REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
Refrigeration – Air Conditioning – Heat Pumps:
Energy Efficiency – Environment Protection
Case Studies CO2
Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Süss
VP Technology
ASERCOM + EPEE Symposium
Messezentrum Nürnberg
14.10.2008
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
GHG emissions ofHVAC&R systems
Energy use for system operation“Indirect Emissions”
Refrigerant leakage/release“Direct Emissions”
• Mobile Air Conditioning (HFC)
• Commercial Refrigeration(Supermarket DX HFC)
• Unitary Air Condition/Heat Pump (HFC)
• Commercial Air Condition (HFC)
• Light Commercial Appliance SME (HFC)
• Water Chiller (HFC)
• Domestic Refrigerator (HFC)• Domestic Refrigerator (HC)
MAC DIRECTIVE2006/40/EC
LeakageEnergy use
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
Different ways to cool
• Reverse Rankine• Stirling• Magneto caloric refrigeration• Vortex tube• Joule process• Peltier• Steam ejector• Absorption• Adsorption• ……….
The traditional compressionprocess offers the best valueproposition for HVAC&R industry
But which refrigerants andtechnologies should be use forgreatest sustainability???
Single fluids Blends Single fluids Blends
HFCClorine free
“Low GWP”R134a drop in
Naturalhalogen free
Medium and LongTerm Refrigerants
e.g.R134aR125R32
R143aR152a
e.g.R404AR507A
R407-seriesR410A
e.g.Blend H
Fluid DP-1Auto AC-1
R1234yf
e.g.R717R290
R1270R600aR170R744
e.g.R600a/R290R290/R170
R723
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
R744 - CO2����
����
Safety - (OK)• High concentrations ?
• High pressure ?• Non flammable or toxic
Environment - OK• Refrigerant phase outs
• Companies policy
• Natural substance
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
CO2 in the past
1850 Proposal to use CO2 as a refrigerant (Twinning)
First marine applications in the USA (Lowe)
Commercial A/C and food production (Kroeschell)
Major technology in commercial A/C
1868
1890
1915
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
Efficiency of ideal reversed Rankine System
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
10 20 30 40 5
Car
no
tef
ficie
ncy
[-]
10 20 30 40 5
te = -35 °C te = -10 °C te = 5 °C
10 20 30 40 50
R717
R22
R134a
R600a
R290
R410A
R507
R404A
R407C
R744
R1270
10 20 30 40 50/10 20 30 40 50/10 20 30 40 50
tc [°C]
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
p,h-Diagram of CO2
Low temperatureapplications up to 35 bars:
Standard componentsand control strategieslike for HFCs (R410A)
Transcritical applicationsup to 130 bars:
New componentsand control strategies
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
1) “By the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, we willno longer purchase new cold drink equipmentusing hydrofluorocarbons… wherever cost-efficient alternatives are commercially available.”
2) “We will require suppliers to significantlyimprove the energy efficiency of the cold-drinkequipment they sell to our system, making it40-50 percent more energy-efficient by the endof this decade.”
Environmental policyfor cold drink equipment,
June 27, 2000
����?
The Bottle Cooling case (SME)
… higher efficiency
at lower cost …
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
Status Bottle Cooling (SME)• Depending on the component selection,
the system layout and the actual coolingrequirement CO2 systems can be better,equal or worse than HFCs ones.
• But with increasing ambient temperature theCOP of CO2 systems generally drop faster…
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
The Supermarket Refrigeration case (Cascade)
-5°C
S S UR E
NS M IT T E R
AKS 32 R
0 G2 1 0 3P e : -1 - 3 4 b ar
- 14 . 5 - 4 9 3 p s ig
/ MW P 5 8 0 p s ig
1 0 - 3 0 V d . c .0 - 9 0 % a f s u p p ly
+ S UP P L Y V OL T AG E- COM MO N
-20°C
S SURENSMIT TE R
AKS 32R0G2103
P e: - 1- 34 b ar-14 .5 - 493 i
/MWP 5 80 psig
10 -30 V d .c.0- 90% afs upply
+ S UP PLY V OLT AGE-COMMON
AKS32R
KP6
S S URENS M IT T E R
AK S 3 2 R
0 G2 1 0 3
P e : - 1 - 3 4 b ar
-1 4 . 5 - 4 9 3 p si g/ MW P 5 8 0 p s i g
1 0 - 3 0 V d . c.
0 - 9 0 % a f s u p p l y
+ S U P P LY V O L TA GE- COM MO NPo
KP6
CO2
+ 3°C
No. 084B226000-Gateway
Made In Denmark
AKA 244
RS 232 Danbuss 2 Printer
Danbuss 1L DO 1 DO 2 DI 1DI 2N
6 5 4 3 2 1
Fuse
ADAP- KOOL
Danfoss
S S U RENS M IT T E R
AKS 32 R0 G2 10 3P e : - 1 - 3 4 b a r
- 14 .5 - 4 93 p s ig/ MW P 58 0 p s ig
1 0 - 3 0 V d .c .0 - 9 0 %a f su p p ly
+ S UP P L Y V OL T A GE
- COM MO N
PcS S URENS M IT T E R
AK S 3 2 R0 G2 1 0 3
P e : - 1 - 3 4 b a r-1 4 . 5 - 4 9 3 p si g
/ MW P 5 8 0 p s i g
1 0 - 3 0 V d . c.0 - 9 0 % a f s u p p l y
+ S UP P L Y V OL T A GE- COM MO N
AKV 10-X
AKV10-X
AKV 10-X
EKC 531D1
EKC315A
ETS
EKC 316A
EVRH
AKA245 EKC 414AEKC 301
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
The Supermarket Refrigeration case (Booster)
Receiver
Gas Cooler
ICS,
CVP(XP)
ICMT
(Prototype)
AKD
AKD
AKD
AKD
TX
TXTX
AmbientTemperature
AK-PC730
Pack Controller
LON Net
EKC 414
EKC 414
SystemManager
Receiver
Gas Cooler
ICS,
CVP(XP)
ICMT
(Prototype)
AKD
AKD
AKD
AKD
TX
TXTX
AmbientTemperature
AK-PC730
Pack Controller
LON Net
EKC 414
EKC 414
SystemManager
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
Status Supermarket Refrigeration (FR)
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60tc [°C]
Car
no
tE
ffic
ien
cy[-
]
R404A
CO2
NH3
te = -35 °C, ∆Tsup = 10 K
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60tc [°C]
Car
no
tE
ffic
ien
cy[-
]
R404A
CO2
NH3
te = -35 °C, ∆Tsup = 10 K
• Direct GHG emission fromthe cooling distributionsystem of FR systems callsfor an alternative solution
• Cooling generation with CO2has energetic drawbacks inwarm climates
• Cascade systems build onstate of the art technologyand are globally applicable
• CO2 Booster systems have alow temperature stage closeto one of cascade systems
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
Status Industrial Refrigeration (IR)
• State of the art technology
• Globally applicable
• Higher efficiency at lowerinstallation cost thanammonia only systems
• Component and systemknowhow available
• Ammonia charge reduction
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
How to reduceGreen House Gas emissionsfrom the HVAC&R industry
• Develop low chargeand low leakage solutions
• Enhance significantly thesystem’s energy efficiency e.g.by applying variable speed andenhancing component’s intelligenceas well as Ease of Use concepts etc.
• Support the application oflow GWP (natural) refrigerantswhere commercially viableand technical feasible