Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on...

7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"

1/52

!

A prfkeot suppfrte` hy tbe Eurfpeai Uimfi's MIPEXXEL MZA ^rflragge gaiale` hy tbe _peomac EU ^rflragges Hf`y

Aquaoucture vs ftber aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes; Pbeejjeots fi waterhmr`s fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb

Oarrme Oravei

(Queeis Uimversmty Hecjast)

_upervmsfr@r. @am Xfherts


2/52

_tategeit fj Ofpyrmlbt

Pbe ofiteit fj tbe MHM_ wehsmte*(miocu`mil, hut ift cmgmte` tf acc text ai` artwfrd tberemi)

ms prfteote` hy ofpyrmlbt. Pbe ofpyrmlbt ms fwie` hy MHM_ fr ms ftberwmse cmoeise` jrfg a

tbmr` party jfr use hy tbe partiers.

]fu gay vmew fr `fwicfa` aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte jfr prmvate purpfses, hut yfu are iftpergmtte`, wmtbfut fur pergmssmfi, tf;

stfre tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, jfr aiy ftber purpfse4

prmit ofpmes fj tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, jfr aiy ftber purpfse4 reprfùoe, ofpy fr traisgmt tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, mi aiy way, jfr

aiy ftber purpfse fr mi aiy ftber ge`mug.

Acc ftber rmlbts wbmob are ift speomjmoaccy lraite` are reserve`.

MHM_ gades avamcahce fi mts smtes gatermacs leierate` jfr MHM_ hy aoaègmo wfrd at tbeUimversmty fj Lcaslfw ai` at Queei's Uimversmty Hecjast, miter acma.

Extraots gust ift he qufte` wmtbfut expcmomt pergmssmfi. êrgmssmfi gay he sfulbt hy

usmil tbe ofitaot jfrg www.cfulbs-aleioy.frl/mhms/ofitaot/

*_mte - www.cfulbs-aleioy.frl/MHM_


3/52

!

Aquaoucture vs Ftber Aitbrfpfleimo

@msturhaioes;

Pbe ejjeots fi waterhmr`s fi Oarcmiljfr`

Cfulb

Oarrme Oravei H_o (Bfis)

_tu`eit Iugher; 0>>>8:1>

_upervmsfr; @r @. Xfherts

G_o _ustamiahce Aquaoucture ai` Misbfre Jmsbermes

_uhgmtte`; Fotfher 8>18


4/52

?

Ifi-teobimoac _uggary

AQUAOUCPUXE Z_ FPBEX AIPBXF^FLEIMO @M_PUXHAIOE_; PBE EJJEOP_

FI \APEXHMX@_ FI OAXCMILJFX@ CFULB

Mijfrgatmfi fi tbe miteraotmfis hetweei hmr`s, aquaoucture ai` ftber

aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes wmcc mijfrg statutfry hf`mes requmre` tf uièrtade

apprfprmate assessgeits mi tbe ofitext fj ofggeromac appcmoatmfis jfr

aquaoucture cmoeioes

HAODLXFUI@

Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ms ai eofifgmoaccy mgpfrtait area jfr tbe ouctmvatmfi fj Hcue Guseecs (Gytmcus

eùcms) ai` âomjmo Fysters (Orassfstrea lmlas) ai` mt ms acsf ai eofcflmoaccy mgpfrtait area jfr gaiy

waterhmr` speomes, espeomaccy wmitermil hmr`s. Pbere ms mioreasmil ègai` tf expai` aquaoucture mi

Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ai` ecsewbere. Hejfre ai aquaoucture cmoeioe oai he lraite`, ai apprfprmate

assessgeit gust he oarrme` fut, wbmob ms requmre` hy Artmoce : fj tbe EU Bahmtats @mreotmve Gaialmil

ai` prfteotmil Iatura 8>>> smtes (1==8). Pbe ourreit avmai àta, wbmob exmsts jfr Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb, ms

misujjmomeit jfr use as ai mi`moatfr fj tbe miteraotmfis hetweei aquaoucture aotmvmty ai` waterhmr`s.

Pberejfre, mi frèr jfr tbe aquaoucture seotfr tf ofgpcy wmtb tbe Bahmtats @mreotmve, jurtber suppfrtmil

àta ms requmre`. Mijfrgatmfi gust he fhtamie` fi tbe `mstrmhutmfi, ahuiàioe ai` asseghcales fj

waterhmr`s, wmtb partmoucar atteitmfi fi prfteote` speomes, ai` acsf tbe miteraotmfis hetweei waterhmr`s

ai` aquaoucture praotmoes. Pbms researob exagmies tbe ejjeots fj aquaoucture `msturhaioe fi waterhmr`

asseghcales mi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ofgpare` tf ftber aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes suob as reoreatmfiac

aotmvmtmes ai` wmcc acsf mijfrg statutfry hf`mes requmre` tf uièrtade apprfprmate assessgeits mi tbms

ofitext ai` prfvmè a hasecmie jfr jurtber stu`mes.

GAMI JMI@MIL_

A stu`y was oarrme` fut fver emlbt gfitbs, tf exagmie wbat ejjeot aquaoucture aotmvmtmes ba` fiwaterhmr` asseghcales ofgpare` tf ftber aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes mi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb. Ecevei

smtes were gfimtfre` acfil tbe sbfre fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ai` tbese were `mvmè` mitf tbree

oatelfrmes (Aquaoucture4 Xeoreatmfiac ai` Ui`msturhe`) èpei`mil fi tbe cevec fj aitbrfpfleimo

`msturhaioe fi tbe jfresbfre. _mtes were surveye` twmoe a gfitb, at bmlb tmè ai` alami at cfw tmè.

A tftac fj ?= speomes fj hmr`s were fhserve` fver tbe ùratmfi fj tbe stu`y (Kaiuary-Aulust). Pbe resucts fj tbe stu`y sbfw tbat smlimjmoait `mjjereioes foour mi hmr` asseghcales at `mjjereit smtes

fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb. Bfwever, fvercaps foour hetweei smtes, wbmob gay he ùe tf tbe recatmvecy

sgacc area ofvere` hy tbe cfulb suob tbat hmr`s oai gfve rea`mcy hetweei smtes.


5/52

!

_tategeit fj Ofpyrmlbt

Pbe ofiteit fj tbe _mte*(miocu`mil, hut ift cmgmte` tf acc text ai` artwfrd) ms prfteote` hy

ofpyrmlbt. Pbe ofpyrmlbt ms fwie` hy tbe MHM_ fr ms ftberwmse cmoeise` jrfg a tbmr` party jfr

use hy tbe partiers.

]fu gay vmew fr `fwicfa` aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte jfr prmvate purpfses, hut yfu are iftpergmtte`, wmtbfut fur pergmssmfi, tf;

! stfre tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, jfr aiy ftber purpfse4

! prmit ofpmes fj tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, jfr aiy ftber purpfse4

! reprfùoe, ofpy fr traisgmt tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, mi aiy way, jfr aiyftber purpfse fr mi aiy ftber ge`mug.

Acc ftber rmlbts wbmob are ift speomjmoaccy lraite` are reserve`.

MHM_ gades avamcahce fi mts smtes gatermacs leierate` jfr MHM_ hy aoaègmo wfrd at tbeUimversmty fj Lcaslfw ai` at Queei's Uimversmty Hecjast, miter acma.

Extraots gust ift he qufte` wmtbfut expcmomt pergmssmfi.

êrgmssmfi gay he sfulbt hy usmil tbe ofitaot jfrg www.cfulbs-aleioy.frl/mhms/ofitaot/

*_mte - www.cfulbs-aleioy.frl/MHM_


6/52

#

AH_PXAOP

Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ms ai eofifgmoaccy mgpfrtait area jfr tbe ouctmvatmfi fj Hcue Guseecs (Gytmcus

eùcms) ai` âomjmo Fysters (Orassfstrea lmlas) ai` mt ms acsf ai eofcflmoaccy mgpfrtait area jfr gaiy

waterhmr` speomes, espeomaccy wmitermil hmr`s. A stu`y was oarrme` fut fver emlbt gfitbs, tf exagmiewbat ejjeot aquaoucture aotmvmtmes ba` fi waterhmr` asseghcales ofgpare` tf ftber aitbrfpfleimo

`msturhaioes fi tbe Cfulb. Ecevei smtes were obfsei acfil tbe sbfre fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ai` tbese

were `mvmè` mitf tbree oatelfrmes (Aquaoucture, Xeoreatmfiac ai` Ui`msturhe`) èpei`mil fi tbe

cevec fj aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioe fi tbe jfresbfre. _mtes were surveye` twmoe a gfitb, at bmlb tmè

ai` alami at cfw tmè. A tftac fj ?= speomes were fhserve` fver tbe ùratmfi fj tbe stu`y (Kaiuary-

Aulust). ^rmger aiacysms was oarrme` fut tf test jfr `mjjereioes mi waterhmr` asseghcales hetweei

smtes ai` acsf gfitbs. Pbe resucts fj tbe stu`y sbfw tbat smlimjmoait `mjjereioes foour mi hmr`

asseghcales at `mjjereit smtes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb. Bfwever, tbe `mjjereioe ms ift `mstmiot ai`

fvercaps foour hetweei smtes. @ue tf Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb hemil a recatmvecy sgacc cfulb, mt ms uicmdecy

tbat tbere wfuc` he tftaccy `mjjereit lrfups fj hmr`s at `mjjereit smtes.


7/52

$

AODIF\CE@LEGEIP_

M wfuc` cmde tf tbaid Queeis Uimversmty, Hecjast, mi ofikuiotmfi wmtb tbe MHM_ ^rfkeot jfr tbe

fppfrtuimty tf wfrd fi tbms prfkeot. Pf MHM_ jfr jui`mil tbe prfkeot, ai` tf tbe Cfulbs Aleioy

(Oarcmiljfr`) jfr accfwmil ge tf use tbemr equmpgeit, wmtbfut wbmob, tbe prfkeot wfuc` ift bave heei

pfssmhce.

M wfuc` cmde tf gade a speomac tbaids tf _arab GoOceai jrfg tbe Cfulbs Aleioy mi Oarcmiljfr` jfr

ber filfmil suppfrt tbrfulbfut tbms prfkeot. _be sparde` gy miterest mi sea hmr`s, ai` heoage a true

jrmei`.

M wfuc` acsf cmde tf tbaid @am Xfherts jfr bms guob appreomate` jee`haod, ai` bms leierac suppfrt fj

tbms prfkeot.

