Case Studies UNDP: PARTICIPATORY FISHERIES MANAGEMENT BOARD OF PUERTO CAYO, Ecuador

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: PARTICIPATORY FISHERIES MANAGEMENT BOARD OF PUERTO CAYO, Ecuador

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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions or people, nature, and resilient communities

Ecuador

PARTICIPATORYFISHERIES MANAGEMENTBOARD OF PUERTO CAYO

Empowered live

Resilient nation


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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years

the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran

Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Participatory Fisheries Management Board o Puerto Cayo, and in particu

the guidance and inputs o Oscar Pihuave. All photo credits courtesy o Participatory Fisheries Management Board o Puerto Cayo a

Wikimedia Commons (credit: Terry Howard,page 9, top.) Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Participatory Fisheries Management Board o Puerto Cayo, Ecuador. Equator Initiative C

Study Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858


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PROJECT SUMMARYThe small shing community o Puerto Cayo, located inthe south-west o Manabi Province on Ecuadors Paciccoast is the setting or an experiment in sustainable shingmethods that has endured since the 1970s. In partnershipwith government agencies, the Participatory FisheriesManagement Board o Puerto Cayo has ormalized attemptsto better conserve coastal biodiversity and improve shinglivelihoods.

One o the leading innovations in this eort was theintroduction o a push net that is less damaging to the

shrimp, and reduced by-catch o larval and juvenile shellshand nsh, allowing shrimp populations to regenerate.This was supported by a trial shing area closure periodin 2002, and has been underpinned in recent years bythe development o alternative livelihoods, includingecotourism, to reduce reliance on shing incomes.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2004

FOUNDED: 1970

LOCATION: Puerto Cayo, Manabi Province, Ecuador

BENEFICIARIES: 169 households involved in fshing

BIODIVERSITY: Machalilla National Park

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PARTICIPATORY FISHERIESMANAGEMENT BOARD OF PUERTO CAYOEcuador

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 6

Biodiversity Impacts 7

Socioeconomic Impacts 7

Policy Impacts 7

Sustainability 9

Partners 9


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4

or the past thirty years, the Ecuadorian coastal community o

uerto Cayo has been the ocus o eorts to change local shing

ractices to ensure the sustainable harvesting o shrimp and

onservation o marine biodiversity. Conservation activities began

n the late 1970s with the introduction o community patrols to

norce shing regulations, led by a local government ocial. In

he intervening decades, local government, international donors,

nd nongovernmental organizations have worked with the Puerto

Cayo shing community to combat declining shrimp populations,

sing participatory management approaches and new technologies

o regulate shing o shrimp larvae and to limit bycatch numbers.

ince 2002, these eorts have been coordinated by the Participatory

isheries Management Board (Junta de Manejo Participativo PesqueroJMPP). This initiative has established community-based resource

management by implementing technical shing regulations, as part

Eduadors Coastal Resources Management Programme (Programa

de Manejo de Recursos Costeros - PMRC).

An economically marginalized coastal community

he rural parish o Puerto Cayo lies in the south-west o Manabi

rovince, in the cantn o Jipijapa. Economic activity in the area is

ocused on shing o shrimp, an important Ecuadorian export. O

he population o around 3,100, the shing community was made

p o almost 940 people rom 169 households according to a 2001

ensus. 87% o those engaged in shing were male. Around 24% ohe shing community are part o an organized group, such as an

ssociation, cooperative, or development committee; the remainder

work independently. Tourism-related activities and small-scale

griculture supplement the trade in shrimp. Agricultural activities in

he surrounding areas o La Boca, Cantagallo and Galn are centred

n planting and harvesting short-cycle agricultural products such as

orn and watermelon, which pays an average wage o USD 5/day,

or eight hours o work. In general, wages rom agriculture are poor,

making shrimp harvesting a more attractive livelihood proposition.

On average, monthly wages or the region are around USD 200-300,

or USD 3,000-3,600 annually. Educational attainment in the reg

poor, with an 11% illiteracy rate. O the residents o Puerto Cayo,

are educated to primary school level, and only 12% to secon

school level.

