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Challenges and Challenges and opportunities in opportunities in companion animal welfare companion animal welfare research: a Brazilian research: a Brazilian perspective perspective Carla Forte Maiolino Molento Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná Universidade Federal do Paraná [email protected] [email protected]
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Page 1: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Challenges and Challenges and opportunities in companion opportunities in companion animal welfare research: a animal welfare research: a

Brazilian perspectiveBrazilian perspectiveCarla Forte Maiolino MolentoCarla Forte Maiolino Molento

DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal WelfareDVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare

LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar AnimalLABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal

Universidade Federal do ParanáUniversidade Federal do Paraná

[email protected]@yahoo.com

Page 2: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

1. Challenges1. Challenges2. Stray animals2. Stray animals3. Dog population 3. Dog population

dynamicsdynamics4. Thoughts4. Thoughts5. Opportunities5. Opportunities6. 6. SummarySummary

TopicsTopics

Page 3: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Companion Animal Companion Animal Welfare: BrazilWelfare: Brazil

Artificial selection for breed Artificial selection for breed characteristicscharacteristics

Wild animals as petsWild animals as pets

The welfare of stray animalsThe welfare of stray animals

1. Challenges

Page 4: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

2. Stray animals

Should we capture or live with strays?Should we capture or live with strays?

Page 5: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

City – StateCity – State Dog:human Dog:human ratioratio ReferenceReference

Curitiba – PRCuritiba – PR 1:3.31:3.3 Damasco et al., 2007Damasco et al., 2007

Ten Rural Villages – PRTen Rural Villages – PR 1:2,71:2,7 Molento, 2005Molento, 2005

Araucária – PR Araucária – PR 1:4.01:4.0 Wolff, 2005Wolff, 2005

Taboão da Serra – SP Taboão da Serra – SP 1:5.11:5.1 Dias et al., 2004Dias et al., 2004

Araçatuba – SP Araçatuba – SP 1:3.61:3.6 Nunes et al., 1997Nunes et al., 1997

Serra Azul – SP Serra Azul – SP 1:5.01:5.0 Matos et al., 2002Matos et al., 2002

Ibiúna – SP Ibiúna – SP 1:3.81:3.8 Soto et al., 2003Soto et al., 2003

Ouro Preto – MGOuro Preto – MG 1:2.61:2.6 Naveda et al., 2002Naveda et al., 2002

2. Stray animals

How many dogs do we have?How many dogs do we have?

Page 6: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Average dog:human ratio Average dog:human ratio based on Brazilian based on Brazilian

publicationspublications

1:4.01:4.0

In other words:In other words: in South of Brazil, dog in South of Brazil, dog population may be estimated at 25% of population may be estimated at 25% of

human populationhuman population

2. Stray animals

Page 7: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Curitiba Curitiba (435 km(435 km22))

Human populationHuman population = = 1.727.0101.727.010Dog populationDog population = = 431.752431.752

2. Stray animals

Page 8: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

3. Dog population dynamics

Where should a stray dog Where should a stray dog go?go? Should we kill it?Should we kill it? Should it go to a shelter?Should it go to a shelter?

Public healthPublic health Animal welfare Animal welfare

Page 9: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

What’s wrong with What’s wrong with capture and killcapture and kill??

No improvement towards No improvement towards goal/misuse of goal/misuse of resourcesresources

Animal and human sufferingAnimal and human suffering

Hardly compatible with responsible Hardly compatible with responsible pet pet guardianshipguardianship

Crime according to Brazilian Animal Crime according to Brazilian Animal Protection ActProtection Act

Ethically arguableEthically arguable

2. Stray animals

Page 10: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Curitiba:Curitiba: Population sizePopulation size430,000430,000

215,000215,000Male dogsMale dogs

215,000215,000bitchesbitches

75% stray? 75% stray? 161,000 bitches161,000 bitches

2/3 adult animals2/3 adult animals107,000 bitches107,000 bitches

428,000428,000puppies/estruspuppies/estrus856,000856,000

puppies/yearpuppies/year

3. Dog population dynamics

Page 11: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Unsupervised access to the streetsUnsupervised access to the streetsPeriphery of Curitiba, BrazilPeriphery of Curitiba, Brazil

Percentage stray:Percentage stray:98%98%

3. Dog population dynamics

Page 12: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Unsupervised access to the streetsUnsupervised access to the streetsInner area of Curitiba, BrazilInner area of Curitiba, Brazil

