Case as E-waste Management2019 SWITCH-Asia LEADERSHIP ACADEMY ON CIRCULAR ECONOMY Dec. 2, 2019,...

2019 SWITCH-Asia LEADERSHIP ACADEMY ON CIRCULAR ECONOMY Dec. 2, 2019, Beijing

Dec. 2, 2019, Beijing

Case as E-waste Management

Xianlai Zeng

School of Environment, Tsinghua University

China

E-mail: [email protected]

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Circular Economy and Its Policies

Needs

Policies towards the Problems Solving: E-waste

Problem

Case of Solving the E-waste Problem


Material Flow Subject to Resource and Environmental

Problem

Zeng & Li, 2018

27.1

79 9

2

167

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1970 2011 2017 2060

Glo

bal

mat

eria

l co

nsu

mp

tio

n

(Gt)

Year

IRP, 2019; OECD, 2019

5

Evolution of “Four

Big Items” from

1970s to 2000s in

China



Elements Distribution in the Evolving Products

O’Connor, et al., 2016

11

60

15


Natural resource reserve is depleting…

Natural ore

Urban mine

0

40000

80000

120000

160000

200000

19

95

19

98

20

01

20

04

20

07

20

10

20

13

20

16

20

19

20

22

20

25

20

28

Lead

sto

ck（

kt）

Natural mineral Urban mineral

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

19

95

19

98

20

01

20

04

20

07

20

10

20

13

20

16

20

19

20

22

20

25

20

28

Ni s

tock

(kt

)


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

20

05

20

08

20

11

20

14

20

17

20

20

20

23

20

26

20

29

Co

sto

ck (

kt)


Wo

rld

C

hin

a

Nakamura & Halada,

2015

Zeng & Li, 2018

Fe Al Cu Mn Zn Cr Pb Ni Sn RE Mo Li Co Sb Ag W Au In Ga Pd Pt

0

5

10

70

75

2050

Resou

rce d

ep

osite

/Reserv

e

2020

Anthroposphere

Lithosphere

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

5

10

70

75

Resou

rce d

ep

osite

/Reserv

e

K. Halada et al. (2008)

2 billion tons municipal solid waste

7-10 billion tons waste from household, commercial, industrial and construction

industry

The total amount is still rapidly increasing!

Global Yearly Waste Generation (2010)

UNEP & ISWA

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

230

235

240

245

250

255

260

265

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Per

cap

ita

gen

erat

ion

(k

g/p

erso

n/d

ay)

Tota

l MSW

gen

erat

ion

(M

t)

EU28

Tota MSW generation (Mt) Per capita generation

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Per

cap

ita

gen

erat

ion

(k

g/p

erso

n/d

ay)

Tota

l MSW

gen

erat

ion

(M

t)

USA

Tota MSW generation (Mt) Per capita generationUSEPA

Eurostat

3.8

2

1.48

0.9

0.1885

0.83

0.45 0.34 0.33 0.280.0867260.07 0.02 0.01

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

1

2

3

4

Rat

e (%

)

Gen

erat

ion

am

ou

nt

(Bill

ion

to

ns)

China’s total waste in 2016: totally 11.6 B tons

Generation amount

Recycling & disposal rate


Concept of WEEE/E-waste

❖WEEE is waste electrical and electronicequipment.

❖E-waste is a term used to cover itemsof all types of electrical and electronicequipment and its parts that have beendiscarded by the owner as wastewithout the intention of reuse. (StEP)

Scope of WEEE

The scope of the WEEE directive is 10 categories of EEE.

Category 1: large

household appliances

Category 8: medical

equipment systems

Category 2: small

household appliances

Category 3: IT &

Telecoms equipment

Category 7: Toys

Category 5:

lighting equipment

Categoty 6:

electrical &

electronic tools

Category 4:

consumer equipment

Category 10:

automatic dispensers

Category 9: monitoring

& control equipment


Scope of WEEE

Television, TV; refrigerator, RG;washing machine, WM; airconditioner, AC; microcomputer,MC; range hood, RH; electricwater-heater, EWH; gas water-heater, GWH; printer, PT; copier,CP; fax machine, FM; monitor, MN;mobile phone, MP; single-machinetelephone, SMT.

