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Challenges and Challenges and opportunities in companion opportunities in companion animal welfare research: a animal welfare research: a
Brazilian perspectiveBrazilian perspectiveCarla Forte Maiolino MolentoCarla Forte Maiolino Molento
DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal WelfareDVM, MSc, PhD, Professor of Animal Welfare
LABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar AnimalLABEA -Laboratório de Bem-estar Animal
Universidade Federal do ParanáUniversidade Federal do Paraná
[email protected]@yahoo.com
1. Challenges1. Challenges2. Stray animals2. Stray animals3. Dog population 3. Dog population
dynamicsdynamics4. Thoughts4. Thoughts5. Opportunities5. Opportunities6. 6. SummarySummary
TopicsTopics
Companion Animal Companion Animal Welfare: BrazilWelfare: Brazil
Artificial selection for breed Artificial selection for breed characteristicscharacteristics
Wild animals as petsWild animals as pets
The welfare of stray animalsThe welfare of stray animals
1. Challenges
2. Stray animals
Should we capture or live with strays?Should we capture or live with strays?
City – StateCity – State Dog:human Dog:human ratioratio ReferenceReference
Curitiba – PRCuritiba – PR 1:3.31:3.3 Damasco et al., 2007Damasco et al., 2007
Ten Rural Villages – PRTen Rural Villages – PR 1:2,71:2,7 Molento, 2005Molento, 2005
Araucária – PR Araucária – PR 1:4.01:4.0 Wolff, 2005Wolff, 2005
Taboão da Serra – SP Taboão da Serra – SP 1:5.11:5.1 Dias et al., 2004Dias et al., 2004
Araçatuba – SP Araçatuba – SP 1:3.61:3.6 Nunes et al., 1997Nunes et al., 1997
Serra Azul – SP Serra Azul – SP 1:5.01:5.0 Matos et al., 2002Matos et al., 2002
Ibiúna – SP Ibiúna – SP 1:3.81:3.8 Soto et al., 2003Soto et al., 2003
Ouro Preto – MGOuro Preto – MG 1:2.61:2.6 Naveda et al., 2002Naveda et al., 2002
2. Stray animals
How many dogs do we have?How many dogs do we have?
Average dog:human ratio Average dog:human ratio based on Brazilian based on Brazilian
publicationspublications
1:4.01:4.0
In other words:In other words: in South of Brazil, dog in South of Brazil, dog population may be estimated at 25% of population may be estimated at 25% of
human populationhuman population
2. Stray animals
Curitiba Curitiba (435 km(435 km22))
Human populationHuman population = = 1.727.0101.727.010Dog populationDog population = = 431.752431.752
2. Stray animals
3. Dog population dynamics
Where should a stray dog Where should a stray dog go?go? Should we kill it?Should we kill it? Should it go to a shelter?Should it go to a shelter?
Public healthPublic health Animal welfare Animal welfare
What’s wrong with What’s wrong with capture and killcapture and kill??
