Case of Tyrer v. the United Kingdom

8/13/2019 Case of Tyrer v. the United Kingdom

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CONSEILDE LEUROPE

COUNCILOF EUROPE

COUR EUROPENNE DES DROITS DE LHOMME

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

COURT (CHAMBER)

CASE OFTYRER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM

(Application no. 5856/72)

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

25 April 1!"


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T#RER $% THE UNITED &INGDOM JUDGMENT

In the Tyrer case,

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:40;Mr% G%BALLADORE PALLIERIPresidentMr% J%CREMONAMr% H% PEDERSENMr% T'LMSSONSir Gr+l4FIT?MAURICEMr% P%@H%TEITGEN

Mr% F%MATSCHER+,4 Mr% H% PET?OLDDeputyRegistrar

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PROCEDURE

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Mr% A% COLLINS B+rri-r@+-@L+ CounselMr% S%A%E=ANS L0+l A4$ir Br+,3' H*/ O..i3

Mr% J%%C% HAINES Tr+r S*li3i-*r Dp+r-/,- Advisers@ .*r -' C*//ii*,;Mr% L% &ELLBERG Principal DelegateMr% &% MANGAN Delegate%

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AS TO THE FACTS

A. The app!cant"s p#n!sh$ent

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3. Genera /ac45r'#n

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7/29


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PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION

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10/29


AS TO THE LA

I% PRELIMINAR# UESTIONS

A. The C'#rt"s 6#r!s!ct!'n

27%Dri,0 -' '+ri,0 *. 1! J+,+r 1!" r.r,3 + /+4 -* -' .+3--'+- -' 43l+r+-i*, 9 -' G*$r,/,- r3*0,ii,0 -':ri4i3-i*, *. -'C*r- + 3*/pl*r i, rp3- *. -' Il *. M+,pir4 *, 17 J+,+r1! 'r+ -' 3+ + 9r*0'- 9.*r -'C*r- 9 -' C*//ii*, *,

11 M+r3' 1!!%I, i- r- -* -' C*r- -' C*//ii*, i,4i3+-4 -'+- i- '+4 '+4r0+r4 -* -' $+ri* r,+l *. -' +i4 43l+r+-i*, +,4p+r-i3l+rl -'r,+l 4+-4 21 April 1!2 'i3' + i, .*r3 +- -'-i/ *. -'i,-r*43-i*, *. -' +ppli3+-i*, 9.*r -' C*//ii*,%F*r -'ir p+r- -'G*$r,/,- 'i3' '+4 ,*- .il4 +, prli/i,+r*9:3-i*, pr+,- -* Rl6 *. -' Rl *. C*r- -+-4 +- -''+ri,0 -'+- -' 3*,,-4 -* -'C*r- '+$i,0 :ri4i3-i*, i,+33*r4+,3 i-' Ar-i3l 6" (+r-% 6") +l-'*0' i-+ ,*- -* 9i,.rr4 -'+- -' ,3+ril +0r4 i-' -' r+*,i,0 i,-'C*//ii*, r-%

T' C*r- .i,4 -'+- i, -' 3ir3/-+,3 i- :ri4i3-i*, i -+9li'4%

3. The re7#est t' str!4e the case '#t '* the C'#rt"s !st

26%T' A--*r,@G,r+l .*r -' Il *. M+, .ir- 9/i--4 -'+- -'C*r- '*l4 -ri -' 3+ *- *. i- li- i, $i *. -' .+3- -'+-Mr% Trr'* '+4 l*404 'i +ppli3+-i*, i-' -' C*//ii*, ', '+ ,4r+0 '+4 43l+r4 +.-r ' '+4 +--+i,4 .ll +0 -'+- 'i'4 -* i-'4r+i-%

O, M+r3' 1! -' C*//ii*, '+4 43i44 pr+,- -* -' -',Rl 67 *. i- Rl *. Pr*34r -'+- i- 3*l4 ,*- +334 -* -'+ppli3+,-r- i,3 -' 3+ r+i4 -i*, *. + 0,r+l3'+r+3-r +..3-i,0 -'

*9r$+,3 *. -' C*,$,-i*, 'i3',3i-+-4 + .r-'r +/i,+-i*, *.-' i i,$*l$4 (p+r+0r+p' 21 +9*$)%B.*r -' C*r- -' pri,3ip+l4l0+-9/i--4 -'+- -' +ppli3+,- i' /- 9 9*r4i,+-4 -*-'0,r+l i,-r- -* ,r rp3- .*r '/+, ri0'- + 4.i,4 i,-'C*,$,-i*,%H +444 -'+- -' C*//ii*, '+4 ,$r +/i,4-'r+*, .*r +,4 3ir3/-+,3 rr*,4i,0 -' +ppli3+,- r-%

T' A--*r,@G,r+l .*r -' Il *. M+, 3*,344 -'+- ,4r i- Rl*. Pr*34r -' C*//ii*, + ,-i-l4 -* r. *, -'0r*,4/,-i*,4 +9*$ -* +ll* Mr% Trr -* i-'4r+%H 4i4 ,*- 00- -'+-

1K


11/29


-'r '+4 9, +, irr0l+ri- i, -' C*//ii*,43ii*, ' /rl3*,-,44 -'+- i, -' p+r-i3l+r 3ir3/-+,3 -'+ppli3+,- i' '*l4

pr4 -' 0,r+l 3'+r+3-r *. -' 3++,4 -'+- -'r.*r -' C*r-'*l4 3*,i4r -rii,0 -' 3+ *- *.i- li- ,4r Rl 6! *. i- Rl%

