Case - UZH - Institut für Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft · From Payne (1997) Describing...

Case

Typology in practice, class 4

Semantic roles

Blake Case is a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads.

Included are: • Those dependents that are determined by the verb • Genitives (with N as their head) • Dependents of adpositions • Modifiers of the verb

Domain & variable definitions

Domain

Semantico-pragmatic aspects

Formal-realizational aspects

Linguistic variables

independent dependent


Case






Case

Semantic roles or relations

Formal realizations of semantic roles



Semantic roles

semantic roles

Pāṇini grammar of Sanskrit (between 600-300 BC)

kāraka theory The verb is the head of the clause and each nominal dependent is assigned to one of six kārakas (semantic roles).

kartṛ agent karman object karaṇa instrument saṃpradāna destination apādāna source adhikaraṇa locus

nominative accusative instrumental dative ablative locative

vocative genitive

Semantic roles

semantic roles

Devadatt-ena pac-ya-te odana-h Devadatta-inst cook-pass-3sg rice-nom ‘The rice has been cooked by Devadatta.’

Devadatta odana-m paca-ti Devadatta.nom rice-acc cook-3sg ‘Devadatta cooks the rice.’

From Blake (2008) The history of the research on case. Oxford Handbook of Case, Malchukov & Spencer (eds)

Semantic roles

semantic roles



Agent

Object (patient)

Nominative

Accusative

Instrumental


Semantic roles

semantic roles



Agent

Object (patient)

Nominative

Accusative

Instrumental


Semantic role ≠ Syntactic role

Semantic roles

Fillmore (1968, 1977): universal atomic semantic roles

Agent: the instigator of the event Counter-agent: the force or resistance against which the action is carried out. Object: the entity that moves of changes or whose position or existence is in consideration Result: the entity that comes into existence as a result of the action Instrument: the stimulus or immediate physical cause of the event Source: the place from which something moves Goal: the place to which someone moves Experiencer: the entity which receives or accepts or experiences or undergoes the effect of an action.

From Palmer (1994) Grammatical roles and relations. CUP.

Semantic roles

Core versus periphery

walk

hit

give

Agent (who walks)

Agent (who hits)

Patient (who is hit)

Agent (who gives)

Patient (which is given)

Recipient

In the library

At noon

With a stick

Semantic roles

Core semantic roles (comparative concepts)

S Only argument of intransitive verb A More agent-like argument of transitive verb P (O) More patient-like argument of transitive verb


Semantic roles/relations Grammatical roles in specific

languages

Huánuco Quechua (Peru) Juan aywa-n Juan.NOM go-3 ‘Juan goes.’ Juan Pedro-ta maqa-n Juan.nom Pedro-acc hit-3 ‘Juan hits Pedro.’

Yup’ik (Alaska) Doris-aq ayallruuq Doris-ABS traveled ‘Doris traveled.’ Tom-am Doris-aq cingallrua Tom.nom Doris-abs greet ‘Tom greets Doris.’

From Payne (1997) Describing morphosyntax. Cambridge: CUP.



languages

Huánuco Quechua (Peru) Juan aywa-n Juan.NOM go-3 ‘Juan goes.’ Juan Pedro-ta maqa-n Juan.nom Pedro-acc hit-3 ‘Juan hits Pedro.’

Yup’ik (Alaska) Doris-aq ayallruuq Doris-ABS traveled ‘Doris traveled.’ Tom-am Doris-aq cingallrua Tom.nom Doris-abs greet ‘Tom greets Doris.’



languages

Dyirbal

nguma banaganyu father.abs returned ‘Father returned.’

nguma yabu-nggu buran father:abs mother-erg saw ‘Mother saw father.’

ngana banaganyu we.nom returned ‘We returned.’

nguma ngana-na buran you we-acc saw ‘You saw us.’

Dixon, R.M.W. (1972). The Dyirbal language of North Queensland. Cambridge: CUP.



languages

Dyirbal

nguma banaganyu father.abs returned ‘Father returned.’

nguma yabu-nggu buran father:abs mother-erg saw ‘Mother saw father.’

ngana banaganyu we.nom returned ‘We returned.’

nguma ngana-na buran you we-acc saw ‘You saw us.’