No improvement towards No improvement towards goal/misuse of goal/misuse of resourcesresources
Animal and human sufferingAnimal and human suffering
Hardly compatible with responsible Hardly compatible with responsible pet pet guardianshipguardianship
Crime according to Brazilian Animal Crime according to Brazilian Animal Protection ActProtection Act
Ethically arguableEthically arguable
2. Stray animals
Curitiba:Curitiba: Population sizePopulation size430,000430,000
215,000215,000Male dogsMale dogs
215,000215,000bitchesbitches
75% stray? 75% stray? 161,000 bitches161,000 bitches
2/3 adult animals2/3 adult animals107,000 bitches107,000 bitches
428,000428,000puppies/estruspuppies/estrus856,000856,000
puppies/yearpuppies/year
3. Dog population dynamics
Unsupervised access to the streetsUnsupervised access to the streetsPeriphery of Curitiba, BrazilPeriphery of Curitiba, Brazil
Percentage stray:Percentage stray:98%98%
3. Dog population dynamics
Unsupervised access to the streetsUnsupervised access to the streetsInner area of Curitiba, BrazilInner area of Curitiba, Brazil
1%1%
3. Dog population dynamics
Animal Control Agency in CuritibaAnimal Control Agency in CuritibaMunicipal Health DepartmentMunicipal Health Department
Dog origin 2002 2003 2004 2005
Stray dog captured and killed (total captured)
6,239 (9,093)
3,881
(6,218)
2,648
(4,336)
2,419
(3,424)
Dog collected after solicitation (disease or aggressive behaviour) 8,709 10,507 11,829 8,464
Total number of dogs killed 14,948 14,388 14,477 10,883
Dogs adopted 718 679 833 359
Dogs donated to Universities 702 697 200 133
3. Dog population dynamics
Capture Capture and kill and kill strategystrategy((ifif 20,000 dogs 20,000 dogs killed/year)killed/year)
Population sizePopulation size410,000410,000
205,000205,000Male dogsMale dogs
205,000205,000bitchesbitches
75% stray 75% stray 153,000 bitches153,000 bitches
2/3 adult animals2/3 adult animals101,000 bitches101,000 bitches
404,000404,000puppies/estruspuppies/estrus808,000808,000
puppies/yearpuppies/year
3. Dog population dynamics
Dog population dynamics: potential effects of sterilization campaigns
M. Amaku, R. A. Dias, F. Ferreira, Pan Am J Public Health 25(4), 2009
3. Dog population dynamics
Dogs/km2
N/K
Dog sterilization programmesDog sterilization programmes
Cannot be effective in short-termCannot be effective in short-term Humane approach to the Humane approach to the
challenge of challenge of population controlpopulation control Highly educational towards Highly educational towards
responsible pet guardianship.responsible pet guardianship.
3. Dog population dynamics
ResponsiblResponsible pet e pet guardianshguardianship as our ip as our best bet!best bet!
3. Dog population dynamics
Education Education towards towards
responsible responsible pet pet
guardianshiguardianshipp
Dog Dog identificatioidentificatio
nn
3. Dog population dynamics
The motivation for The motivation for controlling dog controlling dog
populationpopulation
4. Thoughts
Public healthPublic health
Animal welfareAnimal welfare
Technical Report Series931
WHO EXPERT CONSULTATIONON RABIES
First Report, 2005
7.4 Dog population management and animal birth control (ABC) programmes
The Consultation expressed its appreciation of the long-term engagement of WHO tocontribute to developing methodologies related to dog ecology and dog population
management... ...However, data collection needs to be continued in other areasand in countries with different social and ecological conditions. There is no evidence
that removal of dogs alone has ever had a significant impact on dog populationdensities or the spread of rabies. The population turnover of dogs may be sohigh that even the highest recorded removal rates (about 15% of the dog
population) are easily compensated for by increased survival rates.In addition, dog removal may be unacceptable to local communities....
...Three practical methods of dog population management are recognized:movement restriction, habitat control and reproduction control.
The rationale is to reduce the dog population turnover as well as the numberof dogs susceptible to rabies and limit aspects of male dog behaviour
(such as dispersal and fighting) that facilitate the spread of rabies. Culling of dogsduring these programmes may be counterproductive as sterilized, vaccinated
dogs may be destroyed.
4. Thoughts
Transmission Dynamics and Prospects for the Elimination of Canine Rabies
Katie Hampson1,2*, Jonathan Dushoff3, Sarah Cleaveland4,5, Daniel T Haydon5, Magai Kaare6, Craig Packer7, Andy Dobson1United States of America, United Kingdom, and Canada
…We report extensive observations of individual rabid animals in Tanzania and generate a uniquelydetailed analysis of transmission biology, which explains important epidemiological features, including the level of variation in epidemic trajectories. We found that the basic reproductive number for rabies, R0, is very low in our study area in rural Africa (~1.2) and throughout its historic global range (<2). This finding provides strong support for the feasibility of controlling endemic canine rabies by vaccination, even near wildlife areas with large wild carnivore populations. However, we show that rapid turnover of domestic dog populations has been a major obstacle to successful control in developing countries, thus regular pulse vaccinations will be required to maintain population level immunity between campaigns. Nonetheless our analyses suggest that with sustained, international commitment, global elimination of rabies from domestic dog populations, the most dangerous vector to humans, is a realistic goal.
