CARCHI STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF NURSING

ENGLISH PORTFOLIO

RESPONSIBLE: SONIA CARDENAS

TEACHER: IVAN FUERTES

TULCÁN - FEBRUARY – 2013

MY BIOGRAPHY

Name: Sonia Mireya

Name: Cardenas Enriquez

Age: 22 years

Date of birth: September 12, 1991

Parents: Jose Cardenas and Sonia Enriquez

phone number: 0969194460

Email: mire.she @ hotmail.com

origin: Ecuador

Residence: Ecuador

Initial studies: institute Gabriel A. mistral

basic education: school Alejandro R. Mera

bachelor studies: Technological Tulcán

higher studies: UPEC, nursing career

is a positive and responsible person, to meet its goals in order to provide a

better future for her daughter, a single mother, and living with her parents ,

plans to be a great professional and a good mother.

http://www.google.com.ec/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pekq2IJrZ2drPM&tbnid=dZQT2a-W7xInyM&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://www.institutozurbaran.com/bilingue_ingles/?page_id=132&ei=OJ7tUrbPCcu_kQf404DwBg&psig=AFQjCNHUGwKs5hV4DfWDQja0sakW4lSeCg&ust=1391390648233323

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

Say which of the following verbs are used with the following means of transport

Use verbs

to catch a bus

to get on a bus

to get off a bus

to drive a car

to ride a bike

Means of Transport Vocabulary

This is a list of vocabulary items related to means of transport / travel

Means of travel or means of transport refer to the different kinds of transport

facilities that are often used to transport people or cargo.

Means of transport

car train plane

ship motorbike / motorcycle bike / bicycle

van bus / coach pick up truck

Useful means of transport expressions

traveling by ...

rail bus / coach air sea

station

train

catch / get on

get off

platform

passenger train

journey

depart / leave

arrive

engine

engine driver

corridor / aisle

bus terminal

bus

catch / get on / board

get off

departure gate

coach / bus

journey

depart / leave

arrive

driver's seat

bus driver

aisle

airport

aircraft

get on / board

get off / disembark

departure gate

passenger jet / airplane

flight

take off

land

cockpit

pilot

aisle

port

ship

embark

disembark

quay / dock

liner

voyage

sail

dock

bridge

captain

gangway

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

The comparative form of an adjective is used for comparing two people or

things (e.g. he is taller than me), while the superlative is used for comparing

one person or thing with every other member of their group (e.g. he was the

tallest boy in the class).

Adjectives make their comparative and superlative forms in different ways,

depending on the base adjective itself. Here’s a quick-reference guide to the

spelling of comparative and superlative adjectives:

Adjectives with one syllable

In general, if the adjective has one syllable, then the letters -er or -est are

added:

warm warmer warmest

quick quicker quickest

tall taller tallest

Adjectives with one syllable ending in e

If the adjective has one syllable and ends in e, just add -r or -st:

late later latest

nice nicer nicest

large larger largest

Adjectives with two syllables

Adjectives with two syllables vary. Some add -er/-est or -r/-st:

feeble feebler feeblest

Some use the words ‘more’ for the comparative and ‘most’ for the superlative:

famous more famous most famous

Many can do either, like clever:

clever cleverer/more clever cleverest/most clever

Adjectives with three syllables or more

If the adjective has three syllables or more, then the words ‘more’ and ‘most’ are

used:

interesting more interesting most interesting

attractive more attractive most attractive

Adjectives that change their spelling

Some adjectives change their spelling when forming the comparative and

superlative:

Some one-syllable adjectives that end with a single consonant (e.g. big,

wet, sad, fat) double this consonant before adding -er or -est:

big bigger biggest

wet wetter wettest

sad sadder saddest

If the adjective ends in y (e.g. happy, greedy, or tidy), change the y to an

i and add -er or -est:

happy happier happiest

greedy greedier greediest

tidy tidier tidiest

Some common adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative

forms that you just have to learn:

bad worse worst

good better best

little (of a quantity) less least

much more most

RELATIVE CLAUSES:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:

First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative

clause.

We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for

things. We can use 'that' for people or things.

The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We

can't drop the relative pronoun.

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.

She has a son who / that is a doctor.

We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.

I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.

The man who / that phoned is my brother.

The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.

The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here.

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In

this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can

come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:

(Clause after the object)

She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.

We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.

John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.

The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.

(Clause after the subject)

The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.

The university (which / that) she likes is famous.

The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.

The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the object here

Try an exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject and object here

Try another exercise about defining relative clauses here

Non-defining relative clauses:

We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if

the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't drop the

relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject

of the clause.

(Clause comes after the subject)

My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.