Dixon, R.M.W. (1972). The Dyirbal language of North Queensland. Cambridge: CUP.



languages

Eastern Pomo

ha c’exélka 1sg.ag slide ‘I slided (on purpose, e.g. on sledge )

wi c’exélka 1sg.pat slide ‘I slipped (without wanting it)

McLendon, Sally. (1975). A Grammar of Eastern Pomo. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Semantic roles

Some basic alignment patterns

S

A P

accusative

S

A P

S

A P

ergative neutral

Semantic roles

Basic semantically-based roles

S Only argument of intransitive verb A More agent-like argument of transitive verb P (O) More patient-like argument of transitive verb

T the more patient-like argument of the non-agent- like arguments of a three-place predicate R the less goal-like (or patient-like) argument of the non-agent-like arguments of a three-place predicate

Comrie Haspelmath Bickel

Croft Malchukov

Siewierska

Semantic roles

Some basic alignment patterns

S

A P

accusative

S

A P

S

A P

ergative neutral

P

T R

indirective

P

T R

P

T R

directive neutral

Semantic roles

German: indirective Frau Jürgens repariert den Porsche. Ms Jürgens.NOM repairs the Porsche.ACC A V P 'Ms Jürgens is repairing the Porsche.' Der König stirbt. the king.NOM dies S V 'The king is dying.' Herr Kramer schenkt seiner Tochter einen Škoda. Mr Kramer.NOM gives his daughter.DAT a Škoda A V R T 'Mr Kramer is gives a Škoda to his daughter.'

Haspelmath, Martin. 2011. On S, A, P, T, and R as comparative concepts for alignment typology. Linguistic Typology 15(3): 535–567.

Semantic roles

Haspelmath, Martin. 2005. Argument Marking in Ditransitive Alignment Types. Linguistic Discovery 3(1).

ó pa mí

he kill me

‘He killed me.’

ó fún mi l’ ówó

he give me sec money

‘He gave me money.’ (Rowlands 1969:21)

Yoruba: directive

Semantic roles

Dissatisfaction with semantic roles

Dowty 1991 Where is the boundary between the different semantic roles? John hit Bill John saw Bill John remembered Bill All agents and patients or should we consider different semantic roles?

Semantic roles

Dissatisfaction with semantic roles

Dowty 1991 Is there a finite list of semantic roles? I drove the car for five miles DISTANCE This weighs five pounds WEIGHT He drove the car at 50 MpH RATE She walks quickly MANNER Where do we stop?


Case

Semantic roles and relations

Formal realizations of semantic roles



Realization mechanisms

Case marking & adpositions

Blake (p. 9): Adpositions can be considered to be analytic case markers as opposed to synthetic case markers.

Bakker 2013: In general a specific element in a language will be assumed to be an adposition only if it is morphologically independent and displays morphosyntactic behaviour distinct from more clearcut verbal, nominal or adverbial elements in that language.

Bickel & Nichols 2007: Adpositions are words which govern case and head a PP.


Hasan öküz-ü aldi Hasan ox-ACC bought ‘Hasan bought the ox.’

The farmer killed the duckling

lladdodd y ddraig y dyn killed the dragon the man ‘The dragon killed the man.’

nahita ny mpianatra ny vehivavy saw the student the woman ‘The woman saw the student

toto yahosiye kamara man it-grabbed-him jaguar ‘The jaguar grabbed the man.’

Turkish: SOV

English: SVO

Welsh: VSO

Malagasy: VOS

anana nota apa pineapple I fetch ‘I fetch the pineapple.’

Hixkaryana: OVS

Apurinã: OSV


Russian

Mal'chiki chitajut knigi. SVO boys-NOM read books-ACC Mal'chiki knigi chitajut SOV Knigi mal'chiki chitajut OSV Knigi chitajut mal'chiki OVS Chitajut mal'chiki knigi VSO Ch itajut knigi mal'chiki VOS


Mallinson & Blake 1981

VSO SVO SOV

+case 3 9 34

-case 6 26 7


Agreement/head marking: Yurakaré

winani-m

walk-you

‘You walked.’

ti-bëjta-m

I-see-you

‘You see me.’

mi-bëjta-y

you-see-I

‘I see you.’