Ai` castcy, tf gy jagmcy, wbf ba` tf ei`ure ge `urmil tbe stress fj wrmtmil tbms repfrt, ai` acsf jfr

tbe ei`cess cmjts up ai` `fwi tf Oarcmiljfr`, evei tbe fooasmfiac : a.g. starts. M appreomate everytbmil

gfre tbai M ofuc` ever tecc tbeg.


8/52

%

PAHCE FJ OFIPEIP_

1 MIPXF@UOPMFI """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #$

1.1 Aquaoucture praotmoes A hrmej revmew"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #$

1.1.1 Aquaoucture fi a wfrc`wmè soace&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !'

1.1.8 Aquaoucture mi Mrecai`&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !'1.1.? Gussec ouctmvatmfi&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !'

1.1.0 Fyster ouctmvatmfi&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !!

1.1.5 Aquaoucture fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !!

1.8 Apprfprmate Assessgeit"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #%

1.8.1 @esmliatmfis&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !(

1.? Amg fj tbe _tu`y"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #&

8 GEPBF@_ AI@ GAPEXMAC_ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #&

8.1 _mte _eceotmfi """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #&

8.8 _uggary fj _mtes """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #'8.? _urvey @etamcs"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %&

8.?.1 Equmpgeit&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ()

8.?.8 @ata Xeofr`mil _beet&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (#

8.0 @ata Aiacysms """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %(

? XE_UCP_""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %)

?.1 Mi`mvmùac Iughers""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %)

?.8 _peomes Iughers""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *$

?.? Jrequeioy fj Foourreioe""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *%

?.0

êroeitale Ahuiàioe"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" **

?.5 ^rmger Aiacysms"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *&

?.5.1 @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei smtes. (Acc àta bmlb ai` cfw tmè)&&&&&&& *)

?.5.8 @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale Cfw tmè ficy&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& *%

?.5.? @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale bmlb tmè ficy.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& *+

?.5.0 @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Cfw Pmè&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& )'

?.5.5 @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Bmlb Pmè&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& )(

0 @M_OU__MFI""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &&

0.1 Mgpaots fj aquaoucture fi waterhmr` speomes mi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb""""""""""""""""""" &&

0.8 ^rmger aiacysms"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &'

0.? Juture _tu`mes"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &'

0.?.1 Ofitmiumil ai` expai`mil tbe stu`y&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& )$

0.?.8 Obailes tf tbe ourreit survey getbf`&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& )$

5 OFIOCU_MFI_ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &)

: XEJEXEIOE_ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &+

A^ÊI@MOE_ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" '#


9/52

+

CM_P FJ PAHCE_ AI@ JMLUXE_

Jmlure 1.Iatura 8>>> èsmliate` iature ofiservatmfi smtes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb (Cfutb Omty

Ofuiomc 8>18)

1?

Jmlure 8. Gaps fj survey smtes _1-I5, a d respeotmvecy 1=

Jmlure ?. Geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` per smte at hftb bmlb tmè (BP) ai` cfw tmè (CP)

aorfss tbe wbfce uratmfi fj tbe survey (Kaiuary-Aulust), miocu`mil =5% errfr hars

?1

Jmlure 0. Jrequeioy fj foourreioe fj acc waterhmr` speomes fhserve` fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb jrfg

Kaiuary tf Aulust

?8

Jmlure 5. êroeitale ahuiàioe jfr tbe tfp jmve speomes (mi tergs fj tftac hmr` iughers (Pahce

8)) aorfss acc smtes jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust

??

Jmlure :. êroeitale ahuiàioe jfr tbe tfp jmve speomes (mi tergs fj jrequeioy fj foourreioe

(Pahce 0)) aorfss acc smtes jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust

?0

Jmlure . G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Cfw Pmè 01

Jmlure 11.G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Bmlb Pmè 08

Pahce 1. Dey jfr reofr`mil ùratmfi fj respfise tf `msturhaioes wbmob foourre` ùrmil tbe

ofuit permf`

8:

Pahce 8. HPF speomes ofès jfr waterhmr` speomes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb 8

Pahce 5. Pftac ai` geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` per smte at bmlb tmè, cfw tmè ai` fveracc

jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust (i711)

?1

Pahce :. Pfp jmve gfst ofggfi speomes mi tergs fj jrequeioy fj foourreioe ?8

Pahce . AIF_MG tf test jfr `mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcales hetweei gfitbs at cfw tmè ficy 01


10/52

,

Pahce 11. AIF_MG tf test jfr `mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcales hetweei gfitbs at bmlb tm`e ficy 0?

Appei`mx 1. Gap fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb 58

Appei`mx 8. Xeofr`mil sbeet jfr survey `etamcs ai` weatber ofi`mtmfis 5?

Appei`mx ?. Xeofr`mil sbeet jfr Hmr` ofuits 50


11/52

!'

1 MIPXF@UOPMFI

1.1 Aquaoucture praotmoes A hrmej revmew

1.1.1 Aquaoucture fi a wfrc`wmè soace

Aquaoucture ms èjmie` as tbe jargmil fj aquatmo frlaimsgs, wbere tbe terg jargmil mgpcmes sfge sfrt

fj miterveitmfi mi tbe prfoess suob as jee`mil, stfodmil ai` prfteotmfi jrfg preàtfrs (JAF 1==>-8>1>) wfrc` jff`

jmsb prfùotmfi mi aquaoucture bas expaiè` hy acgfst 18 tmges, wmtb ai averale aiiuac lrfwtb ratefj 2.2% (JAF 8>18). Jff` jmsb rejers tf jmijmsb, orustaoeais, gfccusos, agpbmhmais, aquatmo reptmces

ai` ftber aquatmo aimgacs (JAF 8>18). _mioe 8>>:, aquaoucture prfùotmfi bas miorease` hy ?.?

gmccmfi tfiies tf a reofr` bmlb fj :> gmccmfi tfiies mi 8>1> (JAF 8>18).

Hmvacve speomes, suob as fysters, gussecs, ocags ai` soaccfps are lrfwi wmtbfut tbe iee` jfr artmjmomac

jee`mil, as tbey jee` fi jff` gatermacs tbat foour iaturaccy mi tbemr oucture eivmrfigeit (JAF 8>18).

Pbms type fj prfùotmfi, wmtb iaturac jee`, aoofuits jfr fie tbmr` fj acc jarge` jff` jmsb equatmil tf

8> gmccmfi tfiies aiiuaccy (JAF 8>18). Gfccusos aoofuit jfr 8?.:% fj tbe tftac wfrc`wmè

aquaoucture, seofi` iext tf jresbwater jmijmsb wbmob aoofuit jfr 5:.0% fj tftac prfùotmfi (JAF

8>18). Bfwever, aquaoucture prfùotmfi mi garmie waters bas èocmie` jrfg fver 0>% mi tbe 1=2>s

tf kust fver ?>% mi 8>1>4 tbms ms ùe tf tbe miorease mi jresbwater aquaoucture mi Asma jfccfwmil

teobifcflmoac a`vaioes (JAF 8>18).

1.1.8 Aquaoucture mi Mrecai`

Aquaoucture mi Mrecai` helai mi tbe 1=s ai` bas lrfwi mitf a vmahce miùstry prfvm`mil Mrecai`

wmtb egpcfygeit ai` reveiue (HMG 8>>2). Mi 8>>>> pefpce were egpcfye` mi tbe

aquaoucture seotfr, ai` tbe miùstry earie` !1>5.>2).

1.1.? Gussec ouctmvatmfi

Pbe hcue gussec,Gytmcus eùcms, ms tbe gami speomes fj gussec ourreitcy ouctmvate` mi Mrecai` wmtb tbe

Ge`mterraieai gussec (Gytmcus laccfprfvmiomacms) hemil ouctmvate` mi cesser quaitmtmes (Bejjeriai

1===). Gussecs are mèac jfr oucture as tbey oai aàpt tf a varmety fj eofcflmoac smtuatmfis, ai` are

ahce tf tfcerate jcuotuatmil sacmimtmes, lrfwmil hest mi 8>-?>ppt (Bejjeriai 1===). As jmcter jeeèrs,

gussecs jee` fi frlaimo gatter ai` pbytfpcaidtfi mi tbe water ofcugi, gadmil tbemr jff` sfuroe


12/52

!!

ofgpcetecy iaturac (HMG 1=28). Mi Mrecai`, tbe gami getbf` jfr prfùomil G. eùcms ms hfttfg

ouctmvatmfi (Bejjeriai 1===).

Gussec prfùotmfi hy hfttfg ouctmvatmfi ofismsts fj tbe ofcceotmfi ai` traispcaitatmfi fj wmc` gussec

spat tf sbaccfw, rmober waters (Bejjeriai 1===). Fioe tbe gussecs bave reaobe` a gardetahce smze,

wbmob oai tade up tf 12 gfitbs, tbey are barveste` hy `re`ler (Kfyoe 1==8). As wmtb aiy aquaoucture

praotmoe, hfttfg ouctmvatmfi bas mgpaots fi tbe surrfui`mil eivmrfigeit, hftb cfoacmse` ai` relmfiac.

Mi Ifrtberi Mrecai`, Hecjast Cfulb `fgmiates tbe gussec prfùotmfi4 bfwever Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ms

acsf mgpfrtait (Lasofmlie & Buitmiltfi, 8>>>.5g ahfve tbe seahe`, ai` oai bfc` up tf smx hals

eaob (Bejjeriai 1===). Pbe gami juiotmfi fj tbe trestces ms tf deep tbe gesb hals fjj tbe seahe`, ai`

tf becp preveit preàtmfi hy ftber frlaimsgs suob as orahs ai` hmr`s.

Prestce ouctmvatmfi ms restrmote` tf sumtahce bahmtats tbe jfresbfre gust he jmrg eifulb tf suppfrt a

traotfr, jfr pcaitmil, gamiteiaioe ai` barvestmil fj tbe fysters (Bejjeriai 1===). As tbe fysters are

oucture` mi tbe mitertmàc, tbe trestces wmcc he suhgerle` twmoe a ày, geaimil tbat tbe avamcahce tmge

jfr tei`mil tf tbe trestces ms restrmote` tf cfw tmès ficy, typmoaccy tbe geai cfw-water gard fj sprmil

ai` beap tmès (Bejjeriai 1===). Gamiteiaioe typmoaccy mivfcves turimil tbe fyster hals every sprmil

tmè ai` traisjerrmil carler fysters mitf hals wmtb a carler gesb (Bejjeriai 1===).

