Cartimandua / [G.F. Hill]

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2/13


3/13

XVII.

CARTIMANDUA.

(See

Plate

XV.)

On November7th,1893, a smallfind f coinsand anti-

quities

was

made at

Honley,

near

Huddersfield.

Honley

is about

two

miles from Castle

Hill,

and about fourmiles

across

country

from

Slack. Castle Hill is said to have

been

occupied

by

the

British

before the

Romans,

and

Slack

is

the most

probable

of

the

many

places

which

have

been

dentified

ith

the

ancient Cambodunum.

The

objects

in

question

were concealed

in a

cavity

behind

piece

of

rock,

nd were discovered

by

workmen

who werebreaking away the rock. The greater part, f

not

all,

of the coins

and metal

objects

are said

to have

been contained

n the hollow bone

(No.

I.),

but as

to this

point

there eems

to be some

uncertainty.

However,

that

all the

objects

ormed

single

deposit

here an be no doubt.

By

the

courtesy

f

Mr.

William

Brooke,

of

Northgate

Mount,

Honley,

on

whose estate the

find

occurred,

and

who

has

generouslypresented

to the

British

Museum

the

five Britishcoins

which

lend

the hoard

its chief

n-

terest,

am able

to

give

a

detailed account

of all the

objects

found.

They

were

-

I.

A

hollow

bone,

probably

f an

ox,

measuring,

n its

present

much

decayed

and broken

ondition,

15

cm.

in

length.

It was

originally,

oubtless,

uite

large

enough

to accommodate

ll the articles

following.

II.

A

small

bronze

ox with

hinged

id

(PI.

xv.

7-9),

of a well-known

ype,

but

the use of which

does not

VOL. XVII. THIRD SERIES. Q Q



4/13

294

NUMISMATIC

CHRONICLE.

seem to be

absolutely

ertain.

A number

may

be

seen

in

theBritishMuseum

*'

Anglo-Roman

Room,

Table-

Case

B,

and Bronze

Room,

able-Case

).

Illustrationsf

similar

bjects

may

lso be

found

n

J.

Battely's

Antiq.

Rutupinae

1745

ed.

n

Opera

Posthuma),

.

129

Roach

Smith,

ntiquities

f

Richborough,

c,

p.

84,

and

PL

vn.

Roman ondon, I. xxxiii. 14,15 Archwologia,xxix.

p.

508 J. E.

Price,

Roman

Antiquities,

ansion

ouse,

1873,

PL viii.

16,

17

Jacobi,

as

Rbmerkastell

aalburg,

PL lxix.

10,

11

l Friederichs,

leinere

Kunst,

69-579

and

Jahrbucheres

Vereins

on

lterthumsfreunden

m

Rhein-

lande,

v.

1850),

L

iv.,

Nos.

2,

2a,

2b. These

oxes re

of

various

hapes,

quare,

val,

ozenge-shaped,

eart-shaped,

or

rather

ellows-shaped,

nd,

ike the

present

pecimen,

circular. Most of themare pierced t the bottom

with

three

circular

holes,

and in

the

side

with

two

square

openings.

On the lid

they

are

frequently

enamelled.

The

present

pecimen

as

a

thin

plate

of

silver,

ierced

with

very

graceful

esign,

aid

on

the

lid. The

ids of

two

pecimens

of

an

oval

shape,

nd

of

bronze)

n

the

British

Museum

ronze

oom

re

decorated

in

relief

with

he

heads f

Domitian

nd

Domitia

espec-

tively.

One

of

the

three

specimens

escribedn

the

JahrbucheresRheinland. ereins ited bove No. 2b,

circular

and

gilded)

bears

the

heads,

confronted,

f

Domitian nd

Domitia.

No. 2 in

the

same

publication

(circular,

nd

plated

with

silver)

s

decorated

ith

an

eagle,

he

wings

of

which re

displayed.

These

are

all

distinctively

oman

types,

but it

by

no

means

follows

that he

boxes

erved ome

fficial

urpose.

1

For

these

eferences,

nd

for

much

ther

nformation

n

connectionithhis aper,have othank r.C.H. Bead.



5/13

CARTIMANDUA.

295

One

view

s

to

the

use of these

oxes

s

that

hey

were

meant o contain

erfumes.2

If

so,

t is difficult

o

see

the

object

f the

two

ateral

openings.

Some of

them,

it

is

said,

have

been

found

ontaining

lay.

This

fact,

unless

the

boxes

were

buried

n

a

clay

oil,

would

eem

in

favour f the

rival

theory,

hatwe

have

to do

with

seal-boxes. The linumn which he ealwas impressed

would

ass

hrough

he wo

ateral

pertures.

The three

holes

n

thebottomf

the

box

are

difficult

o

explain

n

this

hypothesis.

Mr.