25%T' r0l+ri- *. -' C*//ii*, 43ii*, -* 3*,-i, i-+/i,+-i*, *. -' +ppli3+-i*, i ,*- i, i +,4 -' C*r- '+ *,l-*43i4 '-'r *r ,*- -' 3+ '*l4 9 -r3 *-%

P+r+0r+p' 1 *. Rl 6! i ,*- +ppli3+9l i, -' 3ir3/-+,3% Fir-l', Mr% Trr 43l+r4 -'+- ' i'4 -* i-'4r+ 'i+ppli3+-i*, -' 3++ -ill p,4i,0 9.*r -' C*//ii*,%S3*,4l -'+- 43l+r+-i*, 3*/i,0.r*/ +, i,4i$i4+l '* i ,*-,-i-l4 ,4r -' C*,$,-i*, -* r.r 3+ -*-' C*r- 3+,,*-,-+il -' ..3- *. + 4i3*,-i,+,3 *. -' pr,-

pr*34i,0(D B3r :40/,- *. 2! M+r3' 12 Sri A ,*% 6 p% 27

p+r+% 6)%A9*$ +ll p+r+0r+p' 1 3*$r *ll 4i3*,-i,+,3 9 8+ P+r-'i3''+ 9r*0'- -' 3+ 9.*r -' C*r-8 -'+- i -* + 9 +,Appli3+,-C*,-r+3-i,0S-+- i, pr*34i,0 9.*r -' C*r- (p+r+0r+p' (')*.Rl 1 &:l4, B M+4, +,4 P4r, :40/,- *.! D3/9r1! Sri A ,*% 27 p% 21 p+r+% 6!)%

P+r+0r+p' 2 *. Rl 6! pr*$i4 -'+- -' C*r- /+ 9:3- -* p+r+0r+p'7 -ri *- *. i- li- + 3+ 9r*0'- 9.*r i- 9 -'C*//ii*, 9- *,l', -' C*r- 8i i,.*r/4 *. + .ri,4l--l/,- +rr+,0/,- *r *-'r.+3- *. + i,4 -* pr*$i4 + *l-i*,*. -' /+--r8%A /,-i*,4 +9*$ -'C*//ii*, ,$r +/i,4 -'3ir3/-+,3 rr*,4i,0 -' +ppli3+,-r- +,4 -' C*r- '+9, ppli4 i-' ,* .r-'r i,.*r/+-i*,r0+r4i,0 -'*3ir3/-+,3%T' -' C*r- '+ r3i$4 ,* i,4i3+-i*,-'+-Mr% Trr 43l+r+-i*, *. i-'4r++l i + .+3- *. + i,4 -* pr*$i4+*l-i*, *. -' /+--r%

2%T' A--*r,@G,r+l .*r -' Il *. M+, .r-'r 9/i--4 -'+- -'C*r- '*l4 -ri -' 3+ *- *. i- li- ', -' Il+,4l0il+-r '+4+4*p-4 -' pr*p*+l -* +9*li' 3*rp*r+l p,i'/,- ++ p,+l- .*r i,-r+li+ -' *..,3 *. ++l- *33+i*,i,0 +3-+l9*4il '+r/ *. 'i3' -'+ppli3+,- '+4 9, 3*,$i3-4 (p+r+0r+p' 1 +9*$)%T' pri,3ip+l4l0+- /p'+i4 -'+- ,*-'i,0'*r- *. -*-+l +9*li-i*, *. :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+l

p,i'/,- *l4 i, -'$i *. -' C*//ii*, 9 +33p-+9l + + 8.+3-

*. + i,4 -* pr*$i4+ *l-i*, *. -' /+--r8 i, -' 3*,-- *. Rl 6! (2)%T' C*r- 4* ,*- 3*,i4r -'+- -' l0il+-i*, ,$i+04 3+, 9r0+r44 + 3' + .+3-%T'r i ,* 3r-+i,- + -* '-'r +,4 ',-'

pr*p*+l ill 93*/ l+ +,4 $, i. +4*p-4 i- 3+,,*- r+ +p,i'/,-+lr+4 i,.li3-4%'+- i /*r -' pr*p*4 l0il+-i*,4* ,*- 0* -* -'9-+,3 *. -' i 9.*r -' C*r- ,+/l'-'r :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+l

p,i'/,- + i,.li3-4 *, -' +ppli3+,- i,+33*r4+,3 i-' M+, l0il+-i*,i 3*,-r+r -* -' C*,$,-i*,%

2!%A33*r4i,0l -' C*r- 43i4 ,*- -* -ri -' 3+ *- *. i-li- *,i-'r *. -' 0r*,4 +4$+,34%

11


12/29


II% ON ARTICLE 7 (+r-% 7)

2"%T' +ppli3+,- 3l+i/4 9.*r -' C*//ii*, -'+- -' .+3- *. 'i3+ 3*,-i--4 + 9r+3' *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) *. -' C*,$,-i*,'i3'pr*$i4;

8N* *, '+ll 9 9:3-4 -* -*r-r *r -* i,'/+, *r 40r+4i,0 -r+-/,- *rp,i'/,-%8

H +ll04 -'+- -'r '+4 9, -*r-r *r i,'/+, *r 40r+4i,0-r+-/,-*r p,i'/,- *r +, 3*/9i,+-i*, -'r*.%