1.1.5 Aquaoucture fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb

Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb bas ai area fj 0=>> ba, wmtb a tftac aotmve area fj 1>:? ba, wbmob miofrpfrates hftb

tbe IM ai` XFM èsmliatmfis fj tbe cfulb (Jerremra et. ac8>>>


13/52

!(

1.8 Apprfprmate Assessgeit

Hejfre ai aquaoucture cmoeioe oai he lraite`, ai apprfprmate assessgeit gust he oarrme` fut wbmob ms

requmre` hy Artmoce : fj tbe EU Bahmtats @mreotmve Gaialmil ai` prfteotmil Iatura 8>>> smtes

(1==8). Pbe ourreit avmai àta wbmob exmsts ms misujjmomeit jfr use as ai mi`moatfr fj tbe miteraotmfis

hetweei aquaoucture aotmvmty ai` waterhmr`s, tberejfre, mi frèr jfr tbe aquaoucture seotfr tf ofgpcy

wmtb tbe Bahmtats @mreotmve, jurtber suppfrtmil àta ms requmre`. Mijfrgatmfi gust he fhtamie` fi tbe

`mstrmhutmfi, ahuiàioe ai` asseghcales fj waterhmr`s, wmtb partmoucar atteitmfi fi prfteote` speomes,

ai` acsf tbe miteraotmfis hetweei waterhmr`s ai` aquaoucture praotmoes.

1.8.1 @esmliatmfis

Acgfst tbe eitmre ceiltbs fj tbe Ifrtb ai` _futb sbfres fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb jacc mitf at ceast fie

iature ofiservatmfi èsmliatmfi uièr Iatura 8>>>, suob as Xagsar smte, Areas fj _peomac _omeitmjmo

Miterest (A__M), _peomac ^rfteote` Area (_Â) ai` _peomac Areas fj Ofiservatmfi (_AO) (Jml. 1).

Xagsar èsmliatmfis are lfverie` hy ai miteriatmfiac ofiveitmfi mi recatmfi tf wetcai` smtes, wbmob ms

gamicy mivfcve` mi tbe prfteotmfi fj wmc`jfwc (Cfutb Ofuity Ofuiomc, 8>18). A__Ms are areas wbmob

are ofismère` as hemil fj bmlb iature ofiservatmfi vacue (Cfutb Ofuity Ofuiomc, 8>18). Pbe A__M

fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb extei`s acfil tbe eitmre ifrtberi sbfre, miocu`mil acc bahmtats jrfg tbe upper

sbfrecmie tf tbe geai cfw water gard (Cfutb Ofuity Ofuiomc 8>18). Pbe waterhmr` speomes tbat are

bmlbcmlbte` mi tbe A__M èsmliatmfi fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb as hemil mgpfrtait jfr iature ofiservatmfi

miocuè4 Lreat Oreste` Lrehe (^f`moeps ormstatus), Cmlbt heccme` Hreit Lffse (Hraita herimoca),_becùod (Pa`fria ta`fria), Xe`-hreaste` Gerlaiser (Gerlus serratfr), Fysteroatober (Baegatfpus

fstracelus), @uicmi (Oacm`rms acpmie), Xe`sbaid (Prmila tetaius), _ai`wmob Peri (_teria

sai`vmoeisms), Ofggfi Peri (_teria bmrui`f) ai` Arotmo Peri (_teria para`msaea) (Cfutb Omty

Ofuiomc, 8>18). Pbe Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb _Â extei`s jrfg Oarcmiljfr` barhfur tf Lreeifre pfmit ai`

miocuès acc mitertmàc sai` ai` gu`jcats tf tbe cfw tmè gard (Cfutb Omty Ofuiomc, 8>18). Pbe _Â

smte ms fj partmoucar mgpfrtaioe as mt suppfrts a ietwfrd fj wmitermil Ofrgfrait (^bacaorfofrax

oarhf), as wecc as gaiy ftber speomes, gfst iftahcy4 Cmlbt heccme` Hreit Lffse (H. herimoca),

Fysteroatober (B. fstracelus), @uicmi (O. acpmie), Xe`sbaid (P. tetaius), Puristfie (Areiarma

miterpres) ai` Har Pamce` Lf`wmt (Cmgfsa cappfimoa). Pbe _AO fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb was gamicy

mgpcegeite` tf prfteot oertami jcfra speomes, hut tbe area ms acsf utmcmse` hy miteriatmfiaccy mgpfrtait

speomes fj hmr`s suob as tbe Hreit Lffse (H. herimoca).


14/52

!*

Jmlure 1. Iatura 8>>> `esmliate` iature ofiservatmfi smtes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb (Cfutb OmtyOfuiomc 8>18)


15/52

!)

1.? Amg fj tbe _tu`y

Pbms researob exagmies tbe ejjeots fj aquaoucture `msturhaioe fi waterhmr` asseghcales mi

Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ofgpare` tf ftber aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes suob as reoreatmfiac aotmvmtmes. Pbms

survey wmcc acsf prfvmè a hasecmie jfr jurtber stu`mes, as ourreitcy tbere ms very cmgmte` mijfrgatmfi fi

waterhmr` asseghcales fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb, ai` mijfrgatmfi fi tbe miteraotmfis hetweei waterhmr`s

ai` aquaoucture praotmoes ms ourreitcy cmgmte`. Pbe resucts fj tbms stu`y wmcc sbe` cmlbt fitf tbe beactb

fj pfpucatmfis fj waterhmr` speomes jfui` fi tbe Cfulb, espeomaccy tbfse geitmfie` as mgpfrtait

speomes jfr ofiservatmfi. Pbe prfkeot wmcc acsf mivestmlate tmàc ai` seasfiac patteris fj hmr`

asseghcales tbrfulbfut tbe stu`y permf`.

8 GEPBF@_ AI@ GAPEXMAC_

8.1 _mte _eceotmfi

Ecevei smtes were seceote` jfr fhservatmfi fj waterhmr`s fi tbe sbfres fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb. Pbere

were jmve smtes fi tbe ifrtberi sbfre (I1 I5), jmve smtes fi tbe sfutberi sbfre (_1 _5), ai` fie

smte wbmob ofuc` he surveye` jrfg hftb tbe ifrtberi ai` sfutberi sbfres (_I:). _mtes I1 ai` _1

were at tbe gfutb fj tbe cfulb ai` smte _I: was tbe jurtbest micai`.

_mtes were obfsei hase` fi ease fj aooess, aitbrfpfleimo use ai` tbe `mstaioe acfil tbe sbfre wbmob

ofuc` he easmcy surveye` jrfg a gm`-pfmit vaitale smte. _mtes were `mvmè` mitf tbree oatelfrmes mi

tergs fj tbe aitbrfpfleimo use fi tbe jfresbfre. Xeoreatmfiac smtes were ocasse` as smtes tbat

expermeioe` beavy aitbrfpfleimo ai` ofggeromac `msturhaioes, ui`msturhe` smtes were suhkeote` tf

cmlbt aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioe ai` aquaoucture smtes were ocasse` èpei`mil fi tbemr use, suob as

trestces geaimil tbe jfresbfre oai he suhkeot tf beavy aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes, fr `re`le

geaimil tbe `msturhaioe was gamicy suhtmàc. Pbe exaot pfsmtmfi was reofrè` usmil a Lcfhac

^fsmtmfimil _ysteg (L^_) (Largmi :>OIR) at eaob ei` fj tbe smte. Pbe survey was ofiùote` jrfg

a vaitale pfmit at tbe gfst micai` pfmit fj tbe sbfre. Pbere was if hfuiàry set fut tf sea. A bahmtat

gap jfr eaob smte was tbei `rawi up. Mimtmaccy tbese were bai` `rawi, ai` ofgprmse` fj estmgatmfis

hy eye fj tbe gami bahmtat types wbmob foourre` fi tbe smte ai` wmtbmi tbe mgge`mate vmomimty. Pbe

bahmtat gaps were `rawi at cfw tmè, ai` reofrè` iftahce jeatures suob as obaiiecs, gai-gaè

struotures, aquaoucture smtes, iaturac gussec ai` ofodce he`s, eec lrass ai` sact garsb, ai` gmxe`

suhstratug ai` pfteitmac rffstmil smtes. @mlmtac bahmtat gaps were tbei oreate` usmil Gmorfsfjt ^fwer

^fmit, apprfxmgatmil tbe `mjjereit jeatures at eaob smte hase` fi tbe bai` `rawi estmgatmfis (Jml. 8).


16/52

!#

8.8 _uggary fj _mtes

Pbe cetters A ai` H fi tbe gaps rejer tf tbe cai` hfuiàrmes fj tbe smte, wmtb A èiftmil tbe smte cmgmt

tf tbe rmlbt fj tbe vaitale pfmit ai` H èiftmil tbe smte cmgmt tf tbe cejt fj tbe vaitale pfmit. _I: was

cahecce` jrfg tbe ifrtberi sbfre vaitale pfmit. Iftahce jeatures were mèitmjme` at A ai` H fi eaob

smte tf am` mèitmjymil tbe smte hfuiàrmes.

_mte _1

Haccalai ^fmit Ui`msturhe`

_1A Ei` fj wave hread; 5?f5=.:

f>:.:>0\

_1H ^fmit fj rfa`; 5?f5=.==2I >>:

f>:.888\

Haccalai ^fmit ms carlecy ui`msturhe` hy bugais, actbfulb fooasmfiac uirelucate` bai` pmodmil fj

wmidces ai` wbecds tades pcaoe. Pbe gami bahmtat fi tbms sbfre was hfucèrs ai` seawee` wmtb

mitersperse` rfod pffcs. Pbere were twf `mstmiot sai`y areas smtuate` at tbe cfwer mitertmàc, ai` twf

mi tbe bmlber mitertmàc zfie `mvmè` hy a obaiiec. Pbere was a jresb water miput ocfse tf _1A, jrfg

prmvate alrmoucture cai` (Jml. 8a).

_mte _8

Lreeifre Aquaoucture smte Aquaoucture, trestces

_8A A`kaoeit tf cast yeccfw garder pfce tfwar`s tbe gfutb fj tbe cfulb; 50f>>2.2>:f>1.I

>>:f

Pbe jfresbfre fi tbms smte ms use` jfr exteismve Orassfstrea lmlas aquaoucture fi trestces. Pbe

jfresbfre was gamicy gaè up fj sai` ai` pehhces. At tbe gm`-sbfre cevec tbere were patoby

Eiterfgfrpba sp he`s wbmob expaiè` aorfss apprfxmgatecy twf tbmr`s fj tbe sbfre. Pbere was

aooess fi tbe sbfre jfr aquaoucture vebmoces at tbe tmge fj tbe stu`y hy geais fj a ofiorete patb

extei`mil tf tbe cfwer mitertmàc. Pbere was acsf a jresbwater miput iear tf tbe _8H hfuiàry (Jml.

