97
Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Unit 2 Cases and Motherboards
Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unit 2
Cases and
Motherboards
2
Motherboard Form Factors
• AT
• Baby or Mini AT
• ATX
• microATX, FlexATX, ITX, miniITX, BTX, NLX.
• Proprietary Designs
3
Proprietary Motherboard
4
ATX
Motherboard
ATX
Motherboard
5
Older motherboards are
designed for the original
Pentium Processor
6
Others are designed for
the Pentium II Processor
7
Today’s are designed for
the Pentium 4 Processor
8
Motherboard Form
Factors
•AT-Type
•ATX-Type
9
AT Motherboard
12”
13.5”
10
Typical AT Motherboard
11
ATX9.6”
12”
Menu
12
ATX Motherboard
13
The ChipsetCache
Memory
Cache
Memory
System
Controller
System
Controller
PCI Bus
Controller
PCI Bus
Controller
CPUCPU
Socket
Clock
Circuits
Clock
Circuits
14
Proprietary Cases
15
Proprietary Cases
16
Proprietary Cases
17
Standard Case
Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
The ROM/BIOS
19
Setup vs. BIOS vs. CMOS
Setup is a program that
controls settings in the BIOS,
which are stored on a device
manufactured with CMOS
technology.
20
Setup lets you
control how your
computer is
configured.
21
When you get a new
computer, it is a good
idea to write down
the configuration
information.
22
The BIOS settings
determine the
configuration of
your system.
23
This information is
saved in a special
memory called
CMOS.
24
CMOS has its own
battery so that the
configuration information
will not be lost when the
computer is turned off or
during a power failure.
25
BIOS Suppliers
• Award
• American Megatrends (AMI)
• Phoenix
26
ROM PCI/ISA BIOS (2A69KS2C)
CMOS SETUP UTILITY
AWARD SOFTWARE, INC.
STANDARD CMOS SETUP
BIOS FEATURES SETUP
CHIPSET FEATURES SETUP
POWER MANAGEMENT SETUP
PNP/PCI CONFIGURATION
LOAD SETUP DEFAULTS
LOAD BIOS DEFAULTS
INTEGRATED PERIPHERALS
SUPERVISOR PASSWORD
USER PASSWORD
IDE HDD AUTO DETECTION
SAVE & EXIT SETUP
EXIT WITHOUT SAVING
ESC : QUIT : Select Item
F10 : SAVE & EXIT SETUP (Shift)F2:Change Color
Time, Date, Hard Disk Type ...
27
STANDARD CMOS SETUP
Date (mm:dd:yy) : Wed, May 12 1999
Time (hh:mm:ss) : 11:33: 24
HARD DISKS TYPE SIZE CYLS HEAD PRECOMP LANDZ SECTOR MODE
Pri Master: Auto 0 0 0 0 0 0 AUTO
Pri Slave : None 0 0 0 0 0 0 -----
Sec Master: None 0 0 0 0 0 0 -----
Sec Slave : None 0 0 0 0 0 0 -----
Drive A: 1.44M, 3.5 in.
Drive B: None
Floppy 3 Mode Support: Disabled
Video : EGA/VGA
Halt On : All Errors
ESC:Quit : Select Item PU/PD/+/-: Modify
F1 :Help (Shift)F2 : Change Color
Base Memory : 640K
Ext Memory : 31744K
Other Memory: 384K
Total Memory 32768K
28
American
Megatrends
AMIBIOS Setup
(C)1996, American Megatrends Inc.
Default
Original Optimal Turbo
Utility
Color Set Language
Security
Supervisor User
Anti-Virus
28
Setup
1
7Standard
PCI/PnP
Advanced
PeripheralPower Mgmt
Chipset
29
Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit
Phoenix SETUP Utility (Version 1.00) 01
F1 Help Select Item -/+ Change Values F9 Setup Defaults
Esc Exit Select Menu Enter Select Sub Menu F10 Save and Exit
Item Specific Help
BIOS Version 4S4EBOX1.10A.0028.P11 (All)
Processor Type Pentium II Processor
Processor Speed 350 MHz
Cache RAM 512 KB
Service Tag J6XXX
System Memory 192 MB
Memory Bank 0 32 MB SDRAM
Memory Bank 1 32 MB SDRAM
Memory Bank 2 128 MB SDRAM
Language: [English (US)]
L2 Cache ECC Support: [Auto]
System Time: [16:54:53]
System Date: [04/27/1999]
Enabling L2 Cache
ECC Support allows
error checking to
occur on data
accessed from the
L2 cache.
When this option
is disabled, error
checking is not
performed.
When set to Auto,
the state of the
L2 ECC cache will
follow the state
of the ECC DRAM.
Menu
30
Award BIOS
31
AMI BIOS
32
Award BIOS…
…inside an Intel device.
Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Maintaining BIOS
Configuration
Information
34
Batteries
35
Batteries
Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Power-On Self
Test
37
A program cannot be
loaded into memory unless
a program has already been
loaded into memory.
38
Cold Boot
vs.
Warm Boot
39
Cold Boot
RESET POWER
OR
40
During Cold Boot:
• All circuits are reset.
• The computer performs the
Power On Self Test (POST) …
• and then loads the Disk
Operating System.
41
Warm Boot
Ctrl Alt Del
42
During Warm Boot:
• The computer skips the Power On
Self Test (POST) …
• and immediately reloads the OS.
43
The boot process
POWER
ON
From:
To:
C:\>
44
The Boot