(Caribbean Community and Common Market)

Heavon Brown, Final YearBachelor of Technology Degree, Agriculture & Food SystemsCollege of Agriculture, Science & EducationEmail: heavonb@yahoo.comTel: 715 4367/831 3143

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What is Food Security?What is Food Security?• According to FAO““Food security exists Food security exists when all people at all when all people at all times have physical times have physical and economic access and economic access to safe, sufficient to safe, sufficient and and nutritious food to meet nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and their dietary needs and food preferences for an food preferences for an active healthy life.”active healthy life.”

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Dimensions of Food Security

• Food Security has FOUR dimensions:Access: The physical and economic access to enough food for an active, healthy life.

Availability: The availability of good quality, nutritious food from local, regional and international sources.

Utilisation: The safe and healthy utilisation of the food consumed by individuals

Stability: The stability or sustainability of food supplies, access to that food and the utilisation of the food consumed. Anything that interrupts food supply and access or interferes with the utilisation of food will lead to food insecurity

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What is CARICOM?•CARICOM means CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY .

•CARICOM replaces CARIFTA as the Caribbean’s bargaining body on trade.

•CARICOM was established on May 1, 1973

•Major objectives include:• to create conditions to increase output of agricultural & manufacturing products in member countries•To encourage trade among members•Develop common trade policies•Eliminate charges on imported goods which originate in member countries•Act as bargaining body when negotiating with outside forces04/08/23 5Heavon Brown, CARICOM & Food Security

WHAT IS CARICOM?In 1972, Commonwealth Caribbean leaders at

the Seventh Heads of Government Conference decided to transform the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) into a Common Market and establish the Caribbean Community, of which the Common Market would be an integral part.

Although a free-trade area had been established, CARIFTA did not provide for the free movement of labour and capital, or the coordination of agricultural, industrial and foreign policies

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What is CARICOM?Between 1993 and 2000, the Inter-

Governmental Task Force (IGTF) which was composed of representatives of all

Member States, produced nine Protocols, for the purpose of amending the Treaty.

These nine Protocols were later combined to create a new version of the Treaty, called formally, The Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas

Establishing the Caribbean Community, including the CARICOM Single Market and Economy.

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OBJECTIVES OF CARICOMThe objectives of the Community,

identified in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty, are: to improve standards of living and work; the full employment of labour and other factors of production

accelerated, coordinated and sustained economic development and convergence; expansion of trade and economic relations with third States

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OBJECTIVES OF CARICOMENCOURAGE enhanced levels of

international competitiveness; organization for increased production and productivity; achievement of a greater measure of economic leverage

ENCOURAGE effectiveness of Member States in dealing with third States, groups of States and entities of any description and the enhanced co-ordination of Member States’ foreign and foreign economic policies and enhanced functional co operation

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SOME CHALLENGES CARICOM FACESCaribbean is disadvantaged;

small size and small economies that limit resources and investments

natural hazards, such as flooding and hurricanes regular strain on the economies and health sector that

slows down development and causes setbacks

Globalization; Increased competition both inter-regional and intra-

regional CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) and free

movement of persons

Advantages in continued cooperation in health as well as other social and economic developmental areas. The CSME brings new challenges but also enables the region to become more competitive in global developments.04/08/23 10Heavon Brown, CARICOM & Food Security

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THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY

15 full Member Countries, population +/- 15million

5 Associate Member States, population +/- 164,000

The populations are of different sizes and are diverse in people, language, skills and levels economic and social of development

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Grenada full 133102,638

(2002)English 7-Feb-74 1-May-74 11.0 (2007)

67.

170.5 EC$

10,559

(2002)11% (2001)

Republic of

Guyanafull 83,000

774,800

(2002)English 26-May-66 1-Aug-73 22.0 (2005)

64.

670.3 G$

2,530

(2002)9.1% (2001)

Republic of

Haitifull 10,714

8,357,000

(2000)

French

and

Creole

1/1/1804 2-Jul-02 57.0 (2006)59.

463.2 Gourde

1,534

(2000)

70% in informal

sector

Jamaica full 4,2442,641,200

(2002)English 6-Aug-62 1-Aug-73 19.0 (2001)

70.

175.3 J$

8,743

(2002)15% (2001)

Montserrat full 40 4,501 (2002) English 1-May-74 0 (2002)76.