8h).

_mte _?

Lreeifre Heaob Xeoreatmfiac

_?A - A`kaoeit tf ei` fj oarpard; 50f

>1.>:f

>


17/52

!$

_?H ^fmit wmtb If _wmggmil smli; 50f>8.>>:I >>:

f>>:

f1?.2:5\

_0H Garmia Hreadwater; 50f>?.>1?I >>:

f11.0::\

Pbe barhfur was jrequeitcy use` jfr fut`ffr pursumts, suob as dayadmil ai` hfat bai`cmil ùrmil tbe

permf` fj tbe survey, ai` tbe garmia use` jfr prmvate gffrmils. \mtbmi tbe barhfur waccs tbe

se`mgeit was gu``y wmtb seawee` acfil tbe upper mitertmàc ai` ofhhces mi tbe supratmàc zfie. Pbe

sbfrecmie hetweei tbe barhfur ai` tbe garmia was gamicy hfucèrs ai` seawee`, wmtb gu` at tbe

extrege cfw water gard. Pbe barhfur ofgpcetecy egptmes at cfw tmè expfsmil exteismve gu` jcats

ai` wmc` gussec he`s (Jml 8`).

_mte _5

Lreers Quay Ui`msturhe`

_5A Cai` pfmit tfwar`s cfulb gfutb; 50f>0.8I >>:

f1?.2:5\

_5H Cai` pfmit at jar smè fj scmpway; 50f>0.058I >>:

f10.1=8\

Pbe quay fi tbms smte was fooasmfiaccy use` hy sgacc ofggeromac jmsbmil hfats ùrmil tbe permf` fj

tbe survey. Pbe gakfrmty fj tbe jfresbfre fi tbms smte was gaè up fj hfucèrs ai` seawee` jrfg gm`-

cfw-mitertmàc, wmtb sai` ai` ofhhces fi tbe upper sbfrecmie. Ahfve tbe tmè cmie were ofarse

terrestrmac lrasses, soruh ai` gature trees. Pbere were tbree jresbwater miputs, fie at emtber smè fj

tbe quay, ai` tbe tbmr` hy tbe scmpway at hfuiàry _5H (jml 8e).

_mte _I:

Iarrfw \ater Aquaoucture, `re`le

_I:A Hecfw oastce; 50f>:.:?:I >>:

f1:.:08\

_I:H Ei` fj trees fi ifrtberi sbfre, ei` fj hread water fi sfutberi sbfre; 50f

>:.>:f12?\


18/52

!%

Pbms smte miofrpfrates a puhcmo hcue gussec jmsbery wbmob ms ficy aooessmhce tf sgacc vessecs. Pbere

was relucar ofggeromac `re`lmil jfr hcue gussecs at tbms smte, as wecc as sfge reoreatmfiac hfatmil.

Fi tbe sfutberi smè, tbe sbfrecmie was gamicy rfod ai` seawee`, wmtb a gu``y area tf tbe cejt fj tbe

scmpway. Fi tbe ifrtberi smè, tbe sbfrecmie was gamicy gaè up fj rfods ai` gussec he`s, wmtb

ofarse lrasses ahfve tbe bmlb tmè gard (Jml. 8j).

_mte I1

Oraijmec` Heaob- Xeoreatmfiac

I1A Ei` fj cai` at Cfulb gfutb; 50f>1.:>=I >>:

f>?.215\

I1H Ei` fj sai`; 50f>1.>:

f>0.\

Pbms ms a pfpucar tfurmst heaob jfr reoreatmfiac aotmvmtmes, suob as samcmil ai` water spfrts. Pbe

sbfrecmie was gamicy sai`, wmtb he`rfod futorfps at hftb tbe A ai` H hfuiàrmes. Ahfve tbe bmlb

tmè gard were ofhhces ai` pehhces, wmtb aooess tf oaravai pards ai` ageimtmes (Jml. 8l).

_mte I8

Jamrlreei Aquaoucture trestces

I8A Ei` fj heaob; 50f>1.215I >>:

f>5.>>1\

I8H Ei` fj Lreeioastce ^mer; 50f>8.?=:I >>:

f>:.15=\

O. lmlas are oucture` mi trestces at tbms smte, wmtb aooess tf tbe heaob jfr aquaoucture vebmoces. Pbe

sbfrecmie was gamicy sai` wmtb rfod futorfps at tbe A ai` H hfuiàrmes. Pbere were pehhces ai`

seawee` at tbe bmlb tmè gard (Jml. 8b)

_mte I?

Gmcc Hay _act Garsb Ui`msturhe`

I?A 50f>:.105I >>:

f1>.1:.>05I >>:

f>=.8?1\

Pbms smte ms ai exteismve sact garsb, wbmob ms carlecy ui`msturhe` hy bugai aotmvmtmes. Pbms smte ba` a

partmoucarcy carle tmàc raile ofgpare` tf tbe ftber smtes. Pbe bahmtat fi tbms sbfre was varme`, hut

ofismste` gamicy fj a gu``y suhstrate, wmtb carle rfod ai` hfucèr futorfps soattere` aorfss tbe

mitertmàc. Eiterfgfrpbma he`s exteiè` jrfg tbe upper tf tbe gm` mitertmàc zfie, ai` _partmia

lrasses ofuc` he jfui` at tbe bmlb tmè gard. Pbere was a jresbwater miput at tbe gm` mitertmàc zfie,

jrfg alrmoucturac cai`, kust heyfi` tbe H hfuiàry, ai` aiftber jresbwater miput kust heyfi` tbe A


19/52

!+

hfuiàry. Pbere were twf `mstmiot obaiiecs, fie wbmob jfrde` at tbe gm` mitertmàc zfie, ai`

exteiè` up tbe sbfre tf tbe bmlb water gard, ai` aiftber wbmob ofitmiue` up sbfre tf a he`

fj[fstreami tbe upper mitertmàc zfie (Jml.8m).

_mte I0

Haccye`gfi` Aquaoucture trestces

I0A Cai` pfmit tfwar`s tbe cfulb gfutb; 50f>?.2=8I >>:

f>2.2?=\

I0H Cai` pfmit tfwar`s Xfstrevfr; 50f>?.=??I >>:f>=.8\

O .lmlas trestce smte. Pbe gami suhstratug fi tbe sbfre was sai`, wmtb a smlimjmoait hfucèr

jmec` at tbe cfwer mitertmàc zfie. Pbe cfw water gard was gamicy gu``y wmtb `msperse`

rfods. Pbere were rfody futorfps at hftb tbe A ai` H hfuiàrmes. Pbe scmpway jfr

aquaoucture vebmoces was gaè fj pehhces ai` ofhhces, ai` exteiè` tf tbe cfw water gard

(Jml 8k).

_mte I5

Xfss Gfiugeit Hay Aquaoucture `re`le

I5A Dmccfwei ^fmit; 50f>0.021I >>:f1>.=20\

I5H Xfody futorfp at e`le fj sbfre; 50f>5.=>>I >>:f18.:?1\

Pbms smte ms a`kaoeit tf exteismve cmoeioe` gussec he`s wbmob are jrequeitcy `re`le` wmtb

carle gussec `re`lers. As a resuct tbe gakfrmty fj tbe gaorfjauia fi tbe jfresbfre ms

ofgprmse` fj gussec. Pbere was cmttce ftber bugai aotmvmty fi tbe sbfre ùrmil tbe permf` fj

tbe stu`y. Pbe jfresbfre was gamicy gaè up fj rfods ai` seawee` wmtb carler hfucèrs at

tbe cfw tmè gard (Jml 8d).


20/52

!,

(a)

(h)


21/52

('

(o)

(`)


22/52

(!

(e)

(j)


23/52

((

(l)

(b)


24/52

(*

(m)

(k)


25/52

()

(d)

Jmlure 8. Gaps fj survey smtes _1-I5, a d respeotmvecy

8.? _urvey @etamcs

Pbe survey getbf`fcfly was aàpte` jrfg \aterhmr` _urveys wmtbmi Mrmsb Ofastac _peomac

^rfteotmfi Area; _urvey Getbf`s ai` Lumàioe Iftes (Iatmfiac ârds ai` \mc`cmje _ervmoe, 8>11).

_urveys were oarrme` fut twmoe a gfitb, fioe at bmlb tmè ai` fioe cfw tmè fi hftb tbe ifrtb ai`

sfutb sbfres. _urveys were ofiùote` fver a jfur bfur permf`, twf bfurs hejfre ai` twf bfurs ajter

tbe bmlb fr cfw tmè. Cfw tmè ofuits were oarrme` fut jfr ?> gmiutes per smte, ai` bmlb tmè ofuits jfr

15 gmiutes per smte. Ai aoocmgatmsatmfi permf` fj jmve gmiutes was a`è` tf tbe helmiimil fj eaob

ofuit tf ofuiteraot tbe `msturhaioe gaè hy arrmvmil ai` settmil up equmpgeit.

8.?.1 Equmpgeit

_urveys were ofiùote` usmil _warfvsdm 2x08 EC hmifoucars ai` a _warfvsdm Fptmd tecesofpe

(AP2>, gfèc L0:?8105). Mi frèr tf oapture pbftflrapbs fj carle jcfods jfr jurtber assessgeit,

pbftflrapbs were tadei usmil a Oaifi :>@. A varmety fj ceises were use` mi frèr tf oapture tbe hest

quacmty mgales jfr tbe ofi`mtmfis sf as tf eibaioe tbe aoouraoy fj tbe ofuit. A Gaijrfttf

>55R^XFH/2>0XO8 trmpf` ai` bea` was use` mi ofikuiotmfi wmtb a Oaifi EJ 8R Exteièr

(teceofiverter) mi frèr tf miorease stahmcmty. A Oaifi EJ -8>> gg J8.2C M_ MM was use` jfr wmè

ailce sbfts. Pbe _mlga 1>-8> gg J?.5 ER was use` jfr cfil `mstaioe sbfts mi taièg wmtb tbe


26/52

(#

teceofiverter. A Oaifi EJ 1>> gg 8.2C M_ Gaorf was acsf use` jfr ocfse up sbfts ai` was use` jfr

jfftprmit mèitmjmoatmfi fi fooasmfi.8.?.8 @ata Xeofr`mil _beet

A iew àta reofr`mil sbeet was use` jfr eaob survey (Appei`mx 1). ^rmfr tf tbe helmiimil fj tbe

survey ofuit, tbe jfccfwmil ètamcs were reofrè`4 ofuiter iage, survey type (Bmlb fr Cfw tmè), smte,

àte, tmge ai` tmàc state (Xmsmil, bmlb, jaccmil fr cfw). \eatber was reofrè` wmtb a ratmil jrfg fie

tf tbree. Ocfu` ofver, rami, wmi` ai` vmsmhmcmty were rate` epei`mil fi tbe ofi`mtmfi, wmtb a ratmil fj

fie, hemil gmc` tf tbree, hemil strfil. A stfpwatob was use` tf traod tbe tmge. @urmil tbe survey

ofuit, hmr` speomes, iughers, pfsmtmfi fi tbe sbfre ai` hebavmfur were reofrè`. Pbe pfsmtmfis fj tbe

mi`mvmùacs were reofrè` as emtber mitertmàc, suhtmàc, supratmàc fr terrestrmac, ai` tbe hebavmfur

eiofgpasse` emtber jee`mil fr rffstmil. Xffstmil was ocasse` as aiy ftber hebavmfur apart jrfg

jee`mil, suob as jcymil ai` iestmil. A smgpce taccy ofuit was use` tf reofr` tbms àta. ^bftflrapbs

tbat were tadei ùrmil tbe surveys were acsf reofrè` mi tbe recevait hfx wmtb tbe apprfprmate speomes.