I, i- rp*r- -' C*//ii*, pr4 -' *pi,i*, -'+- :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+lp,i'/,- 9i,0 40r+4i,0 3*,-i--4 + 9r+3' *.Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) +,4-'+- 3*,,-l i- i,.li3-i*, *, -'+ppli3+,- + i, $i*l+-i*, *. -'+-

pr*$ii*,%2%T' C*r- '+r -' C*//ii*, $i -'+- Mr% Trr p,i'/,-4i4 ,*- +/*,- -* 8-*r-r8 i-'i, -' /+,i,0 *.Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7)%T'C*r- 4* ,*- 3*,i4r -'+- -' .+3- *.-'i p+r-i3l+r 3+ r$+l -'+- -'+ppli3+,- ,4r,- ..ri,0 *.-' l$l i,'r,- i, -'i ,*-i*, + i- +i,-rpr-4 +,4 +ppli4 9-' C*r- i, i- :40/,- *. 1" J+,+r 1!"(Irl+,4 $% -' U,i-4&i,04*/ Sri A ,*% 25 pp% @! +,4 " p+r+%1! +,4 1!6)%

T'+- :40/,- +l* 3*,-+i, $+ri* i,4i3+-i*, 3*,3r,i,0 -' ,*-i*,*. 8i,'/+, -r+-/,-8 +,4 840r+4i,0 -r+-/,-8 9- i- 4li9r+-ll.-+i4 -' ,*-i*, *. 8i,'/+, p,i'/,-8 +,4 840r+4i,0p,i'/,-8

'i3' +l*, +r rl$+,- i, -' pr,- 3+ (i9i4%p% 5 p+r+% 16)%T'*i,4i3+-i*, +33*r4i,0l 3+,,*- + 3' r$'r%N$r-'l i- r/+i,-r -'+- -' ..ri,0 *33+i*,4/- +--+i, + p+r-i3l+r l$l 9.*r +

p,i'/,- 3+, 9 3l+i.i4+ 8i,'/+,8 i-'i, -' /+,i,0 *. Ar-i3l 7(+r-% 7)%Hr +0+i,-' C*r- 4* ,*- 3*,i4r *, -' .+3- *. -' 3+ -'+--'+- l$l+ +--+i,4 +,4 i- -'r.*r 3*,3r i-' -' C*//ii*, -'+--'p,+l- i/p*4 *, Mr% Trr + ,*- 8i,'/+, p,i'/,-8 i-'i,-'/+,i,0 *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7)%A33*r4i,0l -' *,l -i*, .*r43ii*,i '-'r ' + 9:3-4 -* + 840r+4i,0 p,i'/,-83*,-r+r -* -'+-Ar-i3l (+r-% 7)%

7K%T' C*r- ,*- .ir- *. +ll -'+- + pr*, /+ 9 '/ili+-4 9 -'

/r .+3- *. 9i,0 3ri/i,+ll 3*,$i3-4%H*$r '+- irl$+,- .*r -'prp* *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) i -'+- ' '*l4 9'/ili+-4 ,*- i/pl 9'i 3*,$i3-i*, 9- 9 -' 3-i*, *. -'p,i'/,- 'i3' i i/p*4 *,'i/%I, .+3- i, /*- i. ,*- +ll 3+-'i /+ 9 *, *. -' ..3- *. :4i3i+l

p,i'/,- i,$*l$i,0 + i-4* ,illi,0 9:3-i*, -* -' 4/+,4 *. -'p,+l -/%

H*$r + -' C*r- p*i,-4 *- i, i- :40/,- *. 1" J+,+r 1!"i,-' 3+ *. Irl+,4 $% -' U,i-4 &i,04*/ (Sri A ,*% 25 p% 5p+r+% 17)-' pr*'i9i-i*, 3*,-+i,4 i, Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) *. -'C*,$,-i*, i +9*l-;,* pr*$ii*, i /+4 .*r 3p-i*, +,4 ,4rAr-i3l 15 (2) (+r-% 15@2)

12


13/29


-'r 3+, 9 ,* 4r*0+-i*, .r*/ Ar-i3l 7(+r-% 7)%I- *l4 9 +9r4 -* '*l4-'+- :4i3i+l p,i'/,-0,r+ll 9 r+*, *. i- +l +,4 pr'+p +l/*-

i,$i-+9ll/,- *. '/ili+-i*, i 840r+4i,08 i-'i, -' /+,i,0*.Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7)%S*/ .r-'r 3ri-ri*, /- 9 r+4 i,-* -'--%I,44Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) 9 prl pr*'i9i-i,0 8i,'/+,8+,4 840r+4i,08

p,i'/,- i/pli -'+- -'r i + 4i-i,3-i*,9-, 3' p,i'/,- +,4p,i'/,- i, 0,r+l%

I, -' C*r- $i i, *r4r .*r + p,i'/,- -* 9 840r+4i,08 +,4 i,9r+3' *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) -' '/ili+-i*, *r 49+/,-i,$*l$4 /-+--+i, + p+r-i3l+r l$l +,4 /- i, +, $,- 9 *-'r-'+, -'+- +ll/,- *. '/ili+-i*, r.rr4 -* i, -' pr34i,09p+r+0r+p'%T'+/,- i i, -' ,+-r *. -'i,0 rl+-i$;i- 4p,4 *, +ll -'3ir3/-+,3 *. -' 3+ +,4 i, p+r-i3l+r *,-' ,+-r +,4 3*,-- *. -'

p,i'/,- i-l. +,4 -' /+,,r +,4/-'*4 *. i- 3-i*,%71%T' A--*r,@G,r+l .*r -' Il *. M+, +r04 -'+- -' :4i3i+l

