamine Triisopropanolamine Dow 1.5/1.0
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Thickening Hydroalcoholic Gels
Carbopol® polymer
will precipitate out of
solution if neutralizer
is not chosen
correctly.
Recommended Neutralizers for
Hydroalcoholic Systems
Up to % Alcohol Neutralizer
20% Sodium Hydroxide
30% Potassium Hydroxide
60% Triethanolamine
60% Tris Amino
80% AMP-95*
90% Neutrol TE
90% Diisopropanolamine
90% Triisopropanolamine
>90% Ethomeen® C-25
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 11
Suspension of Particles in a Carbopol® Polymer Gel
Swollen
Microgel
Suspended
Particle
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 12
Yield Value
Formulations thickened with Carbopol® polymers
have very high yield values
Yield value is the initial resistance to flow under
applied stress
Yield value (rather than viscosity) is the
dominant factor in determining suspending
ability
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 13
Applications for Yield Value
Suspension
Vertical Cling
Foam Stability
Emulsion Stabilization
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 14
Viscosity vs. Yield Value
rev. 4/19/02
pH = 6.3 - 7.5
Polymer (wt%) Broolfield
Viscosity
(mPa‧s)
Brookfield Yield
Value (dyn/cm2)
Sand Suspension
0.1-Carbopol® Ultrez 21
polymer
6,800 200 Permanent
0.5-Locust Bean Gum 22,800 80 8 Hours
1.5-Sodium CMC 5,900 36 3 Hours
1.5-Guar Gum 8,040 32 4 Hours
2.5-Sodium Alginate 8,360 16 2 Hours
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 15
Suspended Sphere Test Method
u Location of several
spheres marked
u Gels stored at room
temperature for 3
days
u Yield value
associated with
largest/densest
sphere with no
appreciable
movement Viscosity = 33,000 mPa·s pH = 7.5
2.3% CMC 2.1% Guar 6.0% Xanthan 0.5% Carbopol®
980 polymer
rev. 12/13/01
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 16
Measurement of Brookfield Yield Value
Brookfield Yield Value (dyn/cm2)=
(Brookfield Visc. @ 0.5 rpm – Brookfield Visc. @ 1 rpm)
100
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Carbopol® Polymers: Application Guide
INCI/CTFA Designation
Acrylates/C10-
30 alkyl acrylate
crosspolymer
Carbomer Carbomer Carbomer
Acrylates/C10-30
alkyl acrylate
crosspolymer
Ultrez 21 Ultrez 10 Ultrez 20
ETD 2050 ETD 2020
2984/5984 980 981 1382
934 940 941 1342
PROPERTIES
Flow characteristics Short Short Short Long Medium
Relative viscosity High High High Low Medium
Suspending ability (yield
value) High High High High High
Clarity Very high Low High High High
Relative Ion Tolerance Medium Low Low Medium High
Relative Shear Tolerance High High High Low Low
APPLICATIONS
Clear Gels ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Hydroalcoholic Gels ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Lotions ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Creams ◆ ◆ ◆
Personal Cleansers ◆ ◆
High Electrolyte Systems
(aloe gels, etc.) ◆ ◆
Ultrez 10 = Carbopol® Ultrez 10 Polymer
Ultrez 20 = Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer
Ultrez 21 = Carbopol® Ultrez 21 Polymer
934 = Carbopol® 934 Polymer
940 = Carbopol® 940 Polymer
941 = Carbopol® 941 Polymer
1382 = Carbopol® 1382 Polymer
2984 = Carbopol® 2984 Polymer
5984 = Carbopol® 5984 Polymer
2984 = Carbopol® 2984 Polymer
ETD2020 = Carbopol®
EETD2020 Polymer
ETD2050 – Carbopol®
ETD2050 Polymer
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 19
Compatibility of Carbopol® Polymers
*Best H202 compatible = Carbopol® 934 Polymer
** Not tested
PROPERTIES Ultrez 21 Ultrez 10 Ultrez 20
Flow Type Short Short Medium
Formulation
compatibility
•High electrolytes √√ √√√
•Surfactants √√ √√√
•Cationics √
•Solvents √ √ √√
•*H2O2 ** √ **
•High pH √√ √ √√
Easy to disperse/use √√√ √√√ √√√
Ultez 20 = Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer
Ultrez 21 = Carbopol® Utrez 21 Polymer
Ultrez 10 = Carbopol® Ultrez 10 Polymer
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 20
Ease of Processing
Carbopol® Polymer Wetting Times at 25°C
Procedure:
0.5%: 2.5 g of powder sprinkled onto the surface of 500 mL DI water contained in a 800 mL beaker
3.0%: 3.0 g of powder sprinkled onto the surface of 100 mL DI water contained in a 250 mL beaker