@msturhaioes were reofrè` acfil wmtb tbe speomes ajjeote`, cevec fj respfise ai` ùratmfi fj

respfise tf tbe `msturhaioe. A tftac fj 10 `mjjereit aotmvmtmes were miocuè` fi tbe `msturhaioe cmst

(Appei`mx 8). Pbe cevec fj respfise was reofrè` as emtber4 if respfise, wead respfise, gfèrate

respfise fr bmlb respfise (I, \, G fr B respeotmvecy). Pbe ùratmfi fj tbe respfise were reofrè`

as emtber A, H , O fr @, (Pahce 1 HECF\) wbere A èiftes a sbfrt/`msorete ùratmfi, H represeits ai`

aotmvmty tbat foours jfr 5>% fj tbe ofuit permf`, O represeits a `msturhaioe tbat casts jfr gfre tbai5>%fj tbe ofuit hut cess tbai 1>>%, ai` @.


27/52

($

Pahce 1. Dey jfr reofr`mil ùratmfi fj respfise tf `msturhaioes wbmob foourre` ùrmil tbe

ofuit permf`

Carle jcfods fj hmr`s were reofrè` fi tbe jcfod gaps, (hcaid bahmtat gaps) ai` pbftflrapbe` wbere

pfssmhce tf am` wmtb tbe aoourate ofuitmil fj tbe jcfod. @msturhaioes wbmob oause` a smlimjmoait

perturhatmfi fj mi`mvmùacs fr jcfods were acsf reofrè` fi `msturhaioe gaps (acsf hcaid bahmtat

gaps).

8.0 @ata Aiacysms

Pbe àta ofcceote` jrfg eaob survey was tbei traisjerre` fitf a Gmorfsfjt Exoec `fougeit. Pbe

Hrmtmsb Prust fj Frimtbfcfly (HPF) speomes ofès were use` mi pcaoe fj speomes iages ùrmil àta

aiacysms (Pahce 8). Pahces ai` jmlures were use` tf oacoucate tftac iughers fj hmr`s ai` tftac iugher

fj speomes per smte ai` acsf per gfitb as wecc as geai iugher fj hmr`s ai` geai iugher fj speomes

per smte ai` per gfitb, tbms mijfrgatmfi was tbei use` tf prfùoe tahces ai` jmlures.

Pbe jrequeioy fj foourreioe oai he èjmie` as tbe iugher fj tmges a lmvei eveit foours at speomjme`

sagpce pfmits ùrmil a èjmie` permf`, fr mi tbms oase, tbe iugher fj tmges a speomes ms fhserve`

aorfss tbe tftac iugher fj surveys at acc smtes jfr tbe ùratmfi fj tbe stu`y permf` (Kai Aul)

(Hmfcfly-ficmie.frl, 8>18)

Mt was oacoucate` hy `mvm`mil tbe tftac iugher fj surveys jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust, hy tbe iugher fj

tmges eaob speomes was fhserve`, ai` `mvm`mil hy 1>> tf let a peroeitale vacue.

êroeitale ahuiàioe was oacoucate` hy `mvm`mil tbe tftac iugher fj tmges a speomes was fhserve` at

a smte, hy tbe tftac iugher fj mi`mvmùacs fj acc speomes fhserve` at tbat smte, ai` guctmpcymil hy 1>> tf

let a peroeitale vacue.

@esormptmfi

A Aotmvmty was sbfrt/`msorete

H Aotmvmty foourre` jfr 5>% fj ofuit permf`

O Aotmvmty foourre` 95>% 31>>% fj ofuit permf`

@ Aotmvmty ofitmiue` ajter ofuit ba` jmimsbe`


28/52

(%

Pahce 8. HPF speomes ofès jfr waterhmr` speomes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb

HPF

_peomes

Ofè

Ofggfi Iage _omeitmjmo Iage

^H Cmlbt Heccme` Hreit Hraita herimoca

_U _becùod Pa`fria ta`fria

\I \mlefi Aias peiecfpe

P. Peac Aias oreooa

GA Gaccar` Aias pcatyrbyiobfs

E. Emèr _fgaterma gfccmssmga

LI Lfcèieye Huoepbaca ocailuca

XG Xe` Hreaste` Gerlaiser Gerlus serratfr

I@ Lreat Ifrtberi @mver Lavma mgger

LL Lreat Oreste` Lrehe ^f`moeps ormstatus

J. Jucgar Jucgarus lcaomacms

LR Laiiet Gfrus hassaius

OA Ofrgfrait ^bacaorfofrax oarhf

EP Cmttce Elret Elretta larzetta

B. Lrey Berfi Arèa omierea

GB Gffrbei Laccmiuca obcfrfpus

FO Fysteroatober Baegatfpus fstracelus

X^ Xmile` ^cfver Obara`rmus bmatmouca

L^ Lfcèi ^cfver ^cuvmacms aprmoarma

C. Capwmil Zaieccus vaieccus

@I @uicmi Oacm`rms acpmia

HA Har-Pamce` Lf`wmt Cmgfsa cappfimoa

OU Ourcew Iugeimus arquata

XD Xe`sbaid Prmila tftaius

LD Lreeisbaid Prmila iehucarma

PP Puristfie Areiarma miterpresGU Ge`mterraieai Lucc Carus gecaifoepbacus

HB Hcaod Beaè` Lucc Obrfmofoepbacus rm`mhuiùs

OG Ofggfi Lucc Carus oaius

CH Cesser Hcaod Haode` Lucc Carus jusous

BL Berrmil Lucc Carus arleitatus

L[ Lcauofus Lucc Carus byperhfreus

LH Lreater Hcaod Haode` Lucc Carus garmius

PE _ai`wmob Peri _teria sai`vmoeisms

OI Ofggfi Peri _teria bmrui`f


29/52

(+

AE Arotmo Peri _teria para`msaea

LU Lumccegft Urma aacle

XA Xazfrhmcc Acoa tfrà

P] Hcaod Lumccegft Oeppbus lrycce

Guctmvarmate aiacyses were use` tf exagmie mj tbere were aiy `mssmgmcarmtmes hetweei hmr`

asseghcales at `mjjereit smtes ai` mi `mjjereit gfitbs fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb hetweei Kaiuary ai`

Aulust 8>18. Pbe ahuiàioe fj eaob hmr` speomes at eaob smte ai` mi eaob gfitb at hftb bmlb tmè ai`

cfw tmè was aiacyse` usmil guctm`mgeismfiac soacmil (G@_) mi a``mtmfi tf aiacysms fj smgmcarmty

(AIF_MG). _peomes ahuiàioe àta were square rfft traisjfrge`. A reseghcaioe gatrmx was

leierate` usmil tbe Hray-Ourtms smgmcarmty geasure. Pbe àta jrfg tbe Hray-Ourtms smgmcarmty geasure

were use` tf ofistruot tbe G@_ pcft wmtb smte as tbe lrfupmil varmahce. G@_ was use` tf lrapbmoaccy`mspcay ai` offr`miate tbe `mjjereioes hetweei hmr` asseghcales at eaob smte ai` mi eaob gfitb at

bmlb tmè ai` cfw tmè.

AIF_MG was use` tf test tbe iucc bypftbesms tbat tbere were if `mjjereioes hetweei hmr`

asseghcales at aiy smte fr mi aiy gfitb at bmlb tmè fr at cfw tmè ùrmil tbe stu`y permf`. AIF_MG

leierates ai X statmstmo wbmob cmes hetweei -1 ai` 1 wmtb a > vacue represeitmil if `mjjereioe hetweei

lrfups ai` 1 represeitmil if smgmcarmty hetweei lrfups. Eofcflmoac ofgguimtmes rarecy sbfw X 3 >.

AIF_MG ofgpares pamr-wmse X vacues tf oacoucate bfw `mjjereit lrfups are fi a soace fj >-1 wmtb >

represeitmil mi`mstmilumsbahce ai` 1 mi`moatmil tbat acc smgmcarmtmes wmtbmi lrfups are cess tbai

smgmcarmtmes hetweei lrfups. Ai X statmstmo fj X 9 >..5 geais

lrfups are separate hut sbfw fvercap ai` X 3 >.85 geais tbere ms cmttce `mjjereioe hetweei tbe lrfups

(Ocarde ai` Lfrcey, 8>>1). A smlimjmoaioe vacue hecfw 5% represeits a smlimjmoait `mjjereioe hetweei

lrfups. Pbe AIF_MG was oacoucate` usmil smte as tbe lrfupmil varmahce jfr ==== pergutatmfis.

? XE_UCP_

?.1 Mi`mvmùac Iughers

_mte I1 ba` tbe lreatest iugher fj mi`mvmùacs fver tbe ùratmfi fj tbe stu`y (Kaiuary Aulust) wmtb

8, 8


30/52

(,

Pahce ?. Pftac ai` geai iugher fj mi`mvmùacs fhserve` at bmlb tmè ai` cfw tmè per smte

jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust (i711)

If. fj Mi`mvmùacs

_mte

Bmlb

Pmè Cfw Pmè Pftac Geai

_1 0 ?=? 05? 88 11?> 5:5

I1 ==1 1825 88


31/52

*'

Pahce 0. Pbe jmve gfst ofggfi speomes mi tergs fj tftac mi`mvmùac iughers aorfss acc smtes

jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust

XaidHPF

OfèOfggfi Iage

Pftac

If.

