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Carthage

When Africa InvadedEurope

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Contents

Pg 3 Intro

Pg 4 The Ancient World

Pg 5 Carthage

Pg 6 Why did Carthage invade Europe?

Pg 7 What made Carthage so powerful

Pg 8 Rome

Pg 9 1 st Punic War

Pg 11 2 nd Punic War

Pg 12 Hannibal

Pg 13 The crossing of the Alps

Pg 15 Italy

Pg 16 The destruction of Carthage

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Did you know?

That Africa invaded Europe!

Assessment Standards:Categorise appropriate/relevant sources of information provided to answer the questions raised.Analyse the information and data gathered from a variety of sources.

Use historical concepts such as imperialism, nationalism and fascism tostructure information about a period or issue.Analyse the socio-economic and political power relations operating insocieties.Explain the various interpretations and perspectives of historical eventsand why people in a particular historical context acted as they did.Use evidence to formulate an argument and reach an independentconclusion.Identify debates around knowledge systems.

Learning Outcomes:

Learning Outcome 1Historical Enquiry

Learning Outcome 2Historical Concepts

Learning Outcome 3Knowledge Construction andCommunication

Learning Outcome 4Heritage

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The Ancient World

Life was very different in the ancient world, there were no countries like we know today.The world was open and borders did not exist in the way we understand them today.Instead of counties like South Africa there were cities that acted like countries, thesewere called city states, imagine if Pretoria, Cape Town and Durban were their ownCountries and acted independently.

There were many city states in the ancient world, some may be familiar to you such asRome, Athens, Sparta and Carthage.

In the Ancient world around 600 BC Carthage was one of the most richest and powerfulof these city states and they controlled much of the trade in the Mediterranean and had

astrong influence on the political climate of the time.

Remember!There was very little of the technology we have todayand the most efficient means of transport was by horse

and ship and the communication between people wasrestricted to speed of these modes of transport.

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Carthage

Carthage was a city on the coast of North Africa and was one of the richest cities in theancient world, it was a society that was full of culture and art.

The city was essentially a Phoenician settlement but soon became its own city statewithin its own right. The city was established in the 8 th century BC. It had advancedtechnology for its time such as a fully functioning sewage system.

Activity!Use a blank piece of paper and start by drawing atimeline, starting at 800BC and the founding of Carthage. As the textbook continues add dates to thetimeline you can even include dates you know of!.

Source A

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Why did Carthage

invade Europe?Carthage invaded Europe for a number of reasons. Carthage was an

empireand empires need to expand and conquer lands in order to increase itswealth and power. Carthage was no different.

However Carthages reasons were not the same as what Rome had.Carthage invaded Europe in an attempt to rebuild its strength and power after a disastrous defeat by Rome. In addition to this Carthage alsoattacked Rome, the rival super power of the time and almost defeated

them.

Taking a step back, ask yourselves this question why did Rome andCarthage go to war in the first place?

Activity!

Form groups of four and discuss what would make you go to war with each other, then discuss why you think countries would goto war.

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What made Carthage

so powerful?In the ancient world there were two main forms of travel, horse and boat and sinceCarthage was on the coast it could use both. Carthages harbour was one of the ancientwonders of the world and could dock and offload many boats in a short time. TheMediterranean was a busy trading area and whoever could control the waters of theMediterranean sea could control the trade.

Carthage had a very powerful navy, there was no equal to it until the 1 st Punic war. TheCarthaginians had a special way of building their ships, they would label each piece andthe ship builders could assemble the ship using the labels like a puzzle. It enabled theCarthaginians to mass produce war ships on an assembly line basis and ultimatelyenable them to control the Mediterranean.

Source B

Source C

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Rome

By this time Rome was no way near the great Empire it would later become, it was verymuch limited to the lower part of Italy and saw Carthage as a threat, Carthage beingricher and having a stronger navy stood in the way of Rome expanding its own empireand getting control of the valuable trade roots in the Mediterranean.

Delenda est Carthago (Carthage must be destroyed) Source D

This was said by a roman politician called Cato, he hated Carthage and it has been saidthat he added the above statement at the end of every speech, examine the

statement and look at Source A and write down as many reasons you can think of whyRome would want to destroy Carthage.

This growing hatred and fear of Carthage and the existence of two expanding empires within the Mediterranean inevitably led towar.

The Romans called the wars between Rome and Carthage the

Punic Wars, the word Punic referring to Phoenicia, the origin of the city of Carthage.

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1 st Punic War

264-241 BC

The conflict was inevitable, and it took place over the island of Sicily. A war broke out on the island and the islanders asked both Carthage and Rome

for help. Rome and Carthages rivalry was escalating and Carthage wasafraid it Rome controlled Sicily it would threaten their superiority and Romefelt if Carthage took the island then it would be a direct threat to Rome.