Unsustainable fshing practices

The shrimp industry boomed during the 1980s, with comme

shing trawlers sweeping the coasts, while in coastal villages

prolieration o shrimp arms uelled demand or post-larval sh

to stock ponds, creating a new type o sher: the larvero. Tartesano shermen wade into coastal waters with hand-stitc

ne-meshed push nets to collect Pennaeus vannamei post-lshrimp during periods o abundance associated with the ull m

These wild-caught shrimp provide shrimp armers with an abun

source o vigorous seed shrimp at a lower price than those prod

by hatcheries. These nets also catch large amounts o juv

specimens important or sustained shrimp harvests, however, a

with other species, which are then discarded. High demand

commercial arms coupled with the high mortality rate o the sh

between the beach and the ponds meant that more shrimp

Background and Context


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eeded were caught. Overshing o post-larval shrimp was widely

riticized by both the industrial and artisanal shing sectors as one

the causes o the decline in Ecuadors sheries by the late 1980s.

nvironmental NGOs, meanwhile, criticised these practices or their

armul eects on other marine species. A 1991 study o coastal

sheries showed that the composition o catches made by larveros

was 18% post-larval shrimp and 82% bycatch. Additionally, the study

evealed the presence o 32 species o juvenile sh, o which hal

were o commercial interest.

While community-based eorts to regulate overshing in Puerto

Cayo had begun in the late 1970s, concern over declining catch sizes

n the early 1990s led to Ecuadors Coastal Resources Management

rogramme and the National Fisheries Institute providing unds

or documenting baseline conditions in critical artisanal sheries,

including the Puerto Cayo community. Researchers rom

National Fisheries Institute collaborated closely with shers to ga

catch data and identiy options or conserving the resource.

collaboration led to the introduction in Puerto Cayo o a push

that was less damaging to the shrimp and reduced the by-catc

larval and juvenile shellsh and nsh. In 2002, meanwhile, the U

Secretariat or Fishery Resources (Subsecretera de Recursos Pesqu

worked with Puerto Cayo to implement a shing closure period

Participatory Management o Fisheries Board has brought togelocal shing cooperatives, parish-level government author

and national shing research and policy institutes to coord

this ongoing partnership. Further collaborations have ocusse

creating alternative livelihood options or artisanal shers to re

pressure on shrimp resources, and on developing ecotourism w

the area.

The shrimp need optimally suitable temperatures for sexual maturation, spawning and hatchin

Global warming has not only affected shrimp, but also other species have changed their behavio

and their populations are decreasing in coastal marine stocks.

Oscar Pihuave, Participatory Fisheries Management Board of Puerto Cayo


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Key Activities and Innovations

he Board is legally recognised by the Under Secretariat or FisheryResources, and is led by the president o the parish board (junta

arroquial), the sub-municipal government administrative body

originally responsible or conservation activities in Puerto Cayo.

Representatives rom the Under Secretariat or Fishery Resources,

National Fisheries Institute, the Coastal Resources Management

rogramme, the city o Jipijapa, and the Directorate General o the

Merchant Marine and Coastal Aairs also sit on the Board, as well

s community members rom sheries cooperatives rom Puerto

Cayo and Isla de la Plata, an island 20 kilometres o the coast. These

ooperatives have supervised closed shing seasons and ensure

ompliance with harvesting regulations.

he JMPPs work can be classied into the three areas o sheriesmanagement, research and policy advocacy, and alternative

velihoods development.

isheries management: In the rst o these categories, activities have

ncluded the introduction o new technologies to reduce bycatch,

nd supervising shing closure periods to allow the regeneration o

hrimp stocks. This area o work includes all o the measures taken to

nhance the sustainability o Puerto Cayos shing stocks since the

ate 1970s.

Research and monitoring:This work has been supported by extensive

esearch with partner organisations. To this end, the Coastal Marine

tudies and Research Centre (Centro de Educacin e InvestigacinCostero Marina - CEICOMAR) has provided the JMPP with ongoing

upport to measure the success o shing and conservation

nitiatives through participatory research. This body has also given

he group a platorm or advising resource management policy

ecisions at the municipal and district levels. In addition, research

as also been undertaken with the National Fisheries Institute. A

ollow-up to the shrimp catch closure period o December 2002 to

anuary 2003 was conducted that identied faws in this approach,

laiming that the interests o the shing community were not

uciently taken into account. This account was published on the

nstitutes website or public dissemination. More recently, the JMPP

has partnered with the institute to conduct a study on the seasvariability o the shrimp resource (both Litopenaeus vanname

Litpenaeus stylirostris) to determine the most eective timing

closure periods that consider local dynamics o this resources u

Livelihoods diversication: Alternative livelihoods developmen

been identied as a strategy to supplement the boards conserv

work. Creating alternative sources o income generation could re

reliance on shrimp resources. In 2004, the JMPP incorporated

projects being implemented by the Manabi provincial developm

agency with unding rom the Spanish Agency or Internat

Development Cooperation (AECID): the Fisheries Service Cent

Puerto Cayo, and the Association o Artisanal and Agro-indu

Fishers o Puerto Cayo.