1%1%

3. Dog population dynamics

Page 13: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Animal Control Agency in CuritibaAnimal Control Agency in CuritibaMunicipal Health DepartmentMunicipal Health Department

Dog origin 2002 2003 2004 2005

Stray dog captured and killed (total captured)

6,239 (9,093)

3,881

(6,218)

2,648

(4,336)

2,419

(3,424)

Dog collected after solicitation (disease or aggressive behaviour) 8,709 10,507 11,829 8,464

Total number of dogs killed 14,948 14,388 14,477 10,883

Dogs adopted 718 679 833 359

Dogs donated to Universities 702 697 200 133

3. Dog population dynamics

Page 14: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Capture Capture and kill and kill strategystrategy((ifif 20,000 dogs 20,000 dogs killed/year)killed/year)

Population sizePopulation size410,000410,000

205,000205,000Male dogsMale dogs

205,000205,000bitchesbitches

75% stray 75% stray 153,000 bitches153,000 bitches

2/3 adult animals2/3 adult animals101,000 bitches101,000 bitches

404,000404,000puppies/estruspuppies/estrus808,000808,000

puppies/yearpuppies/year

3. Dog population dynamics

Page 15: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Dog population dynamics: potential effects of sterilization campaigns

M. Amaku, R. A. Dias, F. Ferreira, Pan Am J Public Health 25(4), 2009

3. Dog population dynamics

Dogs/km2

N/K

Page 16: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Dog sterilization programmesDog sterilization programmes

Cannot be effective in short-termCannot be effective in short-term Humane approach to the Humane approach to the

challenge of challenge of population controlpopulation control Highly educational towards Highly educational towards

responsible pet guardianship.responsible pet guardianship.

3. Dog population dynamics

Page 17: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

ResponsiblResponsible pet e pet guardianshguardianship as our ip as our best bet!best bet!

3. Dog population dynamics

Page 18: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Education Education towards towards

responsible responsible pet pet

guardianshiguardianshipp

Dog Dog identificatioidentificatio

nn

3. Dog population dynamics

Page 19: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

The motivation for The motivation for controlling dog controlling dog

populationpopulation

4. Thoughts

Public healthPublic health

Animal welfareAnimal welfare

Page 20: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Technical Report Series931

WHO EXPERT CONSULTATIONON RABIES

First Report, 2005

7.4 Dog population management and animal birth control (ABC) programmes

The Consultation expressed its appreciation of the long-term engagement of WHO tocontribute to developing methodologies related to dog ecology and dog population

management... ...However, data collection needs to be continued in other areasand in countries with different social and ecological conditions. There is no evidence

that removal of dogs alone has ever had a significant impact on dog populationdensities or the spread of rabies. The population turnover of dogs may be sohigh that even the highest recorded removal rates (about 15% of the dog

population) are easily compensated for by increased survival rates.In addition, dog removal may be unacceptable to local communities....

...Three practical methods of dog population management are recognized:movement restriction, habitat control and reproduction control.

The rationale is to reduce the dog population turnover as well as the numberof dogs susceptible to rabies and limit aspects of male dog behaviour

(such as dispersal and fighting) that facilitate the spread of rabies. Culling of dogsduring these programmes may be counterproductive as sterilized, vaccinated

dogs may be destroyed.

4. Thoughts

Page 21: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Transmission Dynamics and Prospects for the Elimination of Canine Rabies

Katie Hampson1,2*, Jonathan Dushoff3, Sarah Cleaveland4,5, Daniel T Haydon5, Magai Kaare6, Craig Packer7, Andy Dobson1United States of America, United Kingdom, and Canada

…We report extensive observations of individual rabid animals in Tanzania and generate a uniquelydetailed analysis of transmission biology, which explains important epidemiological features, including the level of variation in epidemic trajectories. We found that the basic reproductive number for rabies, R0, is very low in our study area in rural Africa (~1.2) and throughout its historic global range (<2). This finding provides strong support for the feasibility of controlling endemic canine rabies by vaccination, even near wildlife areas with large wild carnivore populations. However, we show that rapid turnover of domestic dog populations has been a major obstacle to successful control in developing countries, thus regular pulse vaccinations will be required to maintain population level immunity between campaigns. Nonetheless our analyses suggest that with sustained, international commitment, global elimination of rabies from domestic dog populations, the most dangerous vector to humans, is a realistic goal.