3*rp*r+l p,i'/,- +- i i, -'i 3+ + ,*- i, 9r+3' *. -'C*,$,-i*,i,3 i- 4i4 ,*- *-r+0 p9li3 *pi,i*, i, -' Il+,4%H*$r $,+/i,0 -'+- l*3+l p9li3 *pi,i*, 3+, '+$ +, i,3i4,3*, -'i,-rpr-+-i*, *. -' 3*,3p- *. 840r+4i,0 p,i'/,-8+pp+ri,0 i, Ar-i3l7 (+r-% 7) -' C*r- 4* ,*- r0+r4 i- +-+9li'4 -'+- :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+l

p,i'/,- i ,*- 3*,i4r440r+4i,0 9 -'* //9r *. -' M+,p*pl+-i*, '* .+$*r i-r-,-i*,; i- /i0'- ll 9 -'+- *, *. -' r+*,' -' $i -'p,+l- + +, ..3-i$ 4-rr,- i pr3il -' l/,-*.40r+4+-i*, 'i3' i- i,$*l$%A r0+r4 -'ir 9li. -'+- :4i3i+l3*rp*r+l

p,i'/,- 4-r 3ri/i,+l i- /- 9 p*i,-4 *- -'+- +p,i'/,- 4*,*- l* i- 40r+4i,0 3'+r+3-r :- 93+ i- i9li$4 -* 9 *r +3-+lli +, ..3-i$ 4-rr,- *r +i4 -* 3ri/3*,-r*l%A9*$ +ll + -' C*r- /-/p'+i i- i ,$rpr/ii9l -* '+$ r3*r -* p,i'/,- 'i3' +r3*,-r+r -*Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) '+-$r -'ir 4-rr,- ..3- /+ 9%

T' C*r- /- +l* r3+ll -'+- -' C*,$,-i*, i + li$i,0 i,-r/,-'i3' + -' C*//ii*, ri0'-l -r4 /- 9 i,-rpr-4 i, -'li0'- *.

pr,-@4+ 3*,4i-i*,%I, -' 3+ ,* 9.*r i- -' C*r-3+,,*- 9- 9i,.l,34 9 -' 4$l*p/,- +,4 3*//*,l +33p-4-+,4+r4 i, -'

p,+l p*li3 *. -' //9r S-+- *. -' C*,3il *.Er*p i, -'i

.il4%I,44 -' A--*r,@G,r+l .*r -' Il *.M+, /,-i*,4 -'+- .*r/+, +r -' pr*$ii*, *. M+, l0il+-i*,3*,3r,i,0 :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+lp,i'/,- '+4 9, ,4r r$i%

72%A r0+r4 -' /+,,r +,4 /-'*4 *. 3-i*, *. -' 9ir3'i,0i,.li3-4 *, Mr% Trr -' A--*r,@G,r+l .*r -' Il *. M+,4rp+r-i3l+r +--,-i*, -* -' .+3- -'+- -' p,i'/,- + 3+rri4 *-i,

pri$+- +,4 i-'*- p9li3+-i*, *. -' ,+/ *. -' *..,4r%P9li3i- /+ 9 + rl$+,- .+3-*r i, +i,0 '-'r + p,i'/,- i

840r+4i,08 i-'i, -' /+,i,0 *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) 9- -' C*r-4* ,*-3*,i4r -'+- +9,3 *. p9li3i- ill ,3+ril pr$,- +0i$,

17


14/29


p,i'/,- .r*/ .+lli,0 i,-* -'+- 3+-0*r; i- /+ ll ..i3-'+- -'$i3-i/ i '/ili+-4 i, 'i *, $, i. ,*- i, -' *. *-'r%

T' C*r- ,*- -'+- -' rl$+,- Il *. M+, l0il+-i*, + ll +0i$i,0 -' *..,4r + ri0'- *. +pp+l +0+i,- ,-,3 pr*$i4 .*r3r-+i,+.0+r4%T' -'r i + pri*r /4i3+l +/i,+-i*, -',/9r *. -r*+,4 4i/,i*, *. -' 9ir3' +r r0l+-4 i, 4-+il+ 4*3-*r i pr,- +,4/+ *r4r -' p,i'/,- -* 9 -*pp4 i, -'3+ *. + 3'il4 *r *,0

pr*, -' p+r,- /+ +--,4 i. ' *4ir -' 9ir3'i,0 i 3+rri4 *- 9 +p*li3 3*,-+9l i, -'pr,3 *. + /*r ,i*r 3*ll+0%

77%N$r-'l -' C*r- /- 3*,i4r '-'r -' *-'r3ir3/-+,3 *. -' +ppli3+,- p,i'/,- r 3' + -* /+i-840r+4i,08 i-'i, -' /+,i,0 *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7)%

T' $r ,+-r *. :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+l p,i'/,- i -'+- i- i,$*l$ *,

'/+, 9i,0 i,.li3-i,0 p'i3+l $i*l,3 *, +,*-'r '/+,9i,0%Fr-'r/*r i- i i,-i--i*,+li4 $i*l,3 -'+- i i, -' pr,-3+$i*l,3 pr/i--4 9 -' l+ *r4r4 9 -' :4i3i+l+-'*ri-i *. -' S-+-+,4 3+rri4 *- 9 -' p*li3 +-'*ri-i *.-' S-+- ( p+r+0r+p' 1K+9*$)%T' +l-'*0' -' +ppli3+,- 4i4 ,*- ..r +, $r *r l*,0@l+-i,0

p'i3+l ..3- 'i p,i'/,-@ 'r9 ' + -r+-4 + +, *9:3- i, -'p*r *. -'+-'*ri-i @ 3*,-i--4 +, ++l- *, pr3il -'+- 'i3' i- i*,*. -' /+i, prp* *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) -* pr*-3- ,+/l +pr*,4i0,i- +,4 p'i3+l i,-0ri-%Ni-'r 3+, i- 9 3l44-'+- -' p,i'/,-/+ '+$ '+4 +4$r p3'*l*0i3+l ..3-%

