Cardiovascular Physiology

Section 1

Basic Cardiac Anatomy

and Physiology

AB

C

D

E

F

GHI

J

K

L

M

Cardiac Spiral Muscle. A and B illustrate the superficial muscle layer of the heart winding around both ventricles. C shows the middle myocardial layer winding around only the upper ¾ of both ventricles, whereas the inner layer is present only around the left ventricle (D).

Phases of activation of the fast excitable cell.

Action potential of pacemaker cell (sinus node, AV node)

Normal Sequence of Electrical Activation

A normal electrocardiogram showing the morphologies of the cardiac waves and the normal standardization.