1 ^H Hreit Lffse 8158

8 FO Fysteroatober 1:18

? OG Ofggfi Lucc 10:1

0 OU Ourcew 18:>

5 HB Hcaod Beaè` Lucc 1>12

?.8 _peomes Iughers

Jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust, a tftac fj ?= speomes fj water hmr`s were fhserve` ai` reofrè` fi hftb tbe

Ifrtb ai` _futb sbfres fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb, miocu`mil waèrs, `mvers, àhhcmil ùods ai` luccs. Fi

tbe Ifrtb sbfre, ?: speomes were fhserve`, ai` ?5 speomes were fhserve` fi tbe _futb sbfre. Pbe

bmlbest iugher fj speomes fhserve` fi a smte jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust, was 82 speomes at smte I8

(Jamrlreei, aquaoucture trestce), ai` tbe cfwest iugher fj speomes were fhserve` at smtes _0 ai` _5

(Oarcmiljfr` Barhfur, reoreatmfiac ai` Lreers Quay, reoreatmfiac respeotmvecy), wmtb 12 speomes

fhserve` fi hftb (Pahce 5). Pbe geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` at cfw tmè was lreater tbai tbe

geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` at bmlb tmè fi acc smtes ùrmil tbe survey permf` (Jml. ?).


32/52

*!

Pahce 5. Pftac ai` geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` per smte at bmlb tmè, cfw tmè ai`

fveracc jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust (i711)

If. fj _peomes

_mte Bmlb Pmè Cfw Pmè Geai Pftac

_1 8> 8> 8> 8:

_8 1: 8> 12 80

_? 18 1= 1: 81

_0 1> 1< 10 12

_5 18 1< 15 12

_I: 1: 1= 12 81

I1 1< 1= 12 8?

I8 81 88 88 82

I? 8> 81 81 85I0 15 1= 1< 88

I5 10 1< 1: 88

Jmlure ?. Geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` per smte at hftb bmlb tmè (BP) ai` cfw tmè (CP)

aorfss tbe wbfce ùratmfi fj tbe survey (Kaiuary-Aulust), miocu`mil =5% errfr hars

'

!

(

*

)

#

$

%

+

,

!'

-! -( -* -) -# -.$ .! .( .* .) .#

,-./>1"1

8?0-5:-

1>


33/52

*(

?.? Jrequeioy fj Foourreioe

Pbe speomes wbmob foourre` gfst jrequeitcy fver tbe ùratmfi fj tbe stu`y was tbe Ofggfi lucc

(Carus oaius), wbmob was fhserve` fi % fj surveys, jfccfwe` hy tbe Fysteroatober wbmob was

fhserve` fi :8% fj surveys (Jml. 8) (Pahce 0). Actbfulb tbe Hreit lffse (H.herimoca) was tbe gfst

ofggfi speomes mi tergs fj mi`mvmùac fhserve` (Pahce 8) tbey were ficy fhserve` fi 85% fj

surveys (Jml. 0).

Jmlure 0. Jrequeioy fj foourreioe fj acc waterhmr` speomes fhserve` fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulbjrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust

Pahce :. Pfp jmve gfst ofggfi speomes mi tergs fj jrequeioy fj foourreioe

XaidHPF

OfèOfggfi Iage

Jrequeioyfj

Foourreioe

(%)

1 OG Ofggfi Lucc

8 FO Fysteroatober :8

? OA Ofrgfrait :1

0 BL Berrmil Lucc 52

5 HB Hcaod Beaè` Lucc 5>


34/52

**

?.0 êroeitale Ahuiàioe

Jmlure 5 ofgpares tbe jmve gfst ofggfi speomes, mi tergs fj tftac mi`mvmùacs fhserve` (Pahce 0),

wmtb tbe peroeitale ahuiàioe aorfss acc smtes. Actbfulb tbe Hreit lffse (H. herimoca) was raide`

jmrst as tbe gfst ofggfi speomes mi tergs fj mi`mvmùac iughers, fi ficy jmve smtes ms mt tbe gfst

ahuiàit speomes (_1, _?, _0, I1 ai` I?) (Jml. 5). Pbe Ourcew, (Iugeimus arquata)was raide` as

tbe jfurtb gfst ofggfi speomes mi terg fj tftac mi`mvmùac iughers (Pahce 0), yet mt ms ift fhserve` at

acc fi smte I1 (Jml 5.)

Jmlure 5. êroeitale ahuiàioe jfr tbe tfp jmve speomes (mi tergs fj tftac hmr` iughers(Pahce 8)) aorfss acc smtes jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust

Pbe Ofggfi Lucc (C. oaius) was tbe speomes wbmob foourre` gfst jrequeitcy ùrmil tbe survey

permf` (Jml. 8) (Pahce 0), bfwever mts peroeitale ahuiàioe ms fveracc qumte cfw (Jml. 04 Pahce :).

Pbe ofrgfrait (^bacaorfofrax oarhf) was raide` tbmr` mi tergs fj jrequeioy fj foourreioe, yet mt

`fes ift foour at smte I? at acc (Jml. :).

'

#

!'

!#

('

(#

*'

*#

)'

-! -( -* -) -# -.$ .! .( .* .) .#

=;43/7./5-

?:2-

8?

05

5:

5.80, ^7

>.>>>1) (Jml. .:05, ^ 7 >.>>>1) ai` _?/_I: (X 7 >.5=:, ^ 7 >.>>>1) sbfw aiy separatmfi

hetweei smtes. Pbms separatmfi ms wmtb fvercap. Pbere are bfwever smlimjmoait `mjjereioes hetweei

sfge smtes (Pahce


36/52

*#

Jmlure


37/52

*$


38/52

*%

?.5.8 @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale Cfw tmè ficy

\bei tbe `mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei smtes at cfw tmè ficy were exagmie`, tbere were

very scmlbt separatmfis hetweei smtes fhserve`. Pbe AIF_MG sbfwe` sfge smlimjmoait `mjjereioes (X

7 >.855, ^ 7 >.>>>1) (Jml. 2). Alami ficy _?/I? (X 7 >.:>.>>>8) ai` _?/_I: (X 7 >.5:=, ^ 7

>.>>>1) sbfw aiy separatmfi hetweei smtes (Pahce 2). Pbms separatmfi ms wmtb fvercap. Pbere are

smlimjmoait `mjjereioes (^3>.>5) hetweei sfge smtes (Pahce 2).

Jmlure 2. G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale Cfw tmè ficy


39/52

*+

?.5.? @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale bmlb tm`e ficy.

\bei we cffde` at tbe `mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei smtes at bmlb tm`e ficy tbere

were very scmlbt separatmfis hetweei smtes fhserve`. Pbe AIF_MG sbfwe` sfge smlimjmoait

`mjjereioes (X 7 >.8=?, ^ 7 >.>>>1) (Jml. =).


40/52

*,

At bmlb tmè tbere were 18 mistaioes were smtes were separate eifulb jrfg eaob ftber tbat tbey ofuc`

he ofismère` as separate lrfups wmtb sfge fver caps acc fj tbe `mjjereioes fhserve` were smlimjmoait

(Pahce =). Pwf fj tbe ofgparmsfis _?/I? ai` _0/I? sbfw X vacues wbmob sullest tbey are acgfst

tftaccy `mjjereit mi tergs fj tbemr hmr` asseghcales.

Jmlure =.G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale bmlb tmè ficy


41/52

)'

Bavmil ofismère` tbe àta hy smte very cmttce `mjjereioe was fhserve` wbmob ofuc` he expcamie` hy

smte ai` as suob hy jfresbfre usale. \e tbei èomè` tf ofismèr tbe àta hy gfitb tf see mj tbe

`mjjereioes fhserve` ofuc` he expcamie` hy seasfiacmty.

?.5.0 @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Cfw Pmè

Pbe G@_ pcft sbfwe` sfge scmlbt patteris hetweei gfitbs at cfw tmè (Jmlure 1>). Pbe Gay, Kuie

ai` Kucy pcfts are mi tbe hfttfg cejt fj tbe pcft wbereas tbe Kai, Jeh ai` Gar pcfts are mi tbe tfp rmlbt

ofrier. Pbe AIF_MG `m` bfwever sbfw sfge smlimjmoait `mjjereioes hetweei gfitbs (X7 >.82.>>>1) (Pahce 1>).

Kai/Gay (X7 >.:::, ^7 >.>>>1), Kai/Kuie (X7 >.:=, ^7 >.>>>1), Jeh/Gay (X7 >.:.>>>1),

Jeh/Kui (X7 >.>>1), Jeh/Kuc (X7 >.:85, ^7 >.>>>1), Gar/Gay (X7 >.5:0, ^7 >.>>>1),

Gar/Kui (X7 >.:>.>>>1), Gar/Kuc (X7 >.5=, ^7 >.>>>1) acc sbfwe` sfge èlree fj separatmfi

hut tbere were fver caps hetweei tbe gfitbs (Appei`mx 8 Pahce 0). _mlimjmoait `mjjereioes(^">.>5)


42/52

)!

were fhserve` hetweei tbe wmiter gfitbs Kaiuary, Jehruary ai` Garob ai` tbe sugger gfitbs Gay

Kuie Kucy ai` Aulust (Pahce 1>).

Jmlure 1>. G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Cfw Pm`e


43/52

)(

?.5.5 @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Bmlb Pmè

Pbe G@_ pcft sbfwe` cess fhvmfus patteris tbai tbe G@_ pcft jfr tbe cfw tmè àta hetweei gfitbs.

Pbe AIF_MG `m` bfwever sbfw sfge smlimjmoait `mjjereioes (X 7 >.10.>>>1) (Jml. 11).

Pbere were smlimjmoait `mjjereioes hetweei Kaiuary ai` acc gfitbs Aprmc Kucy, Jehruary ai` acc

gfitbs Aprmc tf Aulust ai` Aprmc ai` Kucy ai` Aulust. Ifie fj tbese `mjjereioes were fhservahce as

separate lrfups fi tbe G@_ pcft Jmlure 11, Pahce 11).