T' i,-i--i*,+li4 3'+r+3-r *. -'i $i*l,3 i .r-'r 3*/p*,44 9-' '*l +r+ *. *..i3i+l pr*34r +--,4i,0 -' p,i'/,- +,49 -' .+3--'+- -'* i,.li3-i,0 i- r -*-+l -r+,0r -* -'*..,4r%

A4/i--4l -' rl$+,- l0il+-i*, pr*$i4 -'+- i, +, $,- 9ir3'i,0'+ll ,*- -+ pl+3 l+-r -'+, i /*,-' +.-r -' p+i,0*.,-,3%H*$r -'i 4* ,*- +l-r -' .+3- -'+- -'r '+49, +, i,-r$+l*. $r+l i,3 -' +ppli3+,- 3*,$i3-i*, 9-' :$,il 3*r- +,4 +3*,i4r+9l 4l+ i, -' p*li3 -+-i*,'r -' p,i'/,- + 3+rri4*-%A33*r4i,0l i, +44i-i*, -* -'p'i3+l p+i, ' pri,34 Mr% Trr+ 9:3-4 -* -' /,-+l+,0i' *. +,-i3ip+-i,0 -' $i*l,3 ' + -*'+$ i,.li3-4 *, 'i/%

76%I, -' pr,- 3+ -' C*r- 4* ,*- 3*,i4r i- rl$+,- -'+- -',-,3 *. :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+l p,i'/,- + i/p*4 *, -'+ppli3+,- .*r+, *..,3 *. $i*l,3%Ni-'r 4* i- 3*,i4r i-rl$+,- -'+- .*r Mr% Trr

9ir3'i,0 + +, +l-r,+-i$ -* + pri*4*. 4-,-i*,; -' .+3- -'+- *, p,+l-/+ 9 pr.r+9l -* *r '+$l +4$r ..3- *r 9 l ri* -'+,+,*-'r p,+l- 4* ,*-*. i-l. /+, -'+- -' .ir- p,+l- i ,*-840r+4i,08 i-'i, -'/+,i,0 *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7)%

75%A33*r4i,0l $ii,0 -' 3ir3/-+,3 + + '*l -' C*r- .i,4-'+- -' +ppli3+,- + 9:3-4 -* + p,i'/,- i, 'i3' -'l/,- *.'/ili+-i*, +--+i,4 -' l$l i,'r,- i, -' ,*-i*, *.840r+4i,0

16


15/29


p,i'/,-8 + pl+i,4 +- p+r+0r+p' 7K +9*$%T'i,4i0,i- *. '+$i,0 -'p,i'/,- +4/i,i-r4 *$r -' 9+rp*-ri*r +00r+$+-4 -* */ -,-

-' 40r+4i,0 3'+r+3-r *. -'+ppli3+,- p,i'/,- 9- i- + ,*- -' *,l*r 4-r/i,i,0 .+3-*r%

T' C*r- -'r.*r 3*,3l4 -'+- -' :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+l p,i'/,-i,.li3-4 *, -' +ppli3+,- +/*,-4 -* 40r+4i,0 p,i'/,- i-'i,-'/+,i,0 *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) *. -' C*,$,-i*,%

III% ON ARTICLE 7 (+r-% 7)

7%T' C*r- /- ,* 3*,i4r '-'r i- +9*$ 3*,3li*, i +..3-49 3r-+i, +r0/,- +4$+,34 ,4r Ar-i3l 7*. -' C*,$,-i*,p+r+0r+p' 1 +,4 7 'r*. (+r-% 7@1+r-% 7@7) r+4 + .*ll*;

81% A, S-+- /+ +- -' -i/ *. i- r+-i.i3+-i*, *r +- +, -i/ -'r+.-r 43l+r 9,*-i.i3+-i*, +44r4 -* -' S3r-+r@G,r+l*. -' C*,3il *. Er*p -'+- -'

pr,- C*,$,-i*, '+ll -,4 -*+ll *r +, *. -' -rri-*ri .*r '* i,-r,+-i*,+lrl+-i*, i- irp*,i9l%

%%%

7% T' pr*$ii*, *. -'i C*,$,-i*, '+ll 9 +ppli4 i, 3' -rri-*ri i-' 4r0+r4 '*$r -* l*3+l rir/,-%8

7!%I, rp3- *. Ar-i3l 7 (7) (+r-% 7@7) -' A--*r,@G,r+l .*r -'Il *. M+, 9/i--4 -* -' C*r-;

8.ir-l -'+- :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+l p,i'/,- + pr+3-i4 i, -' Il *. M+, i, -' 3+*. -' +ppli3+,- i ,*- + 40r+4i,0 p,i'/,- +,4-'+- -' U,i-4 &i,04*/ i ,*- i,

9r+3' *. -' C*,$,-i*, 9 $ir-*. Ar-i3l 7 (7) (+r-% 7@7) 3*,4l %%% -'+-'+$i,0 4 r0+r4 -*-' l*3+l 3ir3/-+,3 i, -' Il+,4 %%% -' 3*,-i,4 *.