A. H.

Smith

uggests

hat nother

cord attached to the document

assed

through

hese

holes,

o

relieve

he train n

he

inum

roper.

If these

re

seal-boxes

and this

s

by

no

means

ertain

-

the

ealscontained

n themmust

ave

hung

ree.

The

documentsealed cannot therefore ave been tabulce,

which

were fastened

y

a

cord

ying

long

a

groove

n

the

outer

face

f the

tablet,

he

eals

being

placed

n

a

row

in

this

groove,

o

as to

keep

down

the

cord.8

We

have

rather

o

imagine

lay

or wax

seals

imilar o

the

Byzantine

eaden

bullae.

On

the

whole,

he absence f

iterary

vidence

s

to

the

use

of

hanging

eals

at this

period,

he

mall

verage

ize

of he

boxes,

heir

arious

hapes,

nd

the xistence

fthe

threeholes n thebottom,emindingne of themodern

vinaigrette,

ake

t

not

mprobable

hat

heold-fashioned

theory

f

perfume-boxes

ay

be after

ll

the

right

ne.

The

existence

f wo

ateral

oles,

owever,

orms

dis-

tinct

bjection

o this

view.

They

an

hardly

ave erved

for

uspension.

The

decoration

f

rings

round

he

edge

s,

I

believe,

2

For

he

eferences

n ancient

iterature

othe

reserving

f

unguents,c,

in

boxes,

ee

the exicons

nder

yxis.3 SeeMaundehompson,k. ndLat.Palaeography,.25.



6/13

296

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

peculiar

o this

specimen.

The

condition

f thebox

is

not

quite

o

good

as the

photograph

executed

rom

Mr.

Anderson's

rawings)

might

ead one to

suppose

but

no

unjustifiable

estorationas

beenmade.

III.

A

bronze

ibula

PL

xv. 6

of

the usual

type

f

the first

entury

.d.,

still

retaining

he

ring

to which

thechainwasattached. or themethod f

wearing

hese

fibulae,

nd

the

development

f their ormn

Britain,

ee

A. J.

Evans,

On

Two Fibulce

f

Celtic

Fabric

from

Aesica,

Archceologia,

v.,

pp.

179

ff.,

nd

On a

Votive

Deposit,

ibid.,

.

401.

IV.

Two small bronze

ings

PI.

xv.

10),

miniatures

ofthe

ype

f the

large

rings

from

olden

Hill,

Somer-

setshire

Archceologia,

iv.,

PI.

xxi.,

No.

5).

These

ringswereprobablyewnon to a strapor garment,

loop

coming

ver the shorter

art

of the

circumference

contained

etween

he

two

projections,

nd

keeping

he

ring

n

position.

The

larger

rings

of

this

sort

were

probably

sedfor

orse-trappings.

V.

Eighteen

oman

oins,

s

follows

-

(A).

Silver

Denarii.

Babelon.

Date,

bout

C. Valerius

C. f. Flaccus .

II.

510,

No.

7

b.c.

209

T.

Cloulius

....

I.

360,

No.

1

„

119

M. MarciusM.' f. . H. 185,No. 8 „ 119

L.

Valerius

Flaccus

.

. II.

512,

No.

11

„

104

(2

specimens)

Q.

Minucius

Thermus

.

. II.

235,

No. 19

„

90

L.

Appuleius

Saturninus

(in

field,

M )

.

I.

208,

No.

1

„

90

C.

Marius

C.

f

Capito

serrate

fabric

symbol,

torch

number,

XXII.)

.

. II.

203,

No.

9

„

84

P.

Crepusius

...

I.

441,

No. 1

„

84

L.

Procilius

serrate

fabric)

.

II.

386,

No.

2

„

79

C. Iulius

Caesar

. .

.II.

12,

No.

12

„

50

Q. Caepio Brutus . . II. 117, No. 42 „ 44-42

Nero

(SALVS)

.

.

.

Cohen,

No. 314.

a.d.

54-68



7/13

CARTIMANDUA.

297

(B).

Large

Brass.

Vespasian.

COS III.

(a.d.

71.)

Rev.

S.P.Q.R.

P.P. OB

CIVES

SERVATOS.

Cohen,

No. 531.

Rev.

ROMA.

Cohen,

No. 419.

(C.)

Middle

Brass.

Nero.

Rev.

VICTORIA

AVGVSTI.

Cohen,

No.

349

(reading

LAVD).

a.d. 54-68.

Vespasian.

COS.

IIII.

(a.d.

72

or

73.)

Rev. SECVRITAS

AVGVSTI.

Cohen,

No.

508.

Rev.

PAX

AVG.

Cohen,

No. 301.

VI.

The

fiveBritish coins

are all

of

the

same

scyphate

fabric;

the

obverse

(convex

side)

bears

the

legend

VOLISIOS

in

two

rows,

marked

by

three

parallel

ines.

