CAP 74What are 3 classes of hormones?Peptide & Protein HormonesWhat is the intercellular communication for endocrines?Cell releases a hormone through the blood to a target cellWhat is the intercellular communication for neuroendocrines?Neuron releases a hormone through the blood to a target cellWhat is the intercellular communication for paracrines?Cell releases a hormone through interstitial fluid to a target cellWhat is the intercellular communication for autocrines?Cell releases a hormone through interstitial fluid back to the cell through mostly positive feedbackSteroid Hormonesmine Hormones!o steroids have a fast or slo" reaction?Slo"!o peptides have a fast or slo" reaction?#ast$ Short half%lifeProtein Hormones& Hypothalamus releases?Protein Hormones& nterior Pituitary releases?'eleasing hormones$ ('H$ )n'H$ C'H$ )H'H$ SomatostatinC(H$ (SH$ #SH$ *H$ P'*$ )HProtein Hormones Posterior Pituitary releases?+,ytocin$ !HProtein Hormones&(hyroid release?CalcitoninProtein Hormones& Pancreas release?-nsulin$ )lucagon$ SomatostatinProtein Hormones& *iver release?Somatomedin CProtein Hormones Parathyroid release?P(HProtein Hormones Placenta release?HC)$ HCS or HP*Protein Hormones .idney release?'enin?Protein Hormones Heart release?NPProtein Hormones )/-/ release?)astrin$ CC.$ Secretin$ )-P$ Somatostatin$ )*P%0Protein Hormones dipocyte release?*eptinWhat are the different types hormone families?-nsulin #amilyP+1C #amilySecretin%)lucagon #amily)ro"th Hormone #amilyNeurohypophyseal #amily)lycoprotein #amily Synthesis & Secretion of Peptide Hormonesre peptides receptors on the surface of the cell?2esWhat is the 3nd messenger for -nsulin?!N is synthesi4ed to 'N through transcription$ 'N to ribsomes through translation to make protein/ When you have stimuli activates the vesicles release the hormonesCyclic denosine 1onophosphate 5c1P6 Second 1essenger 1echanismHormone attaches to receptor releaseing alpha to )(P "hich activates c1P leading to a cell7s response(yrosine .inase(hyroid(hyro,ine(riiodothyronimeprotein binding 889plasma half life :%0 daysSteroidsCortisol(estosteroneldosteroneprotein binding 8;%0= mgDdl)lycosuria increases the amount of glucose dispelled creating an osmotic gradientC amount of urine goes up+vereatingC feel hungry all the time because glucose cannot enter the cell and the kidney gets rid of it/ Body feels like it cannot metaboli4e anythingHypovolemia and hypotension in diabetes mellitus+smotic diuresis keeps get ridding "ater in urineC if BP falls belo" a certain level$ coma and death can occurWhat level of plasma glucose must be obtained to begin the secretion of insulin in the body?What is the ma,imum plasma glucose level one can reach for 0==9 insulin response?3;= mgDdl%)lucagon%like peptide 0 5)*P%06%)astric inhibitory polypeptide 5)-P6'elease of acetylcholine%Somatostatin%@,ercise%lpha%adrenergic stimulation 5No@p and @p6Why do amino acids$ ##7s$ and keto acids stimulate insulin secretion?(hey are absorbed in the )- and are useless until they are taken into a cell and used to"ards glycolysisWhat are the gastro%intestinal hormones that stimulate insulin secretion?What parasympathetic mechanisms stimulate insulin secretion?What are the inhibitory factors affecting insulin secretion?%#asting 5not enough glucose in the blood so "hy secrete insulin6StimulatoryWhat is glucagon7s second messenger?Cyclic 1PHo" does glucagon increase blood glucose?0/ Cyclic 1P3/ Protein kinase What happens in the liver "ith glucagon?What effect does glucagon have on insulin secretion?3/ (riggers )*2C+)@N+*2S-S creating more glucose and pyruvate as productsCreates glucose to either&0/ Be phosphorylated and stored as glycogen+pposite of insulin&%Hypoglycemia%#asting3/ Be converted to pyruvate for the .reb7s CycleWhat happens "hen "e have glucagon secretion?.eeps glucose from entering the liver cells and stays in the bloodWhat is the relationship bet"een plasma blood glucose and glucagon response?+pposite to that of insulinC as plasma glucose hits >= mgDdl$ glucagon stops responding/ ny"here belo" >= mgDdl$ glucagon is