:4i3i+l3*rp*r+l p,i'/,- *, + li/i-4 3+l i :-i.i4 + + 4-rr,-+,43*,,-l -' U,i-4 &i,04*/ *l4 ,*- 9 i, 9r+3' *. -'C*,$,-i*,%8

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T' pri,3ip+l 4l0+- *. -' C*//ii*, 9/i--4 + r0+r4 l*3+l3*,4i-i*, i, -' Il *. M+, -'+- i- + 4i..i3l- -* 3*,3i$ -'+-+, l*3+l3'+r+3-ri-i3 3*l4 9 p- .*r+r4 -* :-i. + 9r+3' *.Ar-i3l 7 (+r-%7)%H p*i,-4 *- -'+- ,* p3i.i3 l*3+l 3*,4i-i*,'+4 9, pl+44 +$ -'

9li. *. /+, p*pl i, -' Il *. M+, -'+- :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+l p,i'/,- i+, ..3-i$ 4-rr,- +,4 +444-'+- $, +/i,0 -'+- 3' + 9li. 3*l4

15


16/29


17/29


,*- r,4r i- 3*/p+-i9l i-' -' C*,$,-i*,%A -'C*r- '+ +lr+4r3+ll4 -' pr*'i9i-i*, 3*,-+i,4 i, Ar-i3l 7(+r-% 7) i +9*l- +,4 ,4r

Ar-i3l 15 (2) (+r-% 15@2) -'C*,-r+3-i,0 S-+- /+ ,*- 4r*0+- .r*/Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) $, i,-' $,- *. +r *r *-'r p9li3 /r0,3-'r+-,i,0 -' li. *. -',+-i*,%Lii i, -' C*r- $i ,* l*3+lrir/,- rl+-i$-* -' /+i,-,+,3 *. l+ +,4 *r4r *l4 ,-i-l +,*. -'* S-+-,4r Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) -* /+ *. + p,i'/,-3*,-r+r -*Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7)%

7%F*r -' r+*, -' C*r- .i,4 -'+- -'r +r ,* l*3+l rir/,-+..3-i,0 -' +ppli3+-i*, *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) i, -'Il *. M+, +,4+33*r4i,0l -'+- -' +ppli3+,- :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+lp,i'/,- 3*,-i--4 +$i*l+-i*, *. -'+- Ar-i3l%

6K%I, $i *. i- +9*$ 3*,3li*, -' C*r- 4* ,*- 3*,i4r i-

,3+r -* +/i, i, 3*,,3-i*, i-' Ar-i3l 7 (1) (+r-% 7@1)-'-i*, *. -' 3*,-i--i*,+l -+- *. -' Il *. M+, i,rl+-i*, -* -'U,i-4 &i,04*/%

I=% ON ARTICLE 16 (+r-% 16)

61%Ar-i3l 16 (+r-% 16) *. -' C*,$,-i*, pr*$i4;

8T' ,:*/,- *. -' ri0'- +,4 .r4*/ - .*r-' i, -'i C*,$,-i*, '+ll 93r4 i-'*- 4i3ri/i,+-i*, *, +, 0r*,4 3' + r+3 3*l*r l+,0+0rli0i*, p*li-i3+l *r *-'r *pi,i*, ,+-i*,+l*r *3i+l *ri0i, +*3i+-i*, i-' + ,+-i*,+l/i,*ri- pr*pr-9ir-' *r *-'r -+-%8

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1!! -* -' C*r- *r +- -' *r+l '+ri,0%T'G*$r,/,- +l* +44r4 ,*+r0/,- -* -' C*r- *, -'i i%

67%T' C*r- ,*- -' p*i-i*, -+, 9 -'* +pp+ri,0 9.*r i-% I, -'3ir3/-+,3 *. -' 3+ -' C*r- 4* ,*- 3*,i4r -'+- i-i ,3+r .*ri- -* +/i, -'i -i*, *..i3i*%

=% ON ARTICLE 5K (+r-% 5K)

66%Ar-i3l 5K (+r-% 5K) *. -' C*,$,-i*, pr*$i4;

1!


18/29


8I. -' C*r- .i,4 -'+- + 43ii*, *r + /+r -+, 9 + l0+l +-'*ri- *r +,*-'r +-'*ri- *. + Hi0' C*,-r+3-i,0 P+r- i3*/pl-l *r p+r-i+ll i, 3*,.li3- i-'-' *9li0+-i*, +rii,0 .r*/-' pr,- C*,$,-i*, +,4 i. -' i,-r,+l l+ *. -' +i4P+r-+ll* *,l p+r-i+l rp+r+-i*, -* 9 /+4 .*r -' 3*,,3 *. -'i43ii*, *r/+r -' 43ii*, *. -' C*r- '+ll i. ,3+r+..*r4 :- +-i.+3-i*, -* -'i,:r4 p+r-%8

65%I, 'i +ppli3+-i*, -* -' C*//ii*, Mr% Trr '+4 3l+i/44+/+0%H*$r +- -' '+ri,0 *, 1! J+,+r 1!" -' pri,3ip+l4l0+-r/+r4 -'+- 93+ -'r + ,* l*,0r +, +ppli3+,-+*3i+-4 i-' -'3+ ,* i ,4r Ar-i3l 5K (+r-% 5K)3*l4 i, -' C*//ii*, *pi,i*,+ri%

T' C*r- r0+r4 -'i -i*, + r+4 .*r 43ii*,%I- '+r -' $i*. -' C*//ii*, +,4 +33*r4i,0l 3*,i4r -'+- i- i ,*-,3+r -*

+ppl Ar-i3l 5K (+r-% 5K) i, -' pr,- 3+%

FOR THESE REASONS THE COURT

1% 43i4 ,+,i/*l ,*- -* -ri -' 3+ *- *. i- li-

2% '*l4 9 i $*- -* *, -'+- -' :4i3i+l 3*rp*r+l p,i'/,- i,.li3-4*, Mr% Trr +/*,-4 -* 40r+4i,0 p,i'/,- i-'i, -'/+,i,0 *.Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7)