WEEE

TVRG

WM

AC

PC

RH

EWHGWH

Printer

Copier

FM

Monitor

MP

SMT


E-waste Generation

• E-waste has become the fastest increasingwaste steam in global generation amount.About 50 million metric tons of e-waste isgenerated per year.

• If this amount was stacked up in a one-acre square, it would extend upwards for45.5 km. If the estimated amount of e-waste generated every year would be putinto containers on a train it would go oncearound the world!

E-w

aste

http://www.ban.org/files/BAN_2012_Annual_Report.pdf


Total E-waste Generation in China

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

Wei

ght

(Mt)

YearRF WM AC TV DPC MP SMT RH FM Copier Printer LPC Monitor EWH GWH Importation

M. Reuter et al., “Metal recycling: opportunities, limits, infrastructure, A Report of the Working Group on the Global Metal Flows to the International Resource Panel," (UNEP, 2013).

I. Resource stock in e-waste


E-waste’s impact on demand for crucial metals

Metal UseWorld mine

production per year

Demand for electronics (%)

Years of reserves left

Consumption met by recycled materials (%)

Gold Bonding wire, contacts, etc. 2,500 tonnes 12 45 43

SilverContacts, switches, lead-free solder, conductor, etc.

20,000 tonnes 30 29 16

Tin Lead-free solder 275,000 tonnes 33 40 26

CopperCables, wires, connectors,PCBs, transformers

15 million tonnes 30 61 31

IndiumFlat screen displays,semicondutors

480 79 13 0

Source：McCann, D.; Wittmann, A., Solving the E-Waste Problem (Step) Green Paper: E-waste Prevention, Take-back System Design and Policy Approaches. United Nations University/Step Initiative: 2015.


II. Toxicity in e-waste


Flow of WEEE in China

17

Manufacturers

Families

Enterprises

Illegal import

Discarding

Storing

Old for

newSorting

dismantli

ng

Sorting

dismantling

Repairing & Refurbishmen

t

Individual

collectorSecond

utilization

Formal

dismantling

company

Informal

dismantling

company


Global flow of E-waste


How to improve recycling rate: collection

Individual

Second-hand market

Main collection channels:

➢Individual collector

➢Second-hand market

➢“Old for New” Policy

➢Repair store

➢Treatment enterprise

➢Pilot of renewable resources

➢Production enterprise

➢Internet + : APP


How to improve recycling rate: collectionHome collection

Others

Governmental and business unit

Old for new

Collaboration between business and enterprise

Internet +


How to improve recycling rate: technical efficiencyMain partsE-waste

PCBs

RLBs

Screen display

Dis

asse

mb

ling

Dismantling/Crushing

ScreeningMagnetic & electrostatic separation

Discharging Dismantling Separation

Leaching Hydrometallurgy

Dismantling Physical

separation

Smelting

Smelting

Metallic portion

Non-metallic portion

HydrometallurgyLeaching Metals

Mixing MoldingNew

product

Metals

Metals

Metals

Funnel & neck glass

Panel glass

SmeltingPb

Metal

Crushing MoldingNew

product

ITOglass

Hydrometallgy

CrushingIn

Metal

Smelting

Note: ①popular in developing countries, ②predominate in industrial nations.


Outlining management progress ofe-waste in China

Easy burning and

acid leaching

National Pilot

“Old-for-

New”

Implementati

on Measures

WEEE Regulation

and

RoHS Regulation

Comprehensive legislation and mature

technology

2000 2009 2012 2020Improper

dismantling phaseCo-existing phase Development phase Health operation phase

Source: Zeng X, Li J, Stevels ALN, & Liu L (2013) Perspective of electronic waste management in China based on a legislation comparison between China and the EU. Journal of Cleaner Production 51(0):80-87.