My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.

My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.

My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.

(Clause comes after the object)

Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.

The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.

Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.

I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

PREPOSITIONS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the

clause:

For example:

listen to

The music is good. Julie listens to the music.

→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

work with

My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.

→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.

go to

The country is very hot. He went to the country.

→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

come from

I visited the city. John comes from the city.

→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

apply for

The job is well paid. She applied for the job.

→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose

'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It

replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.

The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.

→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.

The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.

→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.

→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.

The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.

→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and

prepositions.

I live in a city. I study in the city.

→ I live in the city where I study.

→ I live in the city that / which I study in.

→ I live in the city in which I study.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.

→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.

→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.

→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.

→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Simple Present Present Progressive

infinitive

(3rd person singular: infinitive + 's')

I speak

you speak

form of 'be' and verb + ing

I am speaking

you are speaking

he / she / it is speaking

he / she / it speaks

we speak

they speak

we are speaking

they are speaking

Exceptions

Exceptions when adding 's' :

For can, may, might, must, do not add s.

Example: he can, she may, it must

After o, ch, sh or s, add es.

Example: do - he does, wash - she washes

After a consonant, the final consonant y

becomes ie. (but: not after a vowel)

Example: worry - he worries

but: play - he plays

Exceptions when adding 'ing' :

Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for

-ee)

Example: come - coming

but: agree - agreeing

After a short, stressed vowel, the final

consonant is doubled.

Example: sit - sitting

After a vowel, the final consonant l is

doubled in British English (but not in

American English).

Example: travel - travelling (British English)

but: traveling (American English)

Final ie becomes y.

Example: lie - lying

See also explanations on Simple Present and Present Progressive

Use

In general or right now?

Do you want to express that something happens in general or that something

is happening right now?

Simple Present Present Progressive

in general (regularly, often, never)

Colin plays football every Tuesday.

present actions happening one after

another

First Colin plays football, then he

watches TV.

right now

Look! Colin is playing football now.

also for several actions happening at the

same time

Colin is playing football and Anne is watching.

Signal words

always

every ...

often

normally

usually

sometimes

seldom

never

first

then

at the moment

at this moment

today

now

right now

Listen!

Look!

Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present:

be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want

Timetable / Schedule or arrangement?

Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Or do

you refer to a time set by a timetable or schedule?

Simple Present Present Progressive

action set by a timetable or schedule

The film starts at 8 pm.

arrangement for the near future

I am going to the cinema tonight.

Daily routine or just for a limited period of time?

Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that

something is only going on for a limited (rather short) period of time?

Simple Present Present Progressive

daily routine

Bob works in a restaurant.

only for a limited period of time (does not

have to happen directly at the moment of

speaking)

Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.

CERTAIN VERBS

The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the

progressive form).

state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit

Example: We are on holiday.

possession: belong, have

Example: Sam has a cat.

senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

Example: He feels the cold.

feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish

Example: Jane loves pizza.

brain work: believe, know, think, understand

Example: I believe you.

Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say

Example: “I am watching TV,“ he says.

STATIVE (OR STATE) VERB LIST

like know belong

love realise fit

hate suppose contain

want mean consist

need understand seem

prefer believe depend

agree remember matter

mind recognise see

own appear look (=seem)

sound taste smell

hear astonish deny

disagree please impress

satisfy promise surprise

doubt think (=have an opinion) feel (=have an opinion)

wish imagine concern

dislike be have

deserve involve include

lack measure (=have length

etc)

possess

owe weigh (=have weight)

A verb which isn't stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action.

Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic:

Be

be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means

'behaving' or 'acting'

you are stupid = it's part of your personality

you are being stupid = only now, not usually

Think

think (stative) = have an opinion

I think that coffee is great

think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head

what are you thinking about? I'm thinking about my next holiday

Have

have (stative) = own

I have a car

have (dynamic) = part of an expression

I'm having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break

See

see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand

I see what you mean

I see her now, she's just coming along the road

see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with

I've been seeing my boyfriend for three years

I'm seeing Robert tomorrow

Taste

taste (stative) = has a certain taste

This soup tastes great

The coffee tastes really bitter

taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting

The chef is tasting the soup

SIMPLE PAST

Examples:

You called Debbie.

Did you call Debbie?

You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a

specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the

specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

She washed her car.

He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These

actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and

met the others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past.

A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two

years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

I lived in Brazil for two years.

Shauna studied Japanese for five years.

They sat at the beach all day.

They did not stay at the party the entire time.

We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

A: How long did you wait for them?

B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the

past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are

talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually,

never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

I studied French when I was a child.

He played the violin.

He didn't play the piano.

Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

She worked at the movie theater after school.

They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations

which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is

quite similar to the expression "used to."

Examples:

She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

He didn't like tomatoes before.

Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete

sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped

my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and

they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.

She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both

clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same

thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not

important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the

sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a

different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one

dollar.

Example:

I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

PAST CONTINUOUS

Examples:

You were studying when she called.

Were you studying when she called?

You were not studying when she called.

Complete List of Past Continuous Forms

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was

interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.

Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

I was watching TV when she called.

When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.

While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.

What were you doing when the earthquake started?

I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.

You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.

While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.

Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.

While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.

A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?

B: I was snowboarding.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter

action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an

interruption.

Examples:

Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.

Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or

finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

Examples:

Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.

I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM.

Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING

DINNER.

USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it

expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The

actions are parallel.

Examples:

I was studying while he was making dinner.

While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.

Were you listening while he was talking?

I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made

several mistakes.

What were you doing while you were waiting?

Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.

They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good

time.

USE 4 Atmosphere

In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere

at a particular time in the past.

Example:

When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some

were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and

customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a

secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each

other about the bad service.

USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the

idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The

concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion.

Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and

"verb+ing."

Examples:

She was always coming to class late.

He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.

I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete

sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she

called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she

was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the

past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas

"while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of

"during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but

they emphasize different parts of the sentence.

Examples:

I was studying when she called.

While I was studying, she called.

PAST PERFECT

Examples:

You had studied English before you moved to New York.

Had you studied English before you moved to New York?

You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

Complete List of Past Perfect Forms

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another

action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific

time in the past.

Examples:

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several

times.

Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?

She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.

We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in

advance.

A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?

B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we

use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued

up until another action in the past.

Examples:

We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over

eight years.

They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for

more than forty years.

Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous

Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work,"

"teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT

Non-Continuous Verbs.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or

phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not

necessary.

Example:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved

in with them in 1996.

MOREOVER

If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be

used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the

sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so

the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.

Examples:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved

in with them in 1996.

She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in

with them in 1996.

HOWEVER

If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is

not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a

lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason,

Simple Past cannot be used.

Examples:

She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct

She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct

REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECT SPEECH)

Language Guide German + Dictionary for iPhone and iPod-Touch (made

by ego4u)

Exercises on Reported Speech

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s

exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you

need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The

structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a

statement, question or request.

Statements

When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

pronouns

present tense verbs (3rd person singular)

place and time expressions

tenses (backshift)

Type Example

direct speech “I speak English.”

reported speech

(no backshift)

He says that he speaks English.

reported speech He said that he spoke English.

(backshift)

→ more on statements in reported speech

Questions

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

pronouns

present tense verbs (3rd person singular)

place and time expressions

tenses (backshift)

Also note that you have to:

transform the question into an indirect question

use the interrogative or if / whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech “Why don’t you speak English?”

reported

speech

He asked me why I didn’t speak

English.

without

interrogative

direct speech “Do you speak English?”

reported

speech

He asked me whether / if I spoke

English.

→ more on questions in reported speech

Requests

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

pronouns

place and time expressions

Type Example

direct speech “Carol, speak English.“

reported speech He told Carol to speak English.

→ more on requests in reported speech

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND EXEPTIONS

Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects that you

should keep in mind, for example:

main clauses connected with and / but

tense of the introductory clause

reported speech for difficult tenses

exeptions for backshift

requests with must, should, ought to and let’s

SIMPLE FUTURE

"will" and "be going to."

Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often

express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too

abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear.

Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

You will help him later.

Will you help him later?

You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

You are going to meet Jane tonight.

Are you going to meet Jane tonight?

You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

Complete List of Simple Future Forms

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary

action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to

respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will"

when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us.

Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do

something.

Examples:

I will send you the information when I get it.

I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.

Will you help me move this heavy table?

Will you make dinner?

I will not do your homework for you.

I won't do all the housework myself!

A: I'm really hungry.

B: I'll make some sandwiches.

A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.

B: I'll get you some coffee.

A: The phone is ringing.

B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

I will call you when I arrive.

If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure

everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.

I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.

Don't worry, I'll be careful.

I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a

person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the

plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.

A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?

B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.

I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.

Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.

They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.

Who are you going to invite to the party?

A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?

B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about

the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In

"prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and

therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no

difference in meaning.

Examples:

The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.

The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.

John Smith will be the next President.

John Smith is going to be the next President.

The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.

The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind.

Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning

with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon

as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.

Examples:

When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct

When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

FUTURE PERFECT

"will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike Simple Future forms,

Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]

Examples:

You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from

the U.S.

Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from

the U.S.?

You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back

from the U.S.

FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:

You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come

back from the U.S.

Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come

back from the U.S.?

You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you

come back from the U.S.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future

Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.

Complete List of Future Perfect Forms

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another

action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a

specific time in the future.

Examples:

By next November, I will have received my promotion.

By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire

house.

I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.

Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she

moves to Beijing?

Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he

leaves this afternoon.

By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.

How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you

turn 50?

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in

Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are

in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we

use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another

action in the future.

Examples:

I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.

By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.

Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous

Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work,"

"teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT

Non-Continuous Verbs.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning

with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon

as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.

Examples:

I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework.

Not Correct

I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework.

Correct

ESSAY ARGUMENT – JUSTIFICATION

ESSAY OPINION

ESSAY PROVITING - SOLUTION

Cloning

Do you want a twin that is cloned from you? Do you think it is necessary? Or do

you think it is unethical and should be banned? I strongly believe that cloning is

a new technology that is necessary for our world. I have various reasons for

this: it is necessary for the treatment of some illnesses such as leukemia and it

provides our children better lives. Some people claim that cloning causes some

disadvantages, but I think they are really making a mistake.

First of all, even in our time, we still have some illnesses that have no cure or

treatment or that have long and painful treatments that are applied with

difficulty. We can give leukemia as an example. In the treatment of leukemia,

you have to find a person whose tissues match those of the person suffering

from leukemia, and the probability is very low, unless they are identical twins. If

we use the cloning technology in these cases, we can find a solution to these

kinds of diseases easily. Therefore, I think if it has such advantages why

shouldn’t it be used?

Secondly, if we use this technology in the birth of children, we not only decrease

the risks of cancer, stroke and dementia, but also increase the cognitive

potential and talents of children, as Lee Silver mentioned in his article. I want to

say that the quality of new generation will increase, so better lives are waiting

for us at least for our children, after we improve and start cloning.

Finally, some scientists believe that cloning has many disadvantages. For

example, cloned ones get older faster, and live shorter. On the other hand, we

shouldn’t forget that it is a very very new technology and it needs some time to

be improved. I believe that after a while and after worked on seriously, it will

really provide us the advantages that I mentioned before, so I think at this

moment, all we can do is to wait and see what our scientists can do.

To sum up, in my opinion, cloning will really help us, maybe not today, but

definitely tomorrow. Because of this reason, I really wait for tomorrow

impatiently.

HOMEWORK

YOUR TEACHER HAS ASKED YOU TO WRITE AN ARTICLE GIVING SUGGESTIONS TO TEENAGERS ABOUT THE KIND OF FOOD THEY HAVE TO EAT IN ORDER TO BE MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY FIT AT SCHOOL

"You need to eat your breakfast," "that's enough soda," "please lose the junk food and eat some real food."

If you're a typical teenager with parents who always nag you about what you eat, how you eat, when you eat or don't eat, and the amount of junk food you consume, these comments will sound familiar to you. Give your parents a break, they are just doing their job. They want you to eat properly so you'll develop, be healthy, and keep your moods balanced.

Your body needs certain nutrients to feel well as you go through each day. The most important meal is breakfast, even though it's probably the most difficult for many teenagers. Breakfast is even more important if you aren't eating lunch on a regular basis, and are waiting until after school or until dinner to eat.

Your body needs a daily supply of protein, complex carbohydrates, and healthy fats to

get the fuel it needs for energy and optimum health.

Protein is a primary component of our muscles, hair, nails, skin, eyes, and internal organs,

especially the heart and brain. Protein is needed for growth, for healthy red blood cells, and much more. Protein foods include eggs, cheese, soy products (soymilk, tofu, miso, tempeh), fish, beans, nuts, seeds, chicken, turkey, beef, and pork. If you are interested in following more of a vegetarian diet, choose soy products, beans, and nuts to satisfy your protein needs.

Carbohydrates are our main source of energy and play an important role in the functioning of our nervous system, muscles, and internal organs. Carbohydrate foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans. The foods you should eat in limited amounts are ones that contain

sugar, such as packaged cookies, cakes, soda-these sugars are called simple carbohydrates; they have a negative effect on your blood sugar levels and your moods as well.

Fats are a form of energy reserve and insulation in your body, and can be burned to make

energy when you don't get enough from your diet.

"ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HAVING A PRIVATE

CAR"

Currently struggles companies make deals and promotions to take your car,

from easy payments, design and brand the customer prefers. Is this as good as

it looks.

Have own car has some advantages. To start you can travel in your car with

plenty of comfort. You can avoid tight clothing and odors while traveling by bus.