Hamilcar Barca was the Carthaginian general and would be an importantperson in Carhtages history. He led the Carthaginian attack in Sicily.

Source ESicily

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Rome could not defeat Carthage at sea; therefore Carthage maintained superiority untilRome found a beached Carthaginian ship, they dismantled it and discovered theCarthaginian secret ship building techniques. Rome was able to build a large fleet ina short amount of time.

The Roman fleet managed to defeat the Carthaginian fleet who were not prepared for the large Roman fleet. Carthage had to sue for peace and Rome placed large fines onthe city.

Hamilcar Barca hated Rome for this and vowed his revenge.

In order for Carthage to regain power and wealth they needed a new target for their empire besides the Mediterranean. They chose Europe. The Carthaginian navy landed

inSpain led my Hamilcar Barca

Activity!

If Carthage invaded Europe why is there no evidence of it today? Discuss this in groups.

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2 nd Punic War 218 to 201 BC

The place the Carthaginian navy landed was called New Carthage and from there theempire spread to encompass much of what is known as Spain today but in the ancientera there were no borders but rather a collection of tribes and villages.

Rome was not comfortable with the Carthaginian empire which was much larger thantheir own and the felt threatened.

After years of campaigning Hamilcar Barca died in battle with Spanish tribes that wererevolting. He was survived by his son.

Source F

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Hannibal

Hannibal grew up with his fathers army and he learnt how an army worked and how tolead, he also learnt how to hate the Romans. He wished to carry out his fathers wish todestroy Rome.

Rome had agreed with Carthage that everything below the river Ebro (Source F) would

be Carthages but they could go no further. When Carthage captured a city, Saguntumwhich had diplomatic connections to Rome, Rome declared that Carthage had attackedon of its allies and was forced to declare war.

Source G

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The crossing of the

Alps continuedI do not regret it, soldier, as of small accounts that there is not a man among you beforewhose eyes I have not often achieved some military exploit; and to whose eyes I havenot often achieved some military exploit; and to whom in like manner, I, the spectator and witness of his valour cannot recount his own gallant deeds, particularized by

praisesand gifts, I , who was the pupil of you all before I became your commander, will march

out in battle-array against those who are unknown and ignorant of each other.

-Hannibal after crossing the alpsSource I

Activity!

How do you think the Hannibal felt about his soldiers? What does Hannibal mean by this speech? I , who was the pupil of you all before I became your

commander, What do you think Hannibal meant by this? Why do you think their enemies are unknown and ignorant of

each other ? Write 5 diaries entries of a Carthaginian soldier who crossed the

Alps.

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Italy

Rome suffered 3 major defeats by Hannibal, Battle of the Trebia Battle of LakeTrasimene, Battle of Cannae, the battle of Cannae being the bloodiest battle fought inancient times. With the Romans loosing over 50 000 troops in one day.

Rome was at Hannibal mercy but he delayed, no one is sure why he did perhaps he

thought Rome would surrender but they did not.

Rome managed to muster another army and sent it to attack Carthage and Hannibalwas

called back, 202BC Battle of Zama took place and Hannibals army was defeated andCarthage sued for peace.

Carthage lost its empire and never recovered its power. Hannibal fled and later

committed suicide rather than face Roman capture and execution.

Hannibal was one of the greatest generals of all time, and even his enemies spoke of his

as being a genius.

Rome did not forget nor did it forgive it would later destroy Carthage completely.Activity!Write an obituary for Hannibal and try to explain what sort of person he was when he was alive you can write from theperspective of a Roman or a Carthaginian.

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The Destruction of

Carthage.146 BC

The Roman army invaded Carthage and after a siege destroyed the city completely,even sowing salt into the soil so nothing would grow. They wanted to utterly destroyCarthage.

Activity!

What would the world look like today if Hannibal had defeatedRome? Would Europe still be as important as it is today? Whatwould it have meant for Africa?

Discuss in groups and then report back to the class in a generaldiscussion.

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References

Copeland, Lewis & Lamm, Lawrence W. & McKenna, Stephen J. (1999). TheWorld's Great Speeches: 292 speeches from Pericles to Nelson Mandela . Topeka,USA: Topeka Bindery. (Source I)

Ehret, C. (2002). The Civilisations of Africa: A History to 1800 . Oxford: JamesCurry.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Rome_carthage_218.jpg (Source F) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Carthage http://lexicorient.com/e.o/carthage.htm http://www.carpenoctem.tv/ military/hannibal.html (Source G) http://www.historycooperative.org (Sources B & C) http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab91 http://www.sbceo.k12.ca.us/~vms/carlton/Rome_Reading_1.html (Source H) http://www.travel-sicily.com/picture_library/Sicily.JPG (Source E) Mokhtar, G (2003) General History of Africa: Abridged Version . Glosderry, South

Africa: New Africa Books.