Note: The above values are typical, not specifications
Carbopol® Polymer
Wetting Time 0.5 wt % (minutes)
Wetting Time 3.0 wt % (minutes)
Ultrez 20 3 5
Ultrez 21 2-3 5
Ultrez 10 5 6
ETD 2020 20 > 3 hours
980 > 50 > 5 hours
Ultrez 20 = Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer
Ultrez 21 = Carbopol® Ultrez 21 Polymer
Utrez 10 = Carbopol® Ultrez 10 Polymer
ETD2020 = Carbopol® ETD2020 Polymer
980 = Carbopol® 980 Polymer
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 21
Concentration Dependence of Dispersion Viscosity
pH = 2.5 - 3.5
Brookfield RVT @ 20 rpm
0
10,000
20,000
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0Polymer Concentration, wt %
Vis
cosi
ty,
(mP
a·
s)
Carbopol® Ultrez
21 Polymer
Carbopol® Ultrez
10 Polymer
Carbopol® Ultrez
20 Polymer
Carbopol® 980
Polymer
Carbopol® 940
Polymer
Measurement taken
@ 1 hour @ 25 °C
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Dispersion Preparation of Carbopol® and Pemulen® Polymer
- Add slowly in finely divided particles by sifting polymers
through 20 - 30 mesh stainless steel screen into water vortex
- Add as early in formulation as possible
- Add small amount of inorganic acid to reduce viscosity and
air entrapment
- Neutralize near the end of the formula
- Up to 2.0% polymer concentration recommended
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 23
Processing and Formulating Guidelines
Carbopol® Ultrez Polymers
Sprinkle polymer on surface of water and allow to
self-wet (vigorous agitation produces foam)
Gently begin agitation
Can be pre- or post-neutralized
(depending on application)
Keep agitation to a minimum (to avoid air
entrapment) while adding remaining ingredients to
formulation
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 25
Effect of pH on Viscosity
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
Vis
co
sit
y, (
mP
a·s
) Carbopol® Ultrez 21
polymer
Carbopol® Ultrez 10
polymer
Carbopol® Ultrez 20
polymer
Carbopol® Polymer
Carbopol® Polymer - 0.5 (wt %)
NaOH - 18 (wt %)
Brookfield RVT @ 20 rpm
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 26
NaCl Effect on Carbopol® Polymer
Gel Viscosities
Carbopol® Polymer - 1.0 wt% at pH 7.5
Brookfield RVT @ 20 rpm
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
NaCl Concentration (wt %)
Vis
co
sit
y,
(mP
a·
s) Carbopol® Ultrez
21 polymer
Carbopol® Ultrez10 Polymer
Carbopol® Ultrez20 Polymer
Carbopol® Polymer
rev. 4/19/02
Measurements taken immediately
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 27
Clarity Vs. Concentration
Polymer Concentration (wt %)
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Carbopol® Ultrez20 polymer
Carbopol® ETD2020 polymer
Carbopol® Ultrez21 polymer
pH = 6.0
Brookfield RVT @ 20 rpm
C
larity
(%
T)
Carbopol®
polymers
Measurements
taken
@ 1 hour @ 25 °C
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Creating the Right Sensory with the
Right Choice of Carbopol® Polymers
Formulate with Confidence™
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 29
Gel: Screening Formulation Comparable Viscosities (23,000-28,000 mPa.s)
Part
Ingredients INCI % Weight
A Carbopol
Ultrez 10 polyme Carbomer 0.23
Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer Acrylates C10-C30 Alkyl
Acrylate Crosspolymer
0.60
Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer Acrylates C10-C30 Alkyl
Acrylate Crosspolymer
0.23
Carbopol 940 polymer
Carbomer 0.20
Carbopol 980 polymer Carbomer 0.25
Carbopol 934 polymer Carbomer 0.45
Deionized Water Qs to 100
B TEA(99%) Triethanolamine QS to pH = 6.0 – 6.5
C Glydant
Plus Liquid DMDM Hydantoin (&) Iodopropynyl
Butylcarbamate
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 30
Gel: Effect of Electrolytes on Viscosity Comparable Viscosities
0
10,000
20,000
U10 U20 U21 940 980 934
Rheology Modifiers
Vis
co
sit
y (
mP
a.S
)
w/ 0.01wt% NaCl w/ 0.05wt% NaCl
U10 = Carbopol® Ultrez 10 polymer
U20 = Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer
U21 = Carbopol® Ultrez 21 polymer
940 = Carbopol® 940 polymer
980 = Carbopol® 980 polymer
934 = Carbopol® 934 polymer
More electrolyte tolerant Carbopol polymers offer higher viscosity response in the presence of electrolytes.