Secondly you can travel wherever you want. You can travel independently

without having a fixed schedule or date.

However have some disadvantages. There are many expenses to start

gasoline, car insurance and some repairs. You should make sure your car care

and secure to avoid many expenses. Secondly there is no traffic and where to

park. You can avoid leaving your car at home and avoid the stress of traffic.

Finally have their advantages and disadvantages have own car. Must consider

whether to agree to your needs and considering the pros and cons of this

EMAIL

Dear Aida

I read your email and I would like to give you some advice about your current

problem, really hope that I serve and be of great help to you.

Primarily seeking information that your weight does not affect your health, and

then you can ignore the criticism from your peers, they should love you and

accept you as you are and you should do well mainly.

Moreover trust and accept your body as it is , you are unique and irreplaceable ,

and most important is what you have inside, not what you got out.

finally brings a smile to people you do not want and will not accept , and

sampling that are much more humanistic than the others , and that you own a

big heart and good feelings , because they show a lack of values, which you

possess in quantity .

I love you

Sonia

WRITE AN ESSAY ANSWERING THE FOLLOWING QUESTION

DO YOU THINK THAT THE WAY YOU LOOK OR THE CLOTHES

YOU WEAR ON AFFECT YOUR SELF- ESTEEM ? WHY? WHY

NOT?

YOUR PICTURE IS A GIFT WRAP

Currently we are in a very superficial world, especially in the stage of youth,

where you are accepted in different social groups, your external appearance. If

you look a gift the foil is nice but what's inside is nasty, if you look the other is

not so nice but what is inside is wonderful. The problem of how you dress and

how you present yourself to others may seem superficial, but actually it is not.

First most people are very superficial; also take into account how people dress.

For example if you look at a well-dressed person you think is a good person and

you like without knowing.

On the other hand there are very few people who do not mind the outside, but

internally. For example there is a not nice person physically, and badly dressed,

then you think it's not a good person and do not like.

Finally we must learn to value and Recognize people, not their physical

appearance, you have to know your way of being, your feelings and your

thinking, the results will be surprising.

WHAT CAN WE DO TO PROTECT ANIMALS FROM BECOMING

EXTINCT?

Today, many animals have disappeared from the earth, being a negative for the

planet and society itself point, there are problems either by human hands to

build and also survived its fair nature by polluting factories with waste.

The first serious solution to protect large green areas and prevent them from

being invaded by humans as an excuse for expansion of the economy. This

would make the animals to live calm and not become extinct on earth.

The second solution would be to control and verify the distribution of green

areas in factories and eliminate their waste properly. This would make the

chemicals and waste from factories not destroy the fauna of our planet and help

to improve the quality of life for all.

To summarize, there are other possible solutions to the problem of extinction of

animals by human actions. However you have to take into account the growth of

the population and their needs without harming living beings around us.

CONVERSATION

c: Hello Sonia

s: Hello Cristian

c: You like the Chinese food

s: If do I like very much because?

c: You would like to dine with me

s: Ok, it is good idea

c: We look at ourselves in the Chinese house 7:00 pm

s: Ok, there is we see ourselves

d: Good night keep on take doing

d: This is the menu they can elect

c: That do you wish to eat?

s: I want an especial chaulafan

c: I also a little more

s: An orange juice and a strawberry dessert

c: The waiter takes revenge for

d: Tell me which one his order is

c: 2 especial chaulafanes, 2 orange juices and 2 strawberry desserts

d: Enjoy your meal

c: As you have been

s: Very well thanks and your

c: I was sick because you make me ill, I was sick with flu during a week but I am

better off

s: I become happy that you had gotten better

c: That did it seem you the food?

s: It was very delicious, I hope that you repeat

c: Ok, We See Ourselves

s: The waiter tells her

d: You wish to pay with card or in cash

c: In cash please

d: They are 10 dollars

S, C: Thanks, Thanks

TRANSPORT

currently transport are very important for all people to mobilize one place to

another, regardless of distance, allowing people to meet with their loved ones,

many people to transport from one place to another use means of public

transport as the best choice for them, there are also others who prefer to travel

in their own vehicles having a common goal which is to meet family or reach a

specific site.

People who choose to travel by public transport prefer it for its price is very low,

it is comfortable and above all do not care to handle or a problem of the car, so

come to a site of their choice in the company of his family or alone.

on the other hand there are people who prefer to use their own vehicles for

transportation, as they feel comfortable driving and have the option to stop and

appreciate the places that pass , which alkene can be on public transport , it

also can select that accompanied by his family and is used when necessary.

Finally the means of transport used, be it public or itself serves the same

purpose as a way or another come to a certain place or will be shared with

loved ones

Sonia Cárdenas

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