Outside these lines

are

traces of

the

wreath-ornament

which

s

characteristicf

British

coins.

This

is

especially

clear

on

No.

5. On

the

reverse is

a

rudely-fashioned

long-necked

horse

to the

right.

In

the

field,

nder

the

tail,

is a

pellet.

The

legend

occupies

the

space

above,

n

front f, nd belowtheanimal.

1.

Obv.

VOh[l]

f'Of

Rev.

DVM

above

N

in

front

0(0

below.

Wt.

8-0

grs.

-518

grms.).

[PI.

xv.

2.]

2.

Obv.

VOM

Rev.[D]VM above N infronttraces fO'E below.

Wt.

8-2

grs.

-531grms.).

[PL

xv.

1.]



8/13

298 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

3

Obv.

VOHI]

yioty]

Rev.

DVM

above;

obliteratedetternfront

ONE

below.

Wt. 7-0

grs.

-453grms.). [PI.

xv.

8.]

4.

obv.

viorni

t/l]O[/l

Rev.

DVM

above

N

? in

front

O'£

below.

Wt. 8-0

grs.

-518

grms.).

[PI.

xv.

4.]

5. Obv.

VOHI]

/io.r

Rev.

CART

above

I

infront

[O]'£

below.

Wt.

-3

grs.

-537

rms.).

PI.

xv.

5.]

As

might

e

expected

rom

he

place

where

hese oins

were

found,

which

s in

the district

f

the

Brigantes,

they

belong

to this tribe.

Hitherto,

owever,

one

but

gold

coins of

the

Brigantes

ave

come

to

light;

nor

have

ny

beenfound

withRoman

coins

f

laterdate

than

a.d.

40.

I

quote

from

p.

406,

407 of

Sir John

Evans'

Coins

of

the

Ancient

Britons

As

... we do

not

find

ny

names

upon

these

oins

which an in

any

way

beidentifiedith hose fCartismanduarVenusius,nd

as theRomancoins ound

ith

he

British

re,

s far as

we

know,

fno later ate han

a.d.

40,

t

seems

probable

that the

coinage

of

the

Brigantes

had ceased

before

a.d.

50,

n

which

year

Ostorius

ut

down

n

nsurrection

among

hem/'

Now,

however,

he

date

of

the

deposit

f

the hoard

after,

ut not

long

after,

.d.

72

or

73),

and

the

egend

CART

or

CARTI of

No.

5,

enableus to

say

without esitation hat the

coinage

of

the

Brigantes

continuedo the timeofCartimandua.As usual,the



9/13

CARTIMANDUA.

299

increase f

Roman nfluence

aused

the

coinage

of

this

tribe o

be restrictedo silver.4

As

to the

egend

f the obverse

which ntirely

ears

out

Sir

JohnEvans

in his

reading

VOLISIOS on

the

gold coins),

nd

that

f thereverses

f

Nos.

1

4,

it

can

only

be said

thatthese

must

wait

their

explanation

n

company ith he egends reviouslynown.TheDVM,

DVMN,

DVMNOCO,

DVMNOVE

of

the new

coinsare

clearly

he

sameword r

words

s

those

n the coins

n-

graved

n

Evans,

L

xvn.,

Nos.

1 ff.

The

way

n

which

the

monogrammatic

riting

f YE

persists

hrough

ll

varieties

s noticeable.

The fact

that

while

somecoins

read

DVM]SrOVERO[S]

thers

ave

DVMJSTOCOVEROS

seems

o

show

hat new

word

begins

with

the

etter .

One

s

temptedo suggestVenutius

r even

Vellocatus,

but he

forms

EP

and

VEROS

forbidhis.

The

history

f Cartimandua

s well

known,

ut

now

that she s

represented

y

a coin

t

may

be of

nterest

o

recall

hemain

acts

f her romanticareer.

This

queen

enjoyed

position

f

great

power,

which

was

due

partly

to

her noble

birth nd her

character,

ut

partly

lso to

the

favour n

which

he was

held

by

the

Romans.

Her

husband

Venutius eems o have

occupied decidedly

subordinateosition.Cartimanduairstppearson the

scene

n

a.d.

51,

when he

treacherously

andedover

to

theRomans he

defeated

aratacus,

ho had fled o

her

for

refuge.5

he

was

well rewarded

y

her

friends,nd,

corrupted

till further

y

the

wealth

nd

luxury

which

4

See

Lenormant,

a

Monnaieans

VAntiquite,

I.,

pp.

122,

123.

5

Tacitus,

nn.

XII.,

36.

I

have

dopted

he

pelling

f

he

namesnow

usual

n

all

editionsf

Tacitus,

s

opposed

o

Cartismandua,enusius,aractacus.