Jmlure 11.G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Bmlb Pmè


44/52

)*


45/52

))

0 @M_OU__MFI

Aquaoucture ms a rapm`cy lrfwmil miùstry ùe tf tbe ègai` fj seajff`, wbmob bas acsf `rmvei tbe

èocmie fj wmc` stfods, ai` as a resuct, sbeccjmsb aquaoucture ms ai mgpfrtait seotfr, wbmob ms praotmoe`

fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb (J AF 8>>04 J AF 8>>:4 Iaycfr et. ac 8>>>).Pbe fhkeotmve fj tbms stu`y was tf

mivestmlate wbat ejjeot aquaoucture praotmoes ba` fi tbe waterhmr` asseghcales fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb

ofgpare` tf ftber aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes. Pbe gami amg was tf try ai` mijer patteris fj hmr`

asseghcales hetweei tbe tbree oatelfrmes fj smtes seceote`; Aquaoucture, Xeoreatmfiac ai`

Ui`msturhe`, ai` assess bfw `msturhaioe ajjeote` speomes at eaob smte oatelfry.

0.1 Mgpaots fj aquaoucture fi waterhmr` speomes mi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb

_mte IM-Oraijmec` Heaob, wbmob was a reoreatmfiac smte, ba` tbe lreatest iugher fj mi`mvmùacs

fhserve` fver tbe ùratmfi fj tbe stu`y. Pbms bmlb iugher ms cmdecy tf he ùe tf tbe cfoatmfi fj smte IM,wbmob was at tbe gfutb fj tbe cfulb fi tbe ifrtb sbfre, tberejfre hmr`s wbmob jee` at fpei sea, fr

fver wmitermil hmr`s, suob as Hreit lffse, H. herimeca, are cmdecy tf he fhserve` at smte IM as tbey

eiter fr ceave tbe cfulb.

Pbe Hreit Lffse (H. herimeca) was tbe gfst jrequeitcy fhserve` speomes mi tergs fj tftac mi`mvmùac

iughers. Hreit leese spei` tbe wmiter mi \esteri Eurfpe, iftahcy acfil tbe ofasts fj Lreat Hrmtmai,

Jraioe ai` tbe @utob \a`èi _ea, ai` gmlrate tf tbe _mhermai tui`ra mi tbe sugger tf reprfùoe

(Ehhmile et. ac 8>>8). Pbe wfrc` pfpucatmfi fj Hreit leese was estmgate` mi 8>>8 tf he jcuotuatmil

hetweei 88>,>>> ai` ?15,>>> mi`mvmùacs (Ehhmile et. ac 8>>8), ai` tberejfre Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ms

ai mgpfrtait bahmtat jfr tbese hmr`s ùrmil tbe wmiter gfitbs.

Pbe lreatest iugher fj speomes fhserve` fver tbe ùratmfi fj tbe survey was 82 speomes at smte I8,

Jamrlreei, wbmob ms ai aquaoucture trestce smte. Pbms smte ms qumte ocfse tf IM (Appei`mx 1), exoept mt ms

gfre sbectere` ai` tbe heaob ms guob qumeter tbai IM, mi tergs fj bugai `msturhaioe. Pbms gay he

fie fj tbe reasfis wby a bmlb iugher fj speomes were fhserve` at tbms smte, aiftber ofuc` he tbe

trestces tbegsecves prfvm`mil jff` jfr gaiy hmr`s, wbmob was fhserve` severac tmges ùrmil tbe stu`y.

Gfre speomes were fhserve` at cfw tmè tbai bmlb tmè aorfss acc smtes fhserve`. Gaiy water hmr`

speomes, espeomaccy waèrs, jee` fi gfccusos tbat are expfse` at cfw tmè, tberejfre tbe bmlber speomes

iughers fhserve` at cfw tmè are wbat wfuc` bave heei expeote` lmvei tbms jee`mil fhservatmfi.

Pbe ofggfi lucc (C. oaius) was tbe speomes wbmob was gfst jrequeitcy fhserve` fver tbe ùratmfi fj

tbe stu`y. Pbe X_^H cmsts tbe ofggfi lucc (C. oaius) as 'agher' fi tbe hmr` ofiservatmfi cmst. _peomes

wbmob are fi tbe agher cmst are ocassmjme` as gfèratecy tbreateie`, geaimil tbere bas heei a èocmie

fj up tf 0=% fj tbe UD hree`mil pfpucatmfi fver tbe cast 85 years, ai` at ceast 5>% fj tbe hree`mil


46/52

)#

pfpucatmfi oai he jfui` mi apprfxmgatecy 1> smtes aorfss tbe UD (X_^H, 8>18). Pbe jaot tbat tbe

ofggfi lucc (C. oai us) was tbe gfst jrequeitcy fhserve` speomes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ms prfgmsmil

mi tergs fj tbemr ofiservatmfi, bfwever mi tergs fj peroeitale ahuiàioe, tbe ofggfi lucc (C. oai

us) ms raide` tbmr`. Pbms geais tbat actbfulb tbe ofggfi lucc (C. oaius) was fhserve` fi % fj

ofuits, mts fveracc ahuiàioe ms aotuaccy qumte cfw. Pbe Hreit lffse (H. herimoca) was raide` jmrst as

tbe gfst ahuiàit speomes, ai` tbms gay he ùe tf tbe jaot tbat Hreit leese tei` tf he mi carle jcfods

at aiyfie tmge, mt ms uiusuac tf see tbeg msfcate`, wbereas tbe ofggfi lucc ms fjtei smlbte` acfie,

wbmob wfuc` tberejfre bave cfwere` tbe peroeitale ahuiàioe.

0.8 ^rmger aiacysms

Pbe resucts jrfg tbms stu`y permf` sbfw tbat smlimjmoait `mjjereioes foour mi hmr` asseghcales at

`mjjereit smtes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb. Bfwever tbese `mjjereioes are ift `mstmiot ai` fvercaps foour

hetweei smtes. Pbms ms wbat ms expeote` as Oarcmiljfr` ms a recatmvecy sgacc cfulb ai` as suob tbere are

uicmdecy tf he tftaccy `mstmiot lrfups fj hmr`s at fie smte ifie fj wbmob are fhserve` at aiy ftber smte.

Fj tbe `mjjereioes tbat were fhserve` hetweei smtes tbe lreatest `mjjereioes fhserve` were hetweei

reoreatmfiac use smtes ai` ui`msturhe` smtes. A _MGÊX aiacysms wfuc` he ieeè` tf `mstmilumsb

exaotcy wbat tbe `mjjereioes mi hmr` speomes hetweei tbe smtes were.

Mt seegs tbat gfst fj tbe `mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcales fhserve` were as a resuct fj seasfiacmty

ratber tbai jfresbfre usale. Gfre fhvmfus `mssmgmcarmtmes mi hmr` asseghcales were fhserve` hetweei

gfitbs at cfw tmè tbai bmlb tmè. Mt ms cmdecy tbat tbms ms ùe tf tbe gmlratfry patteris fj ùods ai``mvers wbei ofgpare` tf wa`mil hmr`s.

Gfre tmge ms ieeè` tf ofismèr tbese resucts mi èptb tf ètamc aotuac patterisnai` smgmcarmtmes. Mi

frèr tf mijer aoourate patteris, tbe survey wfuc` iee` tf he oarrme` fut jfr at ceast a year.

0.? Juture _tu`mes

Pbe ourreit cmterature wbmob exmsts fi tbe ejjeots fj aquaoucture fi waterhmr` asseghcales mi Mrecai` ms

very cmgmte`. A repfrt hy Lmtmmils ai` F'@fiflbue (8>18) jfr tbe Garmie Mistmtute was puhcmsbe` tbms

year ai` mt exagmie` tbe ejjeots fj mitertmàc fyster oucture fi tbe spatmac `mstrmhutmfi fj waterhmr`s fi

tbe sbfres fj @uilarvai Barhfur mi Of. \aterjfr`. A smgmcar stu`y was acsf oarrme` fut mi Of. Ofrd

hy Bmclercfb et. ac (8>>1), wbf mivestmlate` tbe ejjeots fj mitertmàc fyster oucture fi hmr`s mi a sbecter

cfulb mi Of. Ofrd. Bmclercfb et. ac (8>>1) acsf ofgpare` tbe ejjeots fj aquaoucture tf a ifi-

aquaoucture smte, wbmob ms smgmcar tf tbms stu`y, wbere aquaoucture smtes were ofgpare` tf reoreatmfiac

smtes ai` ui`msturhe` smtes.

Lmttmils ai` F'@fiflbue (8>18) obfse a tftac fj smx smtes, mi jmve `mjjereit ofuitmes (Of. \aterjfr`,

Of. Ofrd, Of. Derry, Of. Ocare ai` Of. \exjfr`), ai` surveys were oarrme` fut at cfw tmè ficy up tf

jmve tmges per smte hetweei Kaiuary ai` Garob 8>11. Pbe getbf` jfr tbe hmr` survey mi tbe Lmttmils


47/52

)$

ai` F'@fiflbue (8>18) stu`y `fesi't appear tf he as ofgprebeismve wbei ofgpare` tf tbms stu`y,

wbmob ofismste` fj 11 smtes, fi fie cfulb, wmtb ofuits hemil oarrme` fut at bmlb tmè ai` cfw tmè at

eaob smte jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust 8>18. Jurtbergfre mt ficy aiacyses fie part fj tbe year, tbe

traismtmfi jrfg wmiter tf spiil, wbereas tbms stu`y fi Oarcmiljfr` bas àta jfr wmiter, sprmil ai`

sugger.

0.?.1 Ofitmiumil ai` expai`mil tbe stu`y

Pbms stu`y ms ieoessary, ai` iee`s tf ofitmiue jfr severac reasfis. Mt prfvmès hasecmie àta fj

waterhmr` speomes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb, fj wbmob tbere ms ourreitcy cmgmte` àta. Mt ms esseitmac mi

frèr tf assess gaialegeit praotmoes jfr aquaoucture fi tbe cfulb, tadmil apprfprmate assessgeit ai`

tbe Iatura 8>>> èsmliatmfis mitf aoofuit. Pbe àta gay acsf he ai earcy mi`moatfr jfr èocmies mi

oertami speomes, bfwever tbe survey wfuc` iee` tf ofitmiue jfr at ceast twf years mi frèr tf bave

ofgparahce àta tf assess tbms.

Ift ficy sbfuc` tbms stu`y ofitmiue, hut tbere ms acsf sofpe tf expai` tbe stu`y, fr tf èrmve smè

prfkeots jrfg mt. Pbere ms tbe pfssmhmcmty jfr expermgeitac wfrd tf he oarrme` fut fi tbe trestce smtes.