7% '*l4 ,+,i/*l -'+- i, -' pr,- 3+ -'r +r ,* l*3+l rir/,-i-'i, -' /+,i,0 *. Ar-i3l 7 p+r+% 7 (+r-% 7@7)'i3' 3*l4 +..3--' +ppli3+-i*, *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7)

6% '*l4 9 i $*- -* *, -'+- -' +i4 p,i'/,- +33*r4i,0l $i*l+-4Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7)

5% '*l4 ,+,i/*l -'+- i- i ,*- ,3+r -* +/i, -' -i*,*. +p*i9l $i*l+-i*, *. Ar-i3l 7 -+, -*0-'r i-'Ar-i3l 16 (+r-% 167)

% '*l4 ,+,i/*l -'+- i- i ,*- ,3+r -* +ppl Ar-i3l 5K (+r-% 5K) i,-' pr,- 3+%

1"


19/29


D*, i, E,0li' +,4 Fr,3' -' E,0li' -- 9i,0 +-',-i3 +- -'

H/+, Ri0'- Bil4i,0 S-r+9*r0 -'i -,[email protected]' 4+ *. April*,-'*+,4 ,i, ',4r4 +,4 $,-@i0'-%

Gi*r0i* BALLADOREPALLIERIPri4,-

O, 9'+l. *. -' R0i-r+rHr9r- PET?OLDDp- R0i-r+r

J40 Sir Gr+l4 Fi-/+ri3 '+ +,,4 'i p+r+- *pi,i*, -*-'pr,- :40/,- i, +33*r4+,3 i-' Ar-i3l 51 p+r+% 2 (+r-% 51@2)*. -'C*,$,-i*, +,4 Rl 5K p+r+% 2 *. -' Rl *. C*r-%

G% B% P%H% P%

1


20/29


21/29

T#RER $% THE UNITED &INGDOM JUDGMENTSEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SIR GERALD FIT?MAURICE

i-' -'+- .,3-i*, 3+, -+r.0 i, + li-r+l i,-rpr-+-i*, *. -' *r4 *.-' Ar-i3l i-'*-r0+r4 -* -' p3i+l 3ir3/-+,3 *. -' 3*,3r-

3+%I,44 i-i pr3il 93+ *. -' 4i..i3l- *. +rri$i,0 +- +,4.i,i-i*,-'+- ill -+ +33*,- i, +4$+,3 *. +ll -' p*i9ili-i 'i3'/+*33r -'+- -' *9li0+-i*, -* 4* * i, -' p+r-i3l+r 3+ .+ll p*,-'-ri9,+l%T'i -' C*r- '+ r3*0,i4 p -* + p*i,- 9 +ppli,0-' -- *.-' 40r *. $ri- -'+- -' i/p0,4 -r+-/,-i,$*l$ 9- -'+- i .+r.r*/ 9i,0 -' *,l .+3-*r -'+- /+ 9rl$+,- +,4 $, i, +ppli,0 -'+--- -' -ri9,+l /- 3*,i4r3' +p3- + -' +0 0,r+l '+l-' 9*4il3'+r+3-ri-i3 +,43rr,- p'i3+l +,4 /,-+l 3*,4i-i*, *. -' pr*,3*,3r,4 *r*-'r +3-+l .+-r *. -' 3+ +, *, *. 'i3' /+i-'ri,3r+ *r 4i/i,i' -' i,-,i- *. -' ..3- pr*434%

6%N*r i i- *,l ,4r -' '+4 -'+- */ 0l* '+ -* 9 p-p*, -'

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-* -*r-r -3% 9- -* '+- /+ i, 3r-+i,3ir3/-+,3 :-i. i- i,.li3-i*,3' + ,3*/p+i,0 -' 0r+-r0**4 *. +$i,0 -' li. *. -' r3ipi,- @*r i, 3r-+i, -p *.3+ -' +$i,0 *. + 0r+- /+, *-'r li$%T'i l+-

2F*r +/pl;-' //9r *. + r3 p+r- '* '+ -* i,.li3- +0*,ii,0 p+i, i,*r4r -* rl+ + -r+pp4li/9-' /*, '* ,4r $r .l+0ll+-i*, +- -' '+,4 *. 'i pri*r+ + ri0i* *r3l+-r+l p,+,3 *r 4i3ipli,-' i,.li3-i*, *. $r /,-+l -*r-r 9 -' i-''*l4i,0 *. , -'pr/+-r3*//,i3+-i*, *. 'i3' /i0'- 9 pr:4i3i+l -* 33-' 4,-i- '* 3+,,*- 0i$ + p+i,@illi,0 i,:3-i*, 93+ *. -'p+-i,- +llr0 -* i-%

21


22/29


/+--r i*, *. /3' 4i..i3l- +,4 4li3+3 *, 'i3' i- i +ll -** + -*0*r*,0%I -*3'4 p*, i- i, -' -'ir4 p+r+0r+p' *. .**-,*- 1 i,

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%'+- i +- pr,- i,$*l$4 i -' -i*, *. 40r+4i,0 -r+-/,-*rp,i'/,- -' pri,3ipl *. 'i3' I 3*,i4r4 i, */ 4-+il i,p+r+0r+p'