2014 2015

WEEE regulation in hobble

Catalog of WEEE Recycling (Batch 2)


Regulations and policies related to e-waste

◆2003， Technical Policies of Pollution Prevention and Control for Waste Batteries

◆2006， Technical Policies of Pollution Prevention and Control for Waste Household Appliances and

Electronic Products

◆2006， Pollution Control Management Method for Electronic Information Products

◆2007， Administrative Measures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Electronic

Waste

◆2009， The Regulations for the Administration of Recycling and Treatment of Waste Electric and Electronic

Equipment (Chinese WEEE)

◆2010，Technical specifications of pollution control for processing waste electrical and electronic equipment

◆2009-2011, “Old for new” policy

◆2012, Catalog of WEEE Recycling (Batch 1)

◆2015, Catalog of WEEE Recycling (Batch 2)


⚫ In September 2010,《The catalogue of disposal of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (The first list）》

⚫ In September 2010,《Notice on the Formation of the Development Plan of the Treatment and Disposal of Waste

Electrical and Electronic Equipment(2011-2015)

⚫ In November 2010,《Guide on the Development Plan of the Treatment and Disposal of Waste Electrical and Electronic

Equipment》

Plan

Catalogue

Permit

Fund

⚫ In December 2010,《Administrative Measures on Qualification Permit of the Treatment and disposal of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 》and《Guide on Qualification Verification and Approval on Treatment Enterprises of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 》

⚫ In November 2010,《Guide on Subsidy Approval of Treatment Enterprises of Waste Electrical and Electronic

Equipment 》

⚫ In May 2012, 《Administrative Measures on Collection and Use for Treatment Fund of Waste Electrical and Electronic

Equipment

Information system

⚫ In November 2010,《Guide on Establishment of Data Information Management System and Information Submission of Treatment Enterprises of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Chinese WEEE legislation system


Informal recycling

•Before 2000, the majority of e-waste in Chinawas processed in backyards or small workshopsusing manual disassembly and open burning.

•The techniques used in recycling of e-wasteare often primitive, without the appropriatefacilities to safeguard environmental andhuman health.

2000 2009 2012 2020

2007/08/10In the past

China is not only the largest producer and consumer of

electronics, but the country ever most seriously polluted from

illegal e-waste importation and informal recycling.

2000 2009 2012 2020

Hangzhou Dadi Company

Qingdao New Heaven Company

Beijing Huaxing Company

Tianjin Tonghe Company

National pilot


Where We Need to Start?

E-waste

Issue

Landfill and Incineration

Complete environmental

regulation Recycling facilities with target of recycling rate

requirement

Complete environmental regulation, without full consideration on resource recycling

Recycling facilities

Recycling and secondary market

Lack of environmental

law and enforcement

Complete environmental

regulation; towards maximum recycling

Developed country

Developing country


Scrap computer dismantling Separating the funnel and panel glass

Furnace for LCD and thermal shock treatment of PCBs Spent LiBs recycling process

2000 2009 2012 2020


Movable plant of e-waste recycling in Macau

2007/08/10Nowadays


Share of treated WEEE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Un

it a

mo

un

t ra

tio

(%

)

YearTV Computer Washing machine Refrigerator Air conditioner

Data source: CHEARI


1. Close-loop technical system is emerging

Raw

material

Primary

produceManufacture Consuming Treatment Disposal

Reuse

Remaufacturing

Recycling

Recovery

Reuse

Dismantling

Physical treatment

Chemical treatment

Other utilization

Other utilization

Remanufact

uring

Recycling

Recovery


1st batch (N=42)2nd batch (N=21)3rd batch (N=28)4th batch (N=15)5th batch (N=3)

0

49

98

147

196

245

294

343

392

441

490

2. E-waste recycling industry

About 109 licensed andcertified enterprises acrossthe country had beenauthorized to receive thesubsidies, creating acapacity to process 150million units of WEEEannually.


China’s formal recycling rate of e-waste and those comparisons

40

3335

13

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

U.S. (2013) EU-27 (2009) China (2014) Worldwide(2009)

Form

al r

ecyc

ling

rate

(%

)

(B)

The formal recycling rate was increased from 5% in 2006 to 35% in 2014 (by weight), which was higher than the average of EU.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Re

cyclin

g r

ate

(%

)

Year

(A)By unit By weight

Zeng, X.; Mathews, J. A.; Li, J., Urban Mining of E-Waste is Becoming More Cost-Effective Than Virgin Mining. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52, (8), 4835-4841.