Adverbs, verbal derivations, etc. Let’s go west(ward) Ayacucho Quechua (Adelaar & Muysken 2004) apa-mu-y apa-y carry-cis-imp carry-imp ‘Carry it here!’ ‘Carry it away.’


Domain






Domain

Case affixes

Agreement Adpositions

Adverbs

Word order

Core

semantic role A

Periphery

semantic role B

semantic role N

Domain definitions by others

Blake Case is a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads.

Included are: • Those dependents that are determined by the verb • Genitives (with N as their head) • Modifiers of the verb


Domain

Case affixes


Adverbs

Word order

Core

semantic role A

Periphery

semantic role B

semantic role N


Iggesen 2013: Number of cases “Morphological case on nominals is a common device to express the syntactic and semantic relationships between clausal constituents (…) In the languages lacking morphological case, grammatical relations are expressed by word order and/or morphologically and prosodically independent function words (in general, prepositions and postpositions), and partly also by morphological devices on the verb. ”


Number of Cases

Semantic roles

Domain

Case affixes


Adverbs

Word order

Core

semantic role A

Periphery

semantic role B

semantic role N


Dryer 2013: Position of case affixes “A morpheme is considered a case affix for the purposes of this map if it attaches to nouns and signals a grammatical or semantic relation to some other word, most commonly a verb. Some case affixes mark arguments of the verb, while others signal the semantic relationship of a noun phrase that is not an argument.”


Position of Case Affixes

Semantic roles

Domain

Case affixes


Adverbs

Word order

Core

semantic role A

Periphery

semantic role B

semantic role N


Baerman & Brown 2013: Case syncretism “This map shows instances of case syncretism in nominals (nouns, pronouns and adjectives). We identify case syncretism when a single inflected form corresponds to two or more case functions. The criterion used here for identifying case functions is form-based: a distinct morphosyntactic case is recognised for a language if it is ever correlated with a formal inflectional distinction.”

‘I’ ‘person’ nom-acc àʔàŋ káaw dat àʔàŋ àkáaw

‘land’ pl du sg abs nunat nunak nuna rel nunat nunak nunam

Central Yup’ik

Krongo

http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ypk

http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_kro


Case Syncretism

Semantic roles

Domain

Case affixes


Adverbs

Word order

Core

semantic role A

Periphery

semantic role B

semantic role N


Nichols & Bickel 2013: Locus of marking in possessive noun phrases “In any kind of phrase, overt morphosyntactic marking reflecting the syntactic relations within the phrase may be located on the head of the phrase, on a non-head (i.e. on a dependent), on both, or on neither. In possessive phrases, the possessed noun is head and the possessor is dependent.”


Locus of marking in possessive noun phrases

Semantic roles

Domain

Case affixes


Adverbs

Word order

Core

semantic role A

Periphery

semantic role B

semantic role N


Comrie 2013: Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases The core argument of a canonical, one-place intransitive predicate may be symbolized S. The two core arguments of a canonical, two-place transitive predicate may be symbolized as A and P, with A representing the more agent-like argument and P the more patient-like (…) Note that for the purposes of this chapter, only case marking is considered. Alignment of person marking in the verb is treated in Chapter 100. Other manifestations of alignment are also possible, such as word order, but are not treated here.


Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases

Semantic roles

Domain

Case affixes


Adverbs

Word order

Core

semantic role A

Periphery

semantic role B

semantic role N


Bickel & Nichols 2013: Sampling Case and Tense Formatives “We sampled individual formatives, one case (or case-like) formative and one tense-aspect-mood (or tense-like) formative.” Procedure for case “If there is any difference in the morphological type across case formatives, pick the grammatical cases. Within grammatical cases, pick accusative or ergative or agentive (or whatever is chiefly used on A or P arguments). If there is none of these, pick nominative or absolutive (if these are at all marked overtly). If neither the A nor the P argument of transitive clauses is identified as such by overt marking, or if case-marking is restricted to pronouns, assume the language has no “case”.”


Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives


Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives

Semantic roles

Domain

Case affixes


Adverbs

Word order

Core

semantic role A

Periphery

semantic role B

semantic role N

Date post:	20-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	buidan
View:	215 times
Download:	0 times

Case - UZH - Institut für Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft · From Payne (1997) Describing...

Documents