PLoS Biol 7(3):e1000053. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000053, 2009

4. Thoughts

Page 22: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

4. Thoughts

Human Rabies Human Rabies in Brazil per in Brazil per region (Healthy region (Healthy Ministry, Ministry, 2006):2006):

1986: 1986: 1010, , 2222, , 11, , 00, , 66

1996: 1996: 99, , 1111, , 00, , 00, , 55

2005: 2005: 1717, , 2626, , 11, , 00, , 00

From dogs to From dogs to batsbats(since 2003)(since 2003)

CuritibaCuritiba

Page 23: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

However…However…

It is more than rabies!It is more than rabies!

Car accidentsCar accidents LeishmaniosisLeishmaniosis AggressionAggression NuisanceNuisance

4. Thoughts

Page 24: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

What might be doneWhat might be done??

State of Paraná, ten communities:State of Paraná, ten communities:

Within three years, only 21% of the Within three years, only 21% of the dogs were still there… (Molento et dogs were still there… (Molento et al., 2007)al., 2007)

5. Opportunities

Page 25: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

How?How?

New strategies: goal is to slow New strategies: goal is to slow down turnover within stray down turnover within stray population.population.

Find community collaboratorsFind community collaborators Control stray dog disease levels Control stray dog disease levels

(public health + dog (public health + dog welfare)welfare) Increase stray dog life Increase stray dog life

expectancyexpectancy

5. Opportunities

Page 26: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

There are spontaneous There are spontaneous community dogscommunity dogs

Is that reducing turnover?Is that reducing turnover?What are the real public health What are the real public health

risks?risks?What is the associated dog What is the associated dog

welfare?welfare?

5. Opportunities

Page 27: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Community dogs in Brazil: Community dogs in Brazil: preliminary datapreliminary data

Vargas et al., unpublishedVargas et al., unpublished

Stray dog welfare (10 Stray dog welfare (10

dogs)dogs) behavioural freedom: 10behavioural freedom: 10 risks: 10risks: 10 sleeping shelter: 10sleeping shelter: 10 lesions/scars: 4lesions/scars: 4 fever: 1fever: 1 lame: 4lame: 4 ear infection: 1ear infection: 1 ectoparasites: 1ectoparasites: 1 nutrittion: 6 overweightnutrittion: 6 overweight

5. Opportunities

Page 28: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Taking care of strays must be Taking care of strays must be coupled to sterilization!coupled to sterilization!

Resources are limitedResources are limited

Should we work on female, male, Should we work on female, male, both?both?

Male gonadectomy:Male gonadectomy: less expensiveless expensive less invasiveless invasive what is the effect in terms of what is the effect in terms of population control? Very low!population control? Very low!

5. Opportunities

Page 29: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Vasectomy as an additional new Vasectomy as an additional new strategystrategy( Molento, 2004, Veterinary Record, November 13th)( Molento, 2004, Veterinary Record, November 13th)

Less invasive than gonadectomyLess invasive than gonadectomy Dogs keep competing for females Dogs keep competing for females – will they become more effective – will they become more effective reproductive barriers for the reproductive barriers for the community?community?

5. Opportunities

Page 30: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

In South of Brazil:In South of Brazil:

The removal of stray dogs from the The removal of stray dogs from the streets increases turnover. streets increases turnover. XX

The efficacy of looking at stray The efficacy of looking at stray animals as partners in population animals as partners in population control deserve research! control deserve research!

5. Opportunities

Page 31: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

Small scale example:Small scale example:

Description of an urban stray cat Description of an urban stray cat ((Felis catusFelis catus Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758)

population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazilpopulation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Mendes-de-Almeida et al., 2005Mendes-de-Almeida et al., 2005

5. Opportunities

Page 32: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

How to improve public How to improve public health protection and health protection and help education?help education?

- Increase stray animal - Increase stray animal welfarewelfare

Birth control (educational Birth control (educational value)value)

Vaccine + parasite controlVaccine + parasite control Caring attitudeCaring attitude While responsible pet While responsible pet

guardianship is not achieved, guardianship is not achieved, the best that can be done is to the best that can be done is to have healthy non-reproductive have healthy non-reproductive stray animals.stray animals.

6. Summary

Page 33: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal Universidade Federal do Paraná carlamolento@yahoo.com.

OpportunitOpportunityy

Strategies Strategies that are well that are well

planned, planned, efficient and efficient and

humanehumane


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