981.5 EC$ 22,808 12.1% (2001)

Federation of

St. Kitts and

Nevis

full 104 46,710 (2002) English 19-Sep-83 26-Jul-74 12.5 (2001)70.

176.0 EC$

20,396

(2002)5% (1998)

Saint Lucia full 238159,133

(2002)English 22-Feb-79 1-May-74 15.0 (2007)

72.

075.8 EC$

11,612

(2002)16.4% (2000)

St. Vincent

and the

Grenadines

full 150109,164

(2002)English 27-Oct-79 1-May-74 26.2 (2006)

69.

774.0 EC$

8.931

(2002)28.2% (1999)

Republic of

Surinamefull 63,251

504,257

(2006)Dutch 25-Nov-75 4-Jul-95 19.1 (2006)

67.

273.7 SRD

10,260

(2006)12.3% (2006)

Trinidad/

Tobagofull 1,980

1,276,000(200

2)English 31-Aug-62 1-Aug-73 16.5 (2004)

68.

272.1 TT$ 19,736 10.8% (2001)

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CARICOM AND FOOD SECURITYEdwin W.

Carrington, T & TCARICOM

Secretary General

His Excellency, Bharrat Jagdeo

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IS CARICOM RESPONSIBLE FOR INSECURITY?

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KEY CAUSES OF FOOD INSECURITY

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ROLE OF CARICOM

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TRADE BARRIERS…IMPACT?

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EXPORTS VERSUS IMPORTS OF COUNTRIES

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THEN WHY CARICOM CREATES SUCH AN IMPACT?

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WHAT ABOUT OTHER TRADING BODIES?

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TACKLING FOOD SECURITY HOW?

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CAN JAMAICA BE FOOD SECURE? How or Why Not?

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THE FOOD SECURITY PROBLEMS OF JAMAICAAgricultural sector largest employer

of labour – low productivityAgriculture is third largest foreign

exchange earner for Jamaica – suffering from “back burner” policy

Recent threat of international trade agreements [research the EPA etc]

Imports cheaper than locally produced foods

Farmers cannot compete

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FOOD SECURITY PROBLEMSOver $250 million import food bill annually

Jamaica’s food security is threatened

Poor image of agriculture, & alternate (illegal) lifestyles pursued

Poor land utilization policy – competition from housing interests

Praedial larcenySquattingFarm size

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FOOD SECURITY BASED ON GLOBAL/SOCIAL PROBLEMSConstant pressure from

environmental degradationChanging lifestyles - many of our

cultivars may be disappearing, since young people drift to urban areas, and farming population is aging thus certain cultivars are disappearing

There is pressure on the land from housing and other “developments” - bona fide agriculture is suffering

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KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN JAMAICA’S FOOD SECURITY?CASEKNOCKALV AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLMINISTRY OF AGRICULTUREMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLS: TECHNICAL

SCHOOLS

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CASE’S role in Jamaica’s food securityMandated to do teaching, research

and outreachSituated on some 700 acres of land of

varying topography-mountain (ridge) to coastline (reef)

Represents some typical agronomic conditions in Jamaica-excellent setting to do research

Awesome potential for agro-tourism- orchards, plantation house, nature trails, bird sanctuary, natural forests, beaches etc.

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PROBLEMS AT KNOCKALVA AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLLand cut off for secondary school

Under – Capitalization {cutting the budget every year}

Ministry of Education not realizing the true worth of the institution

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Problems at Dinthill T.H.S.Under-capitalization Squatting - Jack Stevens initiatives: 12.16

hectares lost to squatters at “capture land”Squatting- NHDC initiative: 18.22 hectaresLittle support from MOE Removal of farm hands Removal of Boarding School currently has only 20.24 hectares Ministry of Education not realizing the true

worth of the institution

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PROBLEMS AT HOLMWOOD T.H.S.Under - capitalizationLoss of Denham farm with all its elementsContraction of agri programmesAgri Education relegated to rocky

escarpment on which school campus stands Ministry of Education not realizing the true

worth of the institution

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PROBLEMS AT CASE, PASSLEY GARDENS

Ministry of Education not realizing the true worth of the institution

Hilly terrain with uncontrollable rainfall patterns

Land disputeRampant squatting Attempted take-over of Tutorial Farm lands

and water resources for housing development

Poor support for commercial farm at Spring Garden

Challenge to land tenure (litigation) Heavon Brown, CARICOM & Food Security04/08/23 33