10/13

300

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

now

surrounded

er,

stooped

o an

intrigue

with

her

husband's

armour-bearer,

ellocatus.

In 69

a.d.

she

openly

married

his

man,

nd elevated

im o

the hrone.

Her

audacity

aised

storm.

Venutius,

o whose

natur-

ally

warlike

pirit

nd hatred

f

theRoman

name

more

personal

timulus

as

now

pplied y

the

dultery

f

his

queen, tirredptheBritons orevolt andthedefection

of

the

Brigantes

laced

Cartimandua

n

extreme

eril.

She called

in

the

Romans,

who,

fter series

of

battles,

succeeded

n

effecting

er

rescue,

lthough

hey

were

obliged

o eaveVenutius

n

possession

fthe

throne.6

t

was

not

until

1

a.d. that he ettlement

f

the

Batavian

revolt

llowed

he

egate

Petilius Cerealis7

o

give

his

attention

o

British ffairs.

He attacked

he

capital

f

the

Brigantes,

nd

reduced

greatpart

of

the district.

In

74 a.d.

he

quitted

ritain,

eaving

behind

im

pro-

curator ice

prcesidis,

ut,

as

his successors

ex.

Julius

Frontinus

nd

Agricola

fterwards

ound,

ithout

aving

settled

he

country.

Nothing

s

heard

f Cartimandua

afterher

rescue

by

the

Romans.

Tacitus

makes

the

Caledonian

algacus

n 84

a.d. allude o

the

xploits

f

a

female

eader

of

the

Brigantes

but

there

seems

ittle

doubt

hat

e means

oadicea,

nd hat

hename

rigantes

is due toa slipofthehistorian'sen.8

The

date of the

deposit

s fixed

t

a

few

years

subse-

quent

o 73

a.d.

by

thefact

hat

he

four

oins

f

Vespa-

sian are

only

lightly

orn,

lthough

hey

ave

suffered

considerably

rom

orrosion.

he

British

coins

are

in

fresh

ondition,

nd

cannot

have

been

n circulation

ery

long.

The hoard

was,

herefore,

robably

idden

uring

6

Tac.

Hist.

ii.45.

7

Tac.Agric.7.8Tac.Agric.1, nd he ommentatorsnthe assage.



11/13

CARTIMANDUA.

301

theBritish ars

gainst

rontinusr

Agricola.

The

re-

publican

denarii re

naturally

n

very

poor

condition,

A

minor

nterest

f thehoard

is that t bears

ut,

while

extending

heir

pplication,

he words

of Tacitus9

re-

garding

he

Germans

pecuniam

robant

eterem

t

diu

notam,

erratos

igatosque.Note. In the

supplement

o his work

p.

588),

Sir

JohnEvans is

inclined

o doubt the

possibility

f

at-

tributing

hecoins

of

the class

in

question

o

the

Brig-

antes. The

coins

eem

o be confined

othe outhern

nd

south-eastern

art

f

Yorkshire,

nd am

not ware

f

ny

having

een

found

arther

orth

han

Pickering,

hich

s

about

ighteen

miles .S.W.

of

Whitby.

he

coins,

more-

over,

eem

ooccur

uite

s

frequently

n

Lincolnshire

s in

Yorkshire. he southernimit ftheBrigantesmust e

set,

s

Mr. Haverfield

indly

nforms

e,

outh

f Leeds

and

Huddersfield

see

Corpus

nscr.

Lat.

VII., 200,

203),

and

possibly

ell

outh

of that

ine,

f

the

nscribed

ig

of

lead

C.

I.

L.,

VII.,

1207)

s of

Derbyshire

rigin.

Of

their

territory,

he

southern

as the

more

important

part,

the

northern

ncivilized,

nd>

perhaps,

alfunin-

habited.

Everything

alls

into

ts

place

if

we

suppose

Cartimandua's

ingdom

o

have been

centred

n

South

Yorkshire.Mr. Haverfieldlso notes that veryfew

Celtic

names

begin

with

he

yllable

CART.

The

prob-

ability

f the

identification

ith

Cartimandua

s thus

slightly

ncreased.

t

seems,

t

any

rate,

o

be

perfectly

fair,

n

the

present

tate

of

our

knowledge,

o class

the

South

Yorkshire

oins

to the

Brigantes

an

extremely

important

ribe,

which

would

otherwise e

left

without

coins),

nd

this

articular

iece

to

Queen

Cartimandua.

G.

F. Hill.

9

Germ.

.

VOL.

XVII.

THIRD

SERIES.

R

R



12/13


13/13

HONLEY

FIND.

Num.Chjvn.ScrJlL

oLIVRPL.W.

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3

7

8

10

Date post:	07-Aug-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	digital-library-numis-dln
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Cartimandua / [G.F. Hill]

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