3. Resource performance

Dis

man

tlin

g (a

ll W

EE

E)+

me

chan

ical

tre

atm

en

t (P

CB

s)+

Rec

ove

ry (

no

n-m

eta

llic

po

wd

er)

TV

Refrigerator

Washing machine

Air conditioner

Microcomputer

16,118

2,236

35

Panel glass

Funnel glass

LCD panel

Plastic

Iron

Nickel

Aluminum

Copper

Speaker

Transformer coil

Tuner

Deflection coil

Degaussing line

Wire

Wood

Motor

Compressor

Refrigerator condenser

Polyurethane foam

CFC

Magnetic stripe

Radiator

Hard disk

Power supply

Battery

CPU

Memory chip

CD driver

Others

2,122

272

7,944.25

1701.77

0.46

4,077.13

1,704.86

0.52

107.8

132.448

394.71

631.19

414.14

345.46

37.21

211.33

1.78

0.02

0.02

0.17

1.99

0.66

35.50

9.80

0.03

418.30

1.58

494.21

508.11

51.50

665

Valuable products To be recovered products To be disposed

New products made of NMP880.992

The current material recycling rate with formal process is around 33.4%


4. Environmental performance

• Assuming 5% of recycling rate and 25% composition ofLead in CRT funnel glass, the Lead emission reductionin 2013 was about 1,800 tonnes. Approximately 2.1tonnes CFC refrigerant could be collected for safedisposal, which means the equivalent CFC has beendeclined to discharge.

• All of this additional activity has stimulated theeconomy by creating more than 10,000 new jobs in thee-waste recycling industry.


Summary of experience

1) The most effective regulatory core in China, in contrast to the regulations indeveloped countries, is the ‘old-for-new’ policy and the WEEE ‘producer-pays’ funding.

2) Environmental maintenance and management costs have been internalizedto significantly change the e-waste flow and destroy the economic incentivesthat historically drove the informal recycling sector.

3) China needed to develop its own approach to recycling WEEE; it would nothave been feasible to try to duplicate other countries’ experiences orprocesses.

4) An effective and practical management system has been well established,including permitting, reporting, auditing, inspection, information systems,and funding systems.


1. Imbalance between fund leviesand subsidies

The imbalance between fund levies and subsidies may lead to an unsustainable WEEE funding policy.

TV Refrigerator Washingmachine

Air conditioner Microcomputer


2. Procedure of subsidies utilization

Producer/importer

Treatment Enterprise

Recycler

Downstream Enterprise

Fund WEEE

MEP/EPBs

SAT, Customs

MOFFraction

Fund collection

State treasury

Paying subsidy

Audit Audit result

Supervision

Tedious procedures related to auditing the operations and dispersing the subsidies have decreased the efficiency of the payment system.

12-18 months


3. Expanding of e-waste recycling industry

• The e-waste recycling industry has grown so rapidly thatneither domestic nor foreign processing technologieshave been fully transferred or utilized.

• Currently, because the deep recovery industry for e-wastein China is still in its infancy, the government subsidiesinclude grants for e-waste pre-processing involvingdismantling and mechanical treatment.


4. Eco-design for environment

• Eco-design is notwidely practiced byChinese EEE producers.

•Only a few of the largeEEE producersparticipate in e-wasterecycling in China.


5. New catalogue of e-waste

• The new catalogue, which adds nine new categories of e-waste to regulation requirements, puts enormous pressure onsome stakeholders.

• In light of the current low recycling rate (<35%) formicrocomputers, refrigerators, and air conditioners, the nineadded WEEE categories create enormous challenges to thegovernment planning and recycling enterprises arrangement.

• The management system—both software and hardware—willhave to be redesigned and the recycling capacity enlarged.

Add a footer 46

Global E-waste Generation Map

Li et al., 2015; Urban Mine Platform; Zeng et al., 2016


1. Regulation1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Basel Convention

Basel Action Network

Global e-Sustainability Initiative

Mobile Phone Partnership Initiative

StEP initiative

PACE


RoHS directive ErP directiveREACH

directive

WEEE

directive

Switzerland Germany Belgium Netherlands ......

The Basic Environment Law

Waste Management and Public Cleansing

Law

Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of

Resources

Household Appliance Recycling Law

Small Appliance Recycling Law

The Basic Law for Establishing the Recycling-based

Society



Status for global e-waste management in terms of legislation

++

+

0

-

No information

Legend

Note: ++ : implemented controls, + :

new command and control regulations,

0 : control regulations under

development, and - : no regulations.

❖ E-waste legislation in force in over 90 jurisdictions, planned in 20+❖ 2,000+ pieces of legislation affecting e-waste management

Although 66% of the world’s population is covered by e-waste legislation, more efforts must be made to enforce, implement, and encourage more countries to develop e-waste policies.