These projects have ocussed on enterprise development o

shing community. To date, the Service Centre has given tra

on micro-enterprises, and has sought to acquire machiner

establish processing o raw materials or local producers. A la

nancial resources has hindered this eort, however, and the ce

currently lacks the technologies to provide viable alternative inc

generating activities or local people.

A second initiative that has attempted to create a new sourc

income or the Puerto Cayo community has been the developm

o tourism in the region. From 2000 to 2002, Comitato Internazio

per lo Sviluppo dei Popoli (International Committee or Development o Peoples, an Italian NGO) implemented a

year, GEF Small Grants Programme-unded project in the co

communities o Puerto Cayo and Puerto Lpez, aiming to incr

their capacity to prot rom the local tourist trade. Visitors

attracted to the coast to see Isla de la Plata, reerred to as a

Galapagos by many guide books, and to take humpback w

watching boats trips. Capacity building and training exercises

given in marketing, distribution o inormation on local conserva

eorts, and constructing handicrats. It is still hoped that ecotou

may provide a sustainable source o income-generation or the


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Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS

Puerto Cayo lies at the heart o an important ecological zone

omprised o marine, coastal, orest and wetlands ecosystem types.

n 2002, biological samples determined the existence o a high

diversity o species along the coastline, indicated by the widespread

ncidence o crustaceans. This coastal marine area is bordered by

6,215 hectares o protected dry tropical orest in the Machalilla

National Park. In 1990, this park was named an internationally

mportant wetlands site under the Ramsar Convention. Vegetation

ncludes opuntia cactus, palo santo trees, kapok trees and the

lgaroba tree. Wildlie includes armadillos, monkeys, and more than

270 bird species.

Many o the large mammals in Machalilla National Park are regionally

nd locally endangered. The park is the only habitat outside o the

Galapagos Islands o waved albatross. The ocean regions o the park

lso provide a breeding ground or humpback whales. The park

ncludes the biologically diverse Isla de la Plata, which boasts several

pecies o seabird, including the Blue-ooted, Red-ooted, and Nazca

booby. Another species ound here is the South American sea lion,

while the Pantropical spotted dolphin can be ound in the water

near the island.

The positive biodiversity impacts o JMPPs work in Puerto Cayo

have been seen in reducing pressures on the various sh specieso commercial importance or artisanal shers. The new shing

net introduced in the 1990s has reduced bycatch in shrimp shing,

while also reducing the number o juvenile shrimp caught. This has

llowed stocks o Litopenaeus vannamei and Litpenaeus stylirostris

o regenerate, providing the shing community with a sustained

ource o income. Apart rom these targeted shrimp species,

ustainable sheries management has also benetted species such

s Spondylus princeps (a bivalve mollusc species that is endangered

n Ecuador), lobsters, and sea cucumbers.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

Puerto Cayos sustainable management o local sheries has

complementary ecological and economic benets. The conti

existence o healthy shrimp stocks has ensured that shermen

able to generate income rom harvesting and selling this spe

JMPPs work has included the neighbouring shing comm

o La Boca, meaning that a total o around 2,000 people in t

rural, underdeveloped parishes have benetted rom the bo

management o sheries. These benets have been elt in term

sustained, consistent, and predictable level o income.

JMPP has also sought to improve the diversication o livelihactivities by encouraging the development o small-

agribusinesses and tourism activities. Provided the group ob

sucient resources or the Fisheries Service Centre to operate

time, this will promote the growth o micro-enterprises in the re

The boards operations have also attracted external unders to

area, including the Spanish Agency or International Developm

Cooperation, the development agency o Manabi province

Coastal Marine Studies and Research Centre, and the Ecuado

Poverty Reduction and Local Rural Development (PROLO

programme, which has sought to improve educational opportun

in Manabi.

POLICY IMPACTS

Since the late 1970s, sustainable management o sheries in Pu

Cayo has been driven by the parish-level government author

This work has been institutionalised through the Particip

Fisheries Management Board, which has brought toge

numerous local, provincial, and national government agen

Its work has thereore been an integral part o Ecuadorian co

sheries policy, and has helped to drive the evolution o this p

Its success was given ocial recognition by the Under Secret


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or Fishery Resources. This government agency has subsequently

promoted the ormation o other sheries boards in other areas o

he Ecuadorian coastline, devolving the management o coastal

esources to local communities.

n terms o urther policy advocacy, eorts continue to secure the

exclusive use o marine resources up to eight nautical miles rom the

horeline or the artisanal sheries sector. This has been allied with

ncreased surveillance o commercial shing trawlers, to ensure thathey do not impact shing stocks or small-scale coastal shing.