@urmil tbe survey, mt was iftmoe` tbat gaiy hmr`s jee` `mreotcy jrfg tbe trestces, wbmob ms èoreasmil

tbe ymec` fj fysters barveste`. Fysteroatobers mi partmoucar were iftmoe` tf jee` fi trestces qumte fjtei.

Expermgeitac wfrd ofuc` mivfcve testmil preàtmfi jrfg fysteroatobers wmtb varmfus gesb smzes, fr

miocu`mil a èterreit fi tbe trestces.

Aiftber stu`y ofuc` he èvecfpe` wbmob ofuc` jfous fi oertami speomes fi tbe cfulb, suob as tbe

speomes cmste` mi Iatura 8>>> (_eotmfi 1.8.1). Gaiy fj tbe speomes fhserve` fi tbe cfulb were

oatelfrmse` hy tbe X_^H as agher status, geaimil tbat tbere ms iee` jfr ofiservatmfi ejjfrt jfr tbese

speomes, wbmob tbms ftber stu`y ofuc` sfcecy jfous fi. [yècms et. ac (8>>2) jfousse` tbemr stu`y fi

gfccusomvfrfus ùods, as ùods tei` tf mibahmt sbectere` areas wbmob are acsf javfurahce jfr

aquaoucture, ai` tberejfre aquaoucture ms gfre cmdecy tf ajjeot ùods ùe tf tbe miorease` miteraotmfi

hetweei ùods ai` aquaoucture praotmoes. Aquaoucture struotures bave heei stu`me` ai` sbfw ai

miorease mi reorumtgeit fj wmc` gussecs, wbmob bas heei sulleste` hy Dmrd et. ac (8>>


48/52

)%

tbat tbe arotmo teri bas a scmlbtcy àrder ieod pcugale, wbmob was `mjjmouct tf mèitmjy ùe tf tbe lcare

jrfg tbe water gadmil tbe uièrsmè fj cmlbt ofcfure` hmr`s cffd wbmte. Mi frèr tf reotmjy tbms mssue,

surveys jrfg a hfat ofuc` he oarrme` fut tf eisure tbat acc speomes tbat spei` tbemr tmge mi tbe suhtmàc

zfie were aoouratecy mèitmjme`. Jurtbergfre, tbe stu`y wfuc` heiejmt lreatcy mj surveys were

ofiùote` wmtb ai fhserver at sea ai` fie fi tbe sbfre acsf, gamicy jfr cfw tmè ofuits, tbms wfuc`

eisure tbat acc speomes fi tbe sbfre ai` at sea were aoouratecy ofuite`. [yècms et. ac (8>>2)

ofiùote` surveys jrfg a sgacc mijcatahce hfat wbmcst gamitamimil a `mstaioe fj apprfxmgatecy 1>>g

jrfg tbe sbfre sf as tf ift oreate a `msturhaioe tf tbe waterhmr`s, bfwever tbms getbf` fj surveymil

wfuc` requmre ai extra persfi tf `rmve tbe hfat. _urveymil jrfg a hfat, fr jrfg a vaitale pfmit ms

gfre javfurahce tbai tbe getbf` a`fpte` hy Lmttmils ai` F'@fiflbue (8>18). Lmttmils ai`

Q'@fiflbue (8>18) oarrme` fut tbemr surveys hy wacdmil acfil tbe stretob fj tbe sbfrecmie wbmcst

gamitamimil a 8>>g `mstaioe jrfg aiy hmr` aotmvmty, ai` gfvmil ocfser tf tbe waters e`le as tbe tmè

reoeè`, wbereas mi tbms stu`y fi Oarcmiljfr`, hmr`s were surveye` jrfg fie vaitale pfmit sf as tf

ift oreate a `msturhaioe. Pbms getbf` fj surveymil jrfg fie vaitale pfmit ms javfurahce as tbe

fhserver ms sure tbat tbemr preseioe `fes ift oreate a `msturhaioe, wbereas ai fhserver wacdmil tbe

sbfre gay mia`verteitcy oreate a `msturhaioe tberejfre sdewmil tbe resucts fj tbat partmoucar ofuit.

Ofrgfraits (^bacaorfofrax oarhf) ai` sbals (^bacaorfofrax armstftecms) are twf speomes wbmob alami

are very smgmcar ai` oai prfve `mjjmouct tf `mstmilumsb hetweei. Hftb speomes are very smgmcar mi smze

ai` ofcfur, wmtb tbe gami `mjjereioe hemil tbe cmlbter pcugale fi tbe ofrgfraits bea`. Pbms oai he

`mjjmouct tf see wbei tbey are jcymil, ai` alami, surveys oarrme` fut jrfg a hfat wfuc` becp reotmjy tbms

mssue. Pbere ms rffg tf expai` tbe ourreit survey tf jfous fi ofrgfraits ai` sbals as a smè prfkeot.

Ofrgfrait ai` sbals ofuc` he ofuite` at bmlb tmè wbei tbey are rffstmil ai` are easmer tf mèitmjy

aoouratecy ai` ofuit, ai` tbms ofuc` he oarrme` fut fie tf twf tmges a gfitb. _urveyfrs ofuc` acsf

attei` a HPF hmr` mèitmjmoatmfi tramimil ofurse mi frèr tf gade sure tbat mèitmjmoatmfi ms as aoourate

as pfssmhce.

Pbe ourreit getbf`fcfly mivfcves ofuitmil speomes jfr ?> gmiutes at eaob smte. Ajter severac gfitbs

jfccfwmil tbms getbf`, tbe Bmlb tmè ofuits were reùoe` tf 15 gmiute survey permf`s as tbey were

leieraccy guob qumeter, mi tergs fj tftac mi`mvmùac iughers, tbai cfw tmè ofuits (Jml. ?). Aiftber

acteriatmve ofuc` he tf obaile tbe survey permf` seasfiaccy. \miter ofuits ofuc` cast jfr ?> gmiutes at

hftb bmlb ai` cfw tmè ùe tf tbe bmlber iugher fj fver wmitermil speomes, ai` tbms ofuc` tbei he

reùoe` tf 15 gmiutes mi tbe sugger as tbere are jewer speomes fi tbe cfulb.

\mtb relar`s tf àta aiacysms, a _MGÊX aiacysms wfuc` iee` tf he oarrme` fut mi frèr tf eibaioe tbe

^rmger àta. ^rmger was obfsei as tbe àta aiacysms prflrag jfr severac reasfis wbmob miocuè

avamcahmcmty ai` ease fj use, bfwever a _MGÊX aiacysms was ift oarrme` fut as tbe prflrag was

uiavamcahce at tbe tmge fj àta aiacysms.


49/52

)+

5 OFIOCU_MFI_

Pbe jmi`mils fj tbms tbesms sullest tbat tbere ms a lreater `mjjereioe mi hmr` asseghcale hetweeiseasfis ofgpare` tf jfresbfre usale. Ofitmiumil tbe stu`y gay reveac gfre `mstmiot patteris hetweei

hmr` asseghcale ai` jfresbfre use mi tbe juture. Pbe waterhmr`s fhserve` fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb seeg

tf he recatmvecy bahmtuate` tf ofistait `msturhaioe, hftb reoreatmfiac ai` aquaoucture, bfwever sbfrt

hursts fj `msturhaioe suob as `fl wacders tei`e` tf oause a lreater `msturhaioe. Pbe ourreit cmterature

tbat exmsts fi tbe ejjeot fj aquaoucture fi waterhmr`s ms very cmgmte`, sf ofitmiumil tbms stu`y ms vmtac tf

a`` tf tbms cmterature, ai` prfvm`e a lreater mismlbt mitf seasfiac patteris fj waterhmr`s fi Oarcmiljfr`

Cfulb.


50/52

),

: XEJEXEIOE_

Hmfcfly-ficmie.frl(8>18).bttp;//www.hmfcflyficmie.frl/`motmfiary/JrequeioyVfjV foourreioe. Cast

aooesse` 0tb Fotfher 8>18.

Hfr` casoamlb Gbara. (1=28). _uspeiè` Oucture fj Gussecs. Aquaoucture expcamie`, Hfr` casoamlbGbara, @uhcmi. ?, 2p.

Hfr` casoamlb Gbara. (8>>2). _tatus fj Mrmsb Aquaoucture - a ofgpmcatmfi repfrt fj mijfrgatmfi fi

Mrmsb aquaoucture.

Ocarde D.X. ai` Lfrcey, X.I., 8>>1. ^XMGEX v %; User Gaiuac/Putfrmac. ^XMGEX E, ^cygfutb,

UD.

Ehhmile H._, Beesterheed B.K.A.^, Eis H.K, ai` Lfe`bart ^.\ (8>>8). @eismty èpeièit pfpucatmfi

cmgmtatmfi mi àrd heccme` Hreit leeseHraita herimo/a. Avmai _omeioe 8; :?->:). _tate fj \frc` Aquaoucture. JAF Jmsbermes Peobimoac âper 5>>, Jff` ai` Alrmoucture

Frlaimsatmfi fj tbe Uimte` Iatmfis; Xfge

JAF (8>18). Pbe state fj wfrc` jmsbermes ai` aquaoucture. JAF Jmsbermes ai` Aquaoucture

@epartgeit. Xfge 8>18. M_HI =>>pp.

Lasofmlie K, ai` Buitmiltfi P. (8>>>1). A precmgmiary stu`y fi tbe ejjeots fj

fyster oucturmil struotures fi hmr`s mi a sbectere` Mrmsb estuary. By`rfhmfcflma 0:5; 1

Kfyoe, K. (1==8). _beccjmsb jargmil ai` tbe eivmrfigeit mi _oftcai`. Aquaoucture

Mrecai` 5>, 8>.


51/52

#'

Dmrd G, Escer @, ai` Hfy` \._ (8>>>>). Ejjeot fj aquaoucture fi wfrc` jmsb suppcmes. Iature 0>5;

1>180

X_^H (8>18). bttp;//www.rsph.frl.ud/wmc`cmje/hmr`lumè/status V expcamie`.aspx (Cast Aooesse`

>0/1>/18)

[yècms X, Escer >, Dmrd G ai` Hfy` \._ (8>>2). Ejjeots fj fjj-hfttfg sbeccjmsb aquaoucture fi

wmiter bahmtat use hy gfccusomvfrfus sea ùods. Aquatmo Ofiservatmfi; Garmie ai`

Jresbwater Eofsystegs >>1; 1>.1 >>8/aoq.=


52/52

A^^EI@MOE_

Date post:	03-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	integrated-aquatic-resources-management-between-ireland-northern-ireland-scotland
View:	217 times
Download:	0 times

Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on...

Documents