Collection experience: EPRCountries

Registration of

appliancesPROs

Financing of

collection

Financing of

recycling

Municipal

recycling

activities

Control of

results

GermanyEAR on behalf of

the Federal Env.

Agency

Only lightcycle

for CG4Municipalities Producer/importers

Complete CGs

can be

recycled/sold

Federal Env.

Agency

Switzerlan

dNone

SWICO, SENS,

SLRS and

INOBAT

Producers/import

ersProducers/importers None

Experts reporting

to the Swiss Env.

Agency

DenmarkDPA on behalf of

the Danish Env.

Authority

PROs: Elretur,

RENE, ERP

with the

exception of

CG4

Municipalities

(partial

refunding)

Producers/importers NoneMiljostyrelsen

(Umweltbehörde)

SwedenNaturvårdsverket

(Env. Agency)

PROs: El-

Kretsen, EAR

Producers/import

ersProducers/importers None Naturvårdsverket

Note: CG: collection group; DPA: Dansk Producentansvarssystem; EAR: ‘Stiftung ear’; PRO: producer responsibility organization.


2. Recycling technology

Consumer eletronics

Printed circuit boards

Rechargable lithium battery

Display screen

Plastics/metal

supporting parts

Printed circuit boards

Rechargable lithium battery

Display screen

Plastics/metal supporting parts


E-waste recycling facilities

(a) (b)


E-waste Recycling Practice

USA China

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Rec

yclin

g ra

te (

%)

Am

ou

nt

(M)

YearTotal generation Recycled

Recycling rate by unit Recycling rate by weight

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

2000 2005 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Rec

yclin

g ra

te (

%)

Am

ou

nt

(Mto

ns)

Year

Total e-waste generated (Mtons) E-waste recycled (Mtons) Recycling rate (%)

http://www.electronicstakeback.com/wp-content/uploads/Facts_and_Figures_on_EWaste_and_Recycling1.pdf

https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/durable-goods-product-specific-data#Electronics

Zeng et al., 2018


E-waste Collection In the USA (2014)

55Add a footerData source from USEPA (2016)

tons


E-waste Recycling in the US (2013/2014)

56

Data source from USEPA (2016) tons


Legend

e-Stewards Certified Facilities

●

R2 Certified Facilities ◆

Dual-certified facilities

★

Certified Electronics Refurbisher and Recycler Map

more than 550 U.S. electronics recycling facilities


Licensed e-waste recycling companies &

urban mining bases

Zeng et al, 2016


E-waste collection and recycling in the EU

Collection per capita (kg/capita) Recycling rate in 2016 (%)

Data source: Eurostat, 2018Awasthi et al., 2018

27.8

28.7

28.8

29.6

32.2

35.6

41.2

0 20 40 60

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Recycling rate (%)


Environmental performance of e-waste recycling

Legend


3. Detoxification and eco-design


Electronic packaging evolution

62

Source: R. R. Tummala, in Electronic Packaging Technology, 2005 6th International Conference on. (IEEE, 2005), pp. 3-7.


Material substitution

Pb-Sn solder

Lead-free

solder

Carbon


Product updating


Detoxification of e-waste: case of CRT

(d)

(a) (b) (c)

(e)

Leach

ing

Lead

solution

Glass


4. Summarization for gaps and lessons

❖Basic knowledge to recognize e-waste is not adequate

❖Lack of systemic legislation system and unclearresponsibility of stakeholders

❖Fundamental facilities have been established, but high-valuable utilization and industrial distribution are notsmooth

❖Eco-design should be improved

❖Detoxification of e-waste remains at the start


Four levels of product, component, material, and substance for e-waste management

Regulation

Technology


SOLVING THE E-WASTE PROBLEM

New solution


Four patterns of the way forward

✓Most developed countries: technologies innovation and facilities

expansion of e-waste recycling

✓Most developing countries: legislation improving and collection

channel strengthening

✓Small countries or regions: mobile plant

✓Some countries with little e-waste generation: synergic recycling


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Case as E-waste Management2019 SWITCH-Asia LEADERSHIP ACADEMY ON CIRCULAR ECONOMY Dec. 2, 2019,...

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