(mP
a•S
)
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 31
Gel: Stress Sweep
0.1000 1.000 10.00 100.0 1000
osc. stress (Pa)
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.00
100.0
1000
Carbopol® Ultrez 10 Polymer + NaCl Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer + NaCl Carbopol® Ultrez 21 Polymer + NaCl Carbopol® 940 Polymer + NaCl Carbopol® 980 Polymer + NaCl Carbopol® 934 Polymer + NaCl
0.1000 1.000 10.00 100.0 1000
osc. stress (Pa)
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.00
100.0
1000
G' (P
a.s
)
Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer CarbopolUltrez 20 polymer
Carbopol Ultrez 21Polymer Carbopol 940 Polymer Carbopol 980 Polymer
Carbopol 934 Polymer
Lower values for yield stress result in easier-to-break structures.
The longer the “rest plateau”, the higher the stress needed to break the structure.
Yield
Stress
Yield
Stress
Critical
Strain
Critical
Strain
Rest plateau
Rest plateau
G' (P
a.s
)
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 32
Gel: Sensory Attributes of Carbopol® Polymers (Forced Ranking Method)
-9E
+2
63
Cushion
Quickness of Break
WetnessSpreadability
Afterfeel Intensity
Carbopol®
Ultrez 10
Polymer
Carbopol®
Ultrez 20
Polymer
Carbopol®
Ultrez 21
Polymer
Carbopol®
940 Polymer
Carbopol®
980 Polymer
Carbopol®
934 Polymer
Each polymer has its own sensory fingerprint.
HSD95
*with significant difference
*
*
*
*
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 33
Gel: Range of Aesthetics for Carbopol® Polymers
Taken from the forced ranking sensory data of tested Carbopol® Polymers
Light Heavy
Wet Watery Creamy
Quick Break Long Playtime
Ultrez 10 Ultrez 21 980 Ultrez 20
Carbopol® Polymers
Ultrez 10 = Carbopol® Ultrez 10 polymer
Ultrez 21 = Carbopol® Ultrez 21 polymer
980 = Carbopol® 980 polymer
Ultrez 20 = Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 34
Gel: Summary of Sensory Evaluation
• Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer offers luxurious feel and longer
playtime – a melting sensory. Good for rich cushiony and non
watery sensory gel formulations.
• Both Carbopol® Ultrez 10 and Carbopol® Ultrez 21 polymers
provide refreshing sensory in initial rubout. Good for refreshing
formulations.
• Carbopol® 980 polymer provides in-between sensory
characterized by slippery and lighter initial cushiony feel. Good
for medium to rich formulations with non-tacky afterfeel.
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 35
Emulsion: Sensory Attributes of Carbopol® Polymers QDA Rating Method
-9
E
+
26
Cushion
Quickness of Break
WetnessSpreadbility
Afterfeel Intensity
Carbopol® Ultrez 10 Polymer Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer Carbopol® Ultrez 21 Polymer
Carbopol® 940 Polymer Carbopol® 980 Polymer Carbopol® 934 PolymerHSD95
*
* *
*
*
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 36
Emulsion: Range of Aesthetics for Carbopol® Polymers
Ultrez 10 = Carbopol® Ultrez 10 polymer
Ultrez 21 = Carbopol® Ultrez 21 polymer
980 = Carbopol® 980 polymer
Ultrez 20 = Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer
Light Heavy
Low residual feel High residual feel
Non-lingering afterfeel Lingering afterfeel
Ultrez 10 980 Ultrez 21 Ultrez 20
Carbopol® Polymers
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved 37
Emulsion: Summary of Sensory Evaluation
• Even with the complexities of emulsion formulations, Carbopol
polymers still provide sensory influence in the resulting
emulsions.
– Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer provides luxurious, melting rubout sensory and
highest afterfeel intensity.
– Carbopol® Ultrez 21 polymer provides melting, lighter rubout sensory and
medium to light afterfeel intensity.
– Carbopol® Ultrez 10 polymer provides refreshing, short rubout sensory and
light afterfeel intensity.
– Carbopol® 980 polymer provides light, lubricating rubout sensory and velvety
afterfeel.
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Carbopol® Polymers: Application Guide
INCI/CTFA Designation
Acrylates/C10-
30 alkyl acrylate
crosspolymer
Carbomer Carbomer Carbomer
Acrylates/C10-30
alkyl acrylate
crosspolymer
Ultrez 21 Ultrez 10 Ultrez 20
ETD 2050 ETD 2020
2984/5984 980 981 1382
934 940 941 1342
PROPERTIES
Flow characteristics Short Short Short Long Medium
Relative viscosity High High High Low Medium
Suspending ability (yield
value) High High High High High
Clarity Very high Low High High High
Relative Ion Tolerance Medium Low Low Medium High
Relative Shear Tolerance High High High Low Low
APPLICATIONS
Clear Gels ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Hydroalcoholic Gels ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Lotions ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
Creams ◆ ◆ ◆
Personal Cleansers ◆ ◆
High Electrolyte Systems
(aloe gels, etc.) ◆ ◆
Ultrez 10 = Carbopol® Ultrez 10 Polymer
Ultrez 20 = Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer
Ultrez 21 = Carbopol® Ultrez 21 Polymer
934 = Carbopol® 934 Polymer
940 = Carbopol® 940 Polymer
941 = Carbopol® 941 Polymer
1382 = Carbopol® 1382 Polymer
2984 = Carbopol® 2984 Polymer
5984 = Carbopol® 5984 Polymer
2984 = Carbopol® 2984 Polymer
ETD2020 = Carbopol®
EETD2020 Polymer
ETD2050 – Carbopol®
ETD2050 Polymer
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Trademarks
• Carbopol and SilSense are registered trademarks of The Lubrizol
Corporation.
• Fixate, Glucam, Glucamate, Glucate, Glucquat, Hydramol, Merquat,
Novemer, Pemulen, Schercemol and Sensomer are trademarks of The
Lubrizol Corporation.
• Hydrolite is registered trademark of Symrise.
• Euxyl is a registered trademark of Schülke & Mayr GmbH
• Olympus is a registered trademark of Olympus corporation
• Fucosorb is a trademark of Sensient
• Lipopearl and Liposphere are trademarks of Lipo Technologies, Inc.
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Disclaimer The information contained herein is believed to be reliable, but no representations, guarantees or
warranties of any kind are made as to its accuracy, suitability for a particular application or the results
to be obtained herefrom. Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. ("Lubrizol") cannot guarantee how any
products associated with this information will perform in combination with other substances or in your
process as the "user". Often, the information is based on laboratory work with small-scale equipment.
Due to variations in methods, conditions and equipment used commercially in processing materials,
the information does not necessarily indicate end product performance or reproducibility. As such, no
warranties or guarantees are made as to the suitability of the information or products referenced
hereunder for any applications disclosed to Lubrizol. Full scale testing and end product performance
are the responsibility of the user. Further, any formulations presented should be used only as a
suggested starting point. Lubrizol shall not be liable and the user assumes all risk and responsibility
for, any use or handling of any material beyond Lubrizol's direct control. THE SELLER MAKES NO
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Nothing
contained herein is to be considered as a permission, recommendation, or as an inducement to
practice any patented invention without permission of the patent owner.
© Copyright, Inc. 2012 Lubrizol Advanced Materials
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Thank you . . .
For more information, samples and/or starting formulations with complete
processing instructions and supplier references please contact:
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.
9911 Brecksville Road
Cleveland, OH 44141
800-379-5389
216-447-5000
www.lubrizol.com/personalcare
www.lubrizol.com/household