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Case study on road accidents

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SIX SIGMA METHODOLOGIES ON ROAD ACCIDENTS SUBMITTED BY: Group no.- 5 ANTRIKSH SAXENA (12115019) ANUJ ARORA (12115020) ARPIT KUMAR AGRAWAL (12115024) PANDE PADMANABH (121150) PRERIT DAK (12115072)
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Page 1: Case study on road accidents

SIX SIGMA METHODOLOGIES ON ROAD ACCIDENTS

SUBMITTED BY:

Group no.- 5

ANTRIKSH SAXENA (12115019)

ANUJ ARORA (12115020)

ARPIT KUMAR AGRAWAL (12115024)

PANDE PADMANABH (121150)

PRERIT DAK (12115072)

Page 2: Case study on road accidents

INTRODUCTION

Road safety is a multi-sectorial subject. It includes proper development

and management of roads, provision of safer vehicles, and a serious response to accidents.

Owing to unsafe conditions on roads, the rate at which road accidents are happening in India

has been high.

According to WHO statistics for 2002, out of about 11.8 lakh road

accident deaths across the world, 84,674 deaths were reported from India itself. In the year

2004, the number deaths in India due to road accidents increased to 92,618. GDP has gone

down by 3 percent due to road accidents. Considering the gravity of the situation, there is

consensus that concerted measures are necessary for reducing this high level of accident

deaths and injuries through improved safety measures and traffic management. In India with the

expansion in road network, motorization and urbanization in the country, the number of road

accidents have surged.

Road safety has become the issue of national concern, considering the

statistics and the consequent negative effects on the economy of the country, public health. One

of the major portion of deaths, disabilities and hospitalizations, with severe socioeconomic

costs, across the world is shared by RTIs (Road Traffic Incidents). World Health Statistics 2008

cited in Global Status Report on Road Safety states that RTIs in 2004 were the 9th leading

cause of death and at current rates by 2030 are expected to be the 5th leading cause of death.

Thus, there is an urgent need to recognize the worsening road safety

situation in order to take appropriate action. Road traffic injury prevention and mitigation should

be given the same attention and scale of resources that are currently being channeled towards

other predominant health issues, if increasing human loss and injury on the roads, with their

devastating human impact and large economic cost to society are to be avoided.

Page 3: Case study on road accidents

ANALYSIS

STATISTICS:-

Expansion in the road network, a surge in motorization and the rising

population in the country contribute toward the increasing numbers of road accidents, road

accident injuries and road accident fatalities. The road network in India, the numbers of

registered motor vehicles in the country and the country’s population have increased at a

compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.4%, 9.9% and 1.6% respectively, during the decade

2001 to 2011. During the same period, the number of road accidents in the country increased at

a CAGR of 2.1%. Similarly, the number of road accident fatalities and the number of persons

injured in road accidents in the country between 2001 and 2011 increased by 5.8% and 2.4%

respectively.

Between 1970 and 2011, the number of accidents increased 4.4 times

accompanied with 9.8 times increase in fatalities and 7.3 times increase in the number of

persons injured, against the backdrop of more than a 100-fold increase in the number of

registered motor vehicles and close to a four-fold Increase in the road network.

1. Total number of road accidents, persons killed, and Persons injured during 2002-2011:-

During 2011, a total of 4, 97,686 road accidents were reported by all

States/UTs [Figure 1]. The proportion of fatal accidents in the total road accidents has

consistently increased since 2002 from 18.1 to 24.4% in 2011. The severity of road accidents

measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents has also increased from 20.8 in 2002 to

28.6 in 2011.

Fig 1

Page 4: Case study on road accidents

2. State wise analysis:-

During the calendar year 2012, Tamil Nadu has reported the maximum

number of road accidents (67,757) accounting for 15.4% of such accidents in the country.