Attempts to infuence these kinds o policies are hampered by

lack o organization o the Puerto Cayo shing community.

24% o shers are members o an organized body, meaning th

signicant number are still spread along the coast, and are di

to mobilize to pursue coordinated policy goals. The disparate sp

o the shing population also makes it costly to channel the reve

and benets rom local development programmes to all ta

recipients, as well as adequately compensate those aecte

shing regulations. It has also made it dicult to ensure compliwith these regulations.

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In countries where primary information is not generated, one should encourage, promote an

finance the processes of participatory research as in the specific case of Ecuador, to make a

impact on public policy with the participation and empowerment of those who comprise th

artisanal fisheries sector.

Oscar Pihuave, Participatory Fisheries Management Board of Puerto Cayo


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Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYhe work o JMPP is inherently sustainable, as demonstrated by its

uccess over the past thirty years. The initiative has been rooted in

ocal capacities since the outset, and even preceded sustainable

sheries management on a national scale. By demonstrating the

enets o sustainable management o natural resources or the

ocal shing community in the long-term, the board has established

solid oundation or the continuation o responsible shing

ractices. JMPP has achieved a high level o organisational, social,

nd ecological sustainability.

ts close relationship with government development agencies since

he early 1990s ensures that the work o the board will continue

o be given institutional support within Ecuador. The initiative has

lso attracted support rom international development actors,

uch as the Italian NGO Comitato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo dei

opoli, and the Spanish Agency or International Development

Cooperation (AECID). The ormer implemented a two-year, USD

0,000 grant capacity-building project in Puerto Cayo to equip local

eople to benet rom ecotourism. AECID, meanwhile, unded the

onstruction o the Fisheries Service Centre in partnership with the

Manabi provincial development agency, with a grant o 100,000

etween 2005 and 2010. Another USD 50,000 was invested in the

rea by the Under Secretariat or Fishery Resources during 2002-

003. These partnerships have been critical or JMPPs success inelping to build capacity and nance local investment.

artners to the board have also provided non-nancial support that

as helped sustain the initiatives work: scientists and researchers

rom the Coastal Marine Studies and Research Centre have partnered

n participatory research with the Puerto Cayo shing community

ince 2003. The National Fisheries Institute regulates protection

measures or coastal area resources. The long-term sustainability o

he initiative would be boosted, however, by the urther development

the Service Centre to promote local micro-enterprises. This is

ritical or diversiying income sources or community members

who are otherwise reliant on shrimp harvesting. In turn, this wbetter support the shing regulations currently in place. Invest

in processing machinery and technologies are required or

centre to be ully operational again. Similarly, investment in the

is necessary to boost local ecotourism, which could also prov

substantial source o income or the Puerto Cayo community.

PARTNERS

Parish Board: Began the initiative; has supervised shing regula

since late 1970s.

National Fisheries Institute: Regulates coastal marine reso

protection measures.

Coastal Marine Studies and Research Centre (CEICOMAR):

conducted participatory research with the Puerto Cayo s

community since 2003.

Fisheries Cooperatives o Puerto Cayo and Isla de la P

Cooperatives that coordinate sustainable management eor

two shing communities.

Coastal Resources Management Programme (PMRC): Provided

or documenting baseline conditions in the Puerto Cayo commu

led to the introduction o a net that was less damaging to sh

and reduced the by-catch o larval and juvenile shellsh and n

Under Secretariat or Fishery Resources:Invested USD 50,000 inarea during 2002-2003

Comitato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo dei Popoli:Implementwo-year, USD 50,000 project (unded by the UNDP-impleme

GEF Small Grants Programme) in Puerto Cayo to equip local pe

to benet rom ecotourism (2000-2002).

Spanish Agency or International Development Coopera

(AECID): Funded the construction o the Fisheries Service Cent

partnership with the Manabi provincial development agency

Poverty Reduction and Local Rural Development (PROLOC

Education initiative in Manabi province.

Directorate General o the Merchant Marine and Coastal A

Board member.


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Tel: +1 646 781 4023

www.equatorinitiative.org

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and

necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.

The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati

o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

2012 by Equator Initiative

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FURTHER REFERENCE

Participatory Fisheries Management Board o Puerto Cayo PhotoStory (Vimeo) http://vimeo.com/24480017

Graber, Carly A., Los retos de la ormacin de un proyecto comunitario de ecoturismo: un caso de estudio de Puerto Cayo, Ecua

(2011). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 182. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/182
http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348151691.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348164376.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348163999.pdf

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Case Studies UNDP: PARTICIPATORY FISHERIES MANAGEMENT BOARD OF PUERTO CAYO, Ecuador

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