2!@2 *. / Sp+r+- Opi,i*, i, -' Iri' 3+%B- 'r-** i- i *9$i*l,*- p*i9l -* +ppl -' l+,0+0 *. Ar-i3l 7(+r-% 7) li-r+ll%I. + ,* -'3+ i *, *. p,i'/,- i- i*9$i* -'+- +ll p,i'/,- i 40r+4i,0 +-l+- i. i- i,$*l$i/pri*,/,- +,4 -' (/*-l ,pl++,- +,4 *.-,'/ili+-i,0)i,3i4,- *. pri*, li. +,4 4i3ipli,%T* +/*,- -* +,i,.ri,0/,-*. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) -'r.*r -' p,i'/,- i, -i*,/-,-+il + 40r *. 40r+4+-i*, r3*0,i+9l 0r+-r -'+, -'+-i,'r,-l

9*,4@p i-' +, ,*r/+l p,i'/,- -'+- -+ -' .*r/ *.3*r3i*, *r4pri$+-i*, *. li9r- @ *r l i- /- 9 +33*/p+,i49 3ir3/-+,3 *.40r+4+-i*, 0r+-r -'+, '+- +r ,3+r .*r-' 3+rri,0@*- *. -'

p,i'/,- +33*r4i,0 -* i- 4 +,4 i,-,44..3-%T'i '+ 9, prlr3*0,i4 9 -' C*r- i, -'p++0 .i0ri,0 +- -' l+- 3-i*, *.

p+r+0r+p' 7K *. -' J40/,-'i3' 3*,-+i, + -+-/,- *. -' rl$+,-pri,3ipl @ *, i, 'i3' I.ll 3*,3r%

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93+ + I '+ll '* pr,-l i-i ,*- i, .+3- @ (-'*0' i- prp*r- -* 9)@ rl+-4 -* -' +3-+l3ir3/-+,3 *. -' p,i'/,- 9- +/*,- -* +.i,4i,0 -'+- +ll3*rp*r+l p,i'/,- i, +ll 3ir3/-+,3 i,'r,-l

i,$*l$ +3' +, ,+33p-+9l l$l *. 40r+4+-i*,%I, -'i -' C*r-/-* / -* 4p+r- .r*/ i- *, 3ri-ri*, -+-4 i, -' p++03*,3r,4-* 9 -'+- -' +/,- *. -' l/,- *. 40r+4+-i*, i8rl+-i$8 +,484p,4 *, +ll -' 3ir3/-+,3 *. -' 3+ +,4 i,p+r-i3l+r -' ,+-r+,4 3*,-- *. -' p,i'/,- i-l. +,4 -'/+,,r +,4 /-'*4 *. i-3-i*,8%A.-r 4r+i,0 +--,-i*, -* -'.+3- (-'*0' i- 4* ,*- 3*,i4r i-3*,3li$) -'+- -' p,i'/,-+ +4/i,i-r4 i, pri$+- -' J40/,-,- pr*34 i. I '+$,4r-**4 i- 3*rr3-l -* 3*,34 i, ..3- -'+-(9:3- -* -'9+i3 -i*, *. -' '*l ,+-r *. 3*rp*r+l p,i'/,-)-' /-'*4+,4 rir/,- pr3ri94 9 Il *. M+, l+ .*r 3+rri,0@*-

22


23/29


3' +p,i'/,- 4i4 pr*$i4 .*r 83r-+i, +.0+r48 @ +,4 i- i$i4,-.r*/ -' .+3- *. -' 3+ -'+- -' +.0+r4 r 4l +4'r4

-*i, -' Trr 3+%T' p++0 i, -i*, i, -' J40/,- (l+-3-i*, *.p+r+0r+p' 72 +,4 .ir- *. p+r+0r+p' 77) r+4 + .*ll*; @

8T' C*r- ,*- -'+- -' rl$+,- Il *. M+, l0il+-i*, + ll +0i$i,0 -'*..,4r + ri0'- -* +pp+l +0+i,- Q-' ,-,3 pr*$i4.*r 3r-+i, +.0+r4%T'-'r i + pri*r /4i3+l +/i,+-i*,-' ,/9r *. -r* +,4 4i/,i*, *. -' 9ir3'+r r0l+-4 i,4-+il + 4*3-*r i pr,- +,4 /+ *r4r -' p,i'/,- -* 9-*pp4i, -' 3+ *. + 3'il4 *r *,0 pr*, -' p+r,- /+ +--,4i. ' * 4ir -'

9ir3'i,0 i 3+rri4 *- 9 + p*li3 3*,-+9l i,-' pr,3 *. + /*r ,i*r3*ll+0%8

T' J40/,- 3*,-i, (p+r+0r+p' 77);

8N$r-'l -' C*r- /- 3*,i4r '-'r -' *-'r 3ir3/-+,3 *. -'

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"%T' 8N$r-'l8 +- -' -+r- *. -'i l+- p++0 '* -'+- -' C*r-3*,i4r4 -' 3ir3/-+,3 *. -' +4/i,i-ri,0 *. -'p,i'/,- + ,*-i, -'/l$ 3+lli,0 .*r 3ri-i3i/ +,4 '+4 -* l**+- 8-' *-'r3ir3/-+,3 *. -' %%% p,i'/,-8 -* '-'r i- +840r+4i,08%B-', -' J40/,- 0* *, -* 4* -'+- i- 93*/pr.3-l pl+i, -'+- .*r +ll

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i,.li3-i,0 p'i3+l $i*l,3 *, +,*-'r '/+, 9i,0%8

+,4

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prp* *. Ar-i3l 7 (+r-% 7) -* pr*-3- ,+/l +pr*, 4i0,i- +,4 p'i3+li,-0ri-%8

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27


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Case of Tyrer v. the United Kingdom

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