Although Maharashtra had the highest number of registered vehicles in the country, the highest

number of deaths due to road accidents during the years were reported in Tamil Nadu (11.6%)

followed by Uttar Pradesh (10.9%), Andhra Pradesh (10.8%) and Maharashtra (10.0%). The

rate of accidental deaths per thousand vehicles was highest in Bihar and West Bengal at 1.9

each followed by Himachal Pradesh (1.8), Andhra Pradesh (1.5) and Jammu and Kashmir (1.5)

as compared to 1.0 at the national level. The rate of deaths per 100 cases of road accidents as

the highest in Nagaland (133.3), followed by Punjab (75.8) and Mizoram (70.0) as compared to

31.6 at the national level. The deaths in Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh and

Andhra Pradesh, due to road accidents were reported to be 69.6, 67.5, 53.5 and 51.9%

respectively.

Fig. 2

15.7

8.39.1

7.6 7.66.3 6 6.1

3.6

23.6

6.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

Share in total number of road accidents (%) during 2012

Page 5: Case study on road accidents

3. Road accident deaths by various modes of transport during 2012 :-

During 2012, road traffic accidents shared 35.2% of the accidental

deaths; 23.2% of the victims of road accidents were occupants of ‘two wheelers’ [Figure 3].

Although the break-up of total government and private vehicles is not available, it is pertinent to

note that the majority of victims were traveling in private Vehicles. During 2012, Delhi city,

among the 53 mega cities, accounted for 16.1% of the deaths of pedestrians’, 10.0% deaths

due to car accidents and 9.5% deaths due to two wheelers.

Fig. 3 (Share of various modes of transport in Road Accidents during 2012)

4. Latest characteristics of road traffic accidents in India:-

a) Classification of Roads: National Highways accounted for 30.1% of the total road

accidents and 37.1% of the total number of persons killed in 2011. State Highways

accounted for 24.6% of the total accidents and a share of 27.4 % of the total number of persons killed in road accidents in 2011.

b) Spatial distribution: In 2011, the total number of accidents that occurred in rural areas

(53.5%) was more than that in the urban areas (46.5%). Rural areas had more fatalities

23.2

19.2

10.19.4

8.3

6.7

4.8

2.2

10.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

Two Wheeler Trucks Car Bus Pedestrian Jeep Threewheeler

Bicycle Others

Page 6: Case study on road accidents

(63.4%) than urban areas (36.6 %). The number of persons injured was also more in rural

areas (59.4 %), as compared to urban areas (40.6 %).

c) Age and gender of accident victims: The detailed age profile of accident victims other

than the drivers, for the year 2011, revealed that the age group between 25 and 65 years

accounted for the largest share, 51.9%, of total road accident casualties, followed by the

age group between 15 and 24 years, with a share of 30.3%. More than half of the road

traffic casualties were in the wage-earning age group. Only 15% of the road accident victims were females during the calendar year 2012.

Page 7: Case study on road accidents

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES

1. MAJOR CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS:-

Road accident is the most unwanted thing to happen to a road user, though they happen quite often. The most unfortunate thing is that we don’t learn from our mistakes on road. Most of the road users are quite well aware of the general rules and safety measures while using roads but it is only on part of road users which cause accidents and crashes. Main cause of accidents and crashes are due to human errors. Following are common behavior of humans which results in accidents.

Over Speeding

Drunken Driving

Distractions to Driver

Red Light Jumping

Avoiding Safety Gears like Seat belts and Helmets

a) Over Speeding:

Most of the fatal accidents occur due to over speeding. Human want thrill and adventure and drive in high speed and don’t know that high speed driving might be last driving of him. Increase in speed multiplies the risk of accident and severity of injury during accident. Faster vehicles are more prone to accident than the slower ones and the severity of accident will also be more in case of faster vehicles. A vehicle moving on high speed will have greater impact during the crash and hence will cause more injuries to traveler as well as other people. The ability to judge the forthcoming events also gets reduced while driving at faster speed which causes error in judgment and finally a crash.

b) Drunken Driving:

Alcohol reduces concentration. It decreases reaction time of the human body. It hampers vision due to dizziness. Alcohol dampens fear and incites humans to take risks. All these factors cause accidents and many times it proves fatal. For every increase of 0.05 blood alcohol concentration, the risk of accidents doubles. Apart from alcohol and drugs, medicines also affect the skills and concentration necessary for driving.

c) Distraction to Driver:

The distraction while driving could be minor but it can cause major accidents. The major distraction nowadays is talking on mobile while driving. While talking on phone brain uses most of its part for communication and less for driving. This