PLoS Biol 7(3):e1000053. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000053, 2009
4. Thoughts
4. Thoughts
Human Rabies Human Rabies in Brazil per in Brazil per region (Healthy region (Healthy Ministry, Ministry, 2006):2006):
1986: 1986: 1010, , 2222, , 11, , 00, , 66
1996: 1996: 99, , 1111, , 00, , 00, , 55
2005: 2005: 1717, , 2626, , 11, , 00, , 00
From dogs to From dogs to batsbats(since 2003)(since 2003)
CuritibaCuritiba
However…However…
It is more than rabies!It is more than rabies!
Car accidentsCar accidents LeishmaniosisLeishmaniosis AggressionAggression NuisanceNuisance
4. Thoughts
What might be doneWhat might be done??
State of Paraná, ten communities:State of Paraná, ten communities:
Within three years, only 21% of the Within three years, only 21% of the dogs were still there… (Molento et dogs were still there… (Molento et al., 2007)al., 2007)
5. Opportunities
How?How?
New strategies: goal is to slow New strategies: goal is to slow down turnover within stray down turnover within stray population.population.
Find community collaboratorsFind community collaborators Control stray dog disease levels Control stray dog disease levels
(public health + dog (public health + dog welfare)welfare) Increase stray dog life Increase stray dog life
expectancyexpectancy
5. Opportunities
There are spontaneous There are spontaneous community dogscommunity dogs
Is that reducing turnover?Is that reducing turnover?What are the real public health What are the real public health
risks?risks?What is the associated dog What is the associated dog
welfare?welfare?
5. Opportunities
Community dogs in Brazil: Community dogs in Brazil: preliminary datapreliminary data
Vargas et al., unpublishedVargas et al., unpublished
Stray dog welfare (10 Stray dog welfare (10
dogs)dogs) behavioural freedom: 10behavioural freedom: 10 risks: 10risks: 10 sleeping shelter: 10sleeping shelter: 10 lesions/scars: 4lesions/scars: 4 fever: 1fever: 1 lame: 4lame: 4 ear infection: 1ear infection: 1 ectoparasites: 1ectoparasites: 1 nutrittion: 6 overweightnutrittion: 6 overweight
5. Opportunities
Taking care of strays must be Taking care of strays must be coupled to sterilization!coupled to sterilization!
Resources are limitedResources are limited
Should we work on female, male, Should we work on female, male, both?both?
Male gonadectomy:Male gonadectomy: less expensiveless expensive less invasiveless invasive what is the effect in terms of what is the effect in terms of population control? Very low!population control? Very low!
5. Opportunities
Vasectomy as an additional new Vasectomy as an additional new strategystrategy( Molento, 2004, Veterinary Record, November 13th)( Molento, 2004, Veterinary Record, November 13th)
Less invasive than gonadectomyLess invasive than gonadectomy Dogs keep competing for females Dogs keep competing for females – will they become more effective – will they become more effective reproductive barriers for the reproductive barriers for the community?community?
5. Opportunities
In South of Brazil:In South of Brazil:
The removal of stray dogs from the The removal of stray dogs from the streets increases turnover. streets increases turnover. XX
The efficacy of looking at stray The efficacy of looking at stray animals as partners in population animals as partners in population control deserve research! control deserve research!
5. Opportunities
Small scale example:Small scale example:
Description of an urban stray cat Description of an urban stray cat ((Felis catusFelis catus Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758)
population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazilpopulation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Mendes-de-Almeida et al., 2005Mendes-de-Almeida et al., 2005
5. Opportunities
How to improve public How to improve public health protection and health protection and help education?help education?
- Increase stray animal - Increase stray animal welfarewelfare
Birth control (educational Birth control (educational value)value)
Vaccine + parasite controlVaccine + parasite control Caring attitudeCaring attitude While responsible pet While responsible pet
guardianship is not achieved, guardianship is not achieved, the best that can be done is to the best that can be done is to have healthy non-reproductive have healthy non-reproductive stray animals.stray animals.
6. Summary
OpportunitOpportunityy
Strategies Strategies that are well that are well
planned, planned, efficient and efficient and
humanehumane