Page 8: Case study on road accidents

division of brain hampers reaction time and ability of judgments. This becomes one of the major reasons of crashes. Some of the distractions on road are:-

Stereo/Radio in vehicle

Adjusting mirrors while driving

Animals roaming on the road

Banners and billboards.

d) Red light jumping:

It is a common sight at road intersections that vehicles cross without caring for the light. The common conception is that stopping at red signals is wastage of time and fuel. Studies have shown that traffic signals followed properly by all drivers save time and commuters reach destination safely and timely. A red light jumper not only jeopardizes his life but also the safety of other road users. This act by one driver incites other driver to attempt it and finally causes chaos at crossings .This chaos at intersection is the main cause of traffic jams. Eventually everybody gets late to their destinations. It has also been seen that the red light jumper crosses the intersection with greater speed to avoid crash and challan but it hampers his ability to judge the ongoing traffic and quite often causes crashes.

e) Avoiding Safety Gears like seat belts and helmets:

Not use of seat belt in four-wheeler and not wearing seat belt invites penalty, same as the case of helmets for two wheeler drivers. Wearing seat belts and helmet has been brought under law after proven studies that these two things reduce the severity of injury during accidents. Wearing seat belts and helmets doubles the chances of survival in a serious accident. One should use safety gears of prescribed standard and tie them properly for optimum safety.

2. GENERAL MEASURES TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS:-

The main thrust of accident prevention and control across the world has been on 4 Es

(I) Education,

(ii) Enforcement,

(iii) Engineering and

(iv)Environment and Emergency care of off-road accident victims.

The Government of India has been focusing on all these four approaches in its policies and programmers. The safety of road users is primarily the responsibility of the State

Page 9: Case study on road accidents

Government concerned. However, Central Ministry has taken several steps to improve road safety for road users which are as under:

It is ensured that road safety is the integral part of road design at planning stage. Various steps to enhance road safety such as road furniture, road markings/road signs, introduction of Highway Traffic Management System using Intelligent Transport System, and enhancement of discipline among contractors during construction, road safety audit on selected stretches, have been undertaken by National Highways Authority of India.

Refresher training to Heavy Motor Vehicle drivers in the unorganized sectors being implemented by the Ministry since 1997-98 under plan activities.

Setting up of Model Driving Training School in the States by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

Publicity campaign on road safety awareness both through the audio-visual and print media by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

National Awards for voluntary organizations/individual for outstanding work in the field of road safety.

Tightening of safety standards of vehicles like Seat Belts, Power-steering, rear view mirror, etc.

Providing cranes and ambulances to various State Governments/NGOs under National Highway Accident Relief Service Scheme. National Highways Authority of India also provides ambulances at a radius of 50 Km.

Widening and improvements of National Highways from 2 lanes to 4 lanes and 4 lanes to 6 lanes, etc.

Central Government has felt the need for developing institutional mechanism to provide training to trainers to impart quality training to the drivers, as nearly 78.0% of all road accidents are caused due to drivers’ fault. A scheme for setting up of model driving training school has been formulated by the Ministry. Under the revised scheme, 10 schools at an estimated cost of 140 crore were proposed to be set up during the Eleventh Five Year Plan. So far, sanction has been accorded by the Ministry for setting up of 7 Institutes of Driving Training and Research, namely Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. The Ministry is also in process of sanctioning 3 more such institutes.

National Highway Accident Relief Service Scheme (NHARSS) entails providing cranes and ambulances to States/UTs/NGOs for relief and rescue measures in the aftermath of accidents by way of evacuating road accident victims to nearest medical aid center and for clearing the accident site. So far, 347 Ten ton cranes and 106small/medium size cranes have been sanctioned under the scheme. 579 ambulances have been sanctioned to States/UTs/NGOs under the scheme. During 2011-12, 30 cranes, 30 ambulances and 20 small/medium sized cranes are proposed to be provided.

Further, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways would provide 140 advanced life-support ambulances to 140 identified hospitals to be upgraded under the Ministry of

Page 10: Case study on road accidents

Health and Family Welfare’s Scheme ‘establishment of an integrated network of Trauma Centers’ along the Golden Quadrilateral, North-South and East-West Corridors of the National Highways by upgrading the trauma care facilities in 140 identified State Government hospitals. 70 ambulances have already been provided. Another 70 ambulances were provided during the Financial Year 2011-12.

3. Publicity Measures and Awareness Campaign on Road Safety:-

With a view to raise road safety awareness among the general public, the Government has been undertaking various publicity measures through DAVP and professional agencies in the form of telecasting/broadcasting of T.V. spots/Radio jingles, display of cinema slides, hoardings, organizing Road Safety Week, Seminars, Exhibitions, All India Essay Competition on Road Safety, printing of handbills/stickers, posters, etc., containing road safety messages for various segments of road users viz. Pedestrians, cyclists, school children, heavy vehicle drivers, etc. painting on road railings on themes of road safety, road safety games, calendars depicting road safety messages, etc.

Following are some of the measures to be taken in this direction:

1. To promote awareness about road safety issues

2. To establish a road safety information database.

3. To ensure safer road infrastructure by way of designing safer roads, encouraging application of Intelligent Transport System, etc.

4. To ensure fitment of safety features in the vehicles at the stage of designing, manufacture, usage, operation and maintenance.

5. To strengthen the system of driver licensing and training to improve the competence of drivers.

6. To take measures to ensure safety of vulnerable road users.

7. To take appropriate measures for enforcement of safety laws.

Page 11: Case study on road accidents

IMPLEMENTATION OF PERSPECTIVES THROUGH SIX SIGMA:-

SIX SIGMA METHODOLOGY:-

The Greek letter lower-case sigma (σ) is used to represent standard deviation (i.e., how much a process varies from its average value). Under the Six Sigma methodology, deficiencies are described in terms of "defects" per million opportunities, with the value of 6σ (six sigma) signifying 3.4 defects per million opportunities. Six Sigma uses the following five-step process known as DMAIC (Design, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) to significantly reduce defects in processes, products, and/or services:

Step1: Define- The purpose of this step is to clearly define the business problem, goal, potential resources, project scope and high-level project timeline. This information is typically captured within project charter document. Steps include writing down what we currently know. The analyst individual or group must seek to clarify facts, set objectives and form the project team.

Step 2: Measure - Define and explain clearly, the process to be improved and the defect for the

project, and identify a clear and appropriate measure for the defect;

Step 3: Analyze - determine the root causes of the defect;

Step 4: Improve - develop solutions to address the root causes and validate process

improvement; and

Step 5: Control - implement a long-term strategy to ensure that the improvements are sustained.

The methodology can be applied to any process that allows the measurement of benefits and improvements in defect reduction, whether in the manufacture of a product, the delivery of a service, the control of costs or the management and prevention of injuries and illnesses.

Step 1: Define

To analyze the MOTOR VEHICLES ACCIDENT (MVA) problem, an MVA project

team is created. The team establishes an initial realistic goal of reducing MVAs by 20 percent over a year's period to be followed by continuing reductions until the goal of nearly half the incidents (50 percent reduction) was achieved.

Page 12: Case study on road accidents

Step 2: Measure

After creating a project charter, which defined the project's timelines and objectives, the team began to collect information on the variables associated with MVAs. These variables included factors related to the accident, the driver, and the vehicle driven, along with details of the accident itself.

Step 3: Analyze After identifying the variables associated with MVAs, the team divided them into three basic categories of possible risk factors: methods, people, and environment. (Figure 1.)

Figure 1. Possible MVA Risk Factors

Methods People Environment

Not adjusting mirrors/seats Hurrying Slippery surface

Not "Aiming High" in steering Inattention to construction work nearby

Reduced width of lanes

Not utilizing a spotter when backing

Pulling forward before stopping/looking

Heavy traffic in many areas

Not checking behind vehicle before backing

Inattention while backing Unfamiliar area

Left a running vehicle unattended

Tired

Eating while driving

Using cell phone/radio and other electronics

Not getting clear picture of surroundings

Inattention or casual attitude while driving

Driving too fast for conditions

Variables in the methods category were related to subjects’ driving skills; risk factors in the

Page 13: Case study on road accidents

people category were largely behavioral and depend from person to person; and variables in the environment category were related to both the driver's attitude and the condition of the surrounding environment. The team next performed a root-cause evaluation that analyzes the probability of each risk factor occurring and also helps in determining whether it was measurable. The actual MVAs are then classified according to:

Site (i.e., off-site, on-site, business sites, plant within site);

Environmental conditions (e.g., weather, light);

Vehicle (i.e., Company-owned or -leased); and

Moving backward or not.

Next, the team studies the police and accident reports of the MVAs and surveys the drivers involved in accidents to determine which factors played key roles in the accidents. Such an analysis confirms that in general the following three variables contribute to (i.e., were the root causes of) most of the MVAs:

Not focusing on driving in general;

Not having a clear picture of surroundings (e.g., not properly evaluating road conditions, other vehicles); and

Not checking behind the vehicle before braking or taking reverse or stopping.

Through its analysis, it is determined that all of the accidents involving backing up are avoidable as are 81 percent of the other types of accidents.

Step 4: Improve:-

After determining the most significant root causes of the MVAs through the Six Sigma's analysis and validation steps, the team develops a series of driver procedures, pre-requisites or steps to address the risk factors. For example, all drivers involved in MVAs are now required to complete a course on defensive driving and have their driving observed by a supervisor in an "in-car" driver improvement course. These drivers develop a "Learning Experience Report," the progress and result of which is shared with other employees. In addition, topics pertaining to driving safely are discussed at regular (generally monthly) environmental, health and safety meetings. Every employee is also obliged to review a 10-step "Arrive Alive" checklist (Figure 2) before driving a company-owned or -leased vehicle, and suggested procedures for backing up and follow guidelines for using cell phones.

Figure 2. Vehicle Pre-Startup Checklist 10 Steps to Arrive Alive

I realize that my number 1 priority right now is to drive this vehicle safely and without any possible dangers, to my destination.

I have checked behind the vehicle for obstacles; it is safe to back my vehicle if the need to do so arises.

I am mentally and physically alert and am capable of making this trip.

Page 14: Case study on road accidents

I have securely fastened my seat belt and adjusted it such that it is not too tight while keeping me comfortable at the same time. I am aware of the weather conditions and realize that it can change during my trip. I will adjust my driving technique to allow for darkness, fog, rain, ice, etc. and other disturbances. I will be alert for traffic and road hazards and adjust my driving accordingly to safely allow for them.

I will obey all posted highway traffic signs. I will have a good attitude toward my driving, and I will be courteous.

I will devote my complete attention to safely operating this vehicle, and I will not allow distractions to take my mind away from driving. I remember the keys to safe driving

Aim high in steering Get the big picture,

Make sure the other vehicles' owners see you, Keep your eyes moving, and Leave yourself an out,

And I will practice them as I drive towards my destination.

Step 5: Control: -

The final phase of the project requires that controls be established to make possible the project's immediate MVA reduction of 20% and to develop further improvements in line with the set target of 50% reduction. In line with the same the project team develops and holds a series of specific presentations, some with general information given to all drivers, and others with more in-depth information for drivers involved in MVAs and/or who drive over 30,000 miles per year in an assigned vehicle. The project team also establishes new criteria for investigating future MVAs cases that provide for the continuing collection of useful data. All MVAs are made the subject of root-cause investigations, and the findings are reviewed and tracked by an MVA reduction team. As new risk behaviors are identified, this team is responsible for developing appropriate corrective measures and employee education programs to combat and reduce the harm caused by these new risk factors.

Case study of DOW Chemical Company using DMAIC process:-

This type of project was conducted in a real life situation of the DOW Chemical Company during the 3rd quarter of 2002, and the improvements and control plan was put into place in beginning of January 2003. For 2001 and 2002, the Dow's Hydrocarbons and Energy business unit (HC&E) experienced 23 MVAs each year (46 total); in 2003 and 2004, the HC&E department experienced 15 and 17 MVAs, respectively (32) for a 30 percent reduction. This number exceeded the set goal of 20 percent reduction established as the immediate goal by the project charter and placed the Dow HC&E business unit even closer to its 2005 goal of 50 percent fewer MVAs . Following this success, many of the training materials developed by the project team (e.g., Vehicle Pre-Startup Checklist shown in Figure 2) have been adopted for use at other Dow businesses. While only work-related MVAs have been tracked for this project, it is likely that the driver education initiatives have helped employees avoid accidents outside of

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working hours as well. The project team in this case believes that the Six Sigma methodology was a key factor in the project's success. Through Six Sigma, the project team was able to validate the root causes of the MVAs prior to implementing corrective actions, saving both the time and expense of studying and correcting factors that did not contribute significantly to the accidents. As a result, the MVA project team was able to achieve substantial improvements almost immediately. Moreover, the improvements that the team made to record keeping and data collection will help ensure that as root causes develop, they are identified and eliminated on an on-going basis.

Dow adopted the Six Sigma methodology to accelerate the Company's improvement in quality and productivity. Dow has expanded the use of this approach to help manage aspects of the Company's operations beyond production and quality, including the safety and health of its workforce. Some of the other projects to which Dow has applied the Six Sigma methodology include:

Reducing repetitive stress injuries;

Improving safety for visitors (especially contractors);

Reducing site-logistics risks; and

Improving off-the-job safety processes.

These projects have been key components of Dow's 2005 goals, which include reducing Dow's reportable injury and illness rate by 90 percent to 0.24. As the example in the case study illustrates, Dow's has found the Six Sigma methodology particularly useful in identifying and validating root causes that are hard to discern because of their subjectivity and in focusing improvements in a motor vehicles program in ways that caused measurable improvements. Moreover, since the Six Sigma process includes the implementation of controls to ensure that achievements are sustained over a long term, the Company expects to realize the benefits of its efforts for years to come.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Increasing road accidents and death rate give a wakeup call to everyone.

Quality guru, Taguchi, used the term “social loss”, and the same word is applicable here. The

loss of life of an individual is loss to the society. “Tsunami”, in the year 2004, claimed the life of

nearly 8,000 people in Tamil Nadu. Now, the same state witnessing the same kind of loss every

year due to road accidents, i.e., “every year one Tsunami”. There is clearly a need for road

safety education and it should be directed towards road users, who are frequently involved and

injured in RTAs (e.g. students). An integrated program of road safety education is suggested.

(a) Pre-school children may be introduced to the elementary concepts of road safety through stories involving the animal world.

(b) Primary school children may be given practice guidance on the use of sidewalks and road crossing techniques.

(c) For middle school students - road signs and bicycle riding.

(d) High school students can be taught about reaction time, braking distance, defensive driving

and hazards of alcoholic drinks.

Road side random breath testing for alcohol should be done by using breath

analyzers, which can be confirmed by blood concentration level of alcohol. The real pressure

and motivation to improve driving skills can come only through licensing authorities by adopting

stricter, more comprehensive and scientifically based test laying a stress on road rules,

regulations and traffic control devices. At the time of giving license to the public transport drivers

(Bus and Trucks), they can be given training in first-aid skills so that victims are attended

immediately in the post-accident period.

The final observation is, the commuters are wasting nearly 15% of their travelling time

on road because of congestion and traffic jam. This idle time may increase another 5 to 10 %

around 6.00 pm to 7.00 pm. The people want to compensate this idle/waiting time by over

speeding/rash driving, which leads to accidents. Increasing the speed is not the solution, but

providing infrastructure and inculcating good culture among drivers and commuters is the need

of the hour. The implementation of DMAIC principle on road safety will reduces road accidents

and traffic problem by 50%.The accidents/losses could not be solved by machines (vehicles) but

by men (Good behavior).

In this paper, we presented a structured approach to integrating security into eGMM

with the eGSSM. Using Sigma DMAIC principles this model seeks to quantify the processes that

support e-Government and security risk mitigation efforts. This is established on the premise

that if you do not measure processes and security risk mitigation efforts, then you cannot control it and if you cannot control it, then you cannot be improved.

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References:-

1. Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Road Accidents in India 2011. New Delhi: Ministry of Road Transport And Highways, Government of India; 2012.

2. World Health Organization. Estimates of mortality by causes for

WHO member states for the year 2008 summary tables. Geneva:

WHO; 2011. 3. United Nations Decade of action for road safety 2011-2020. Available

From: http:// www.decadeofaction.org [Last accessed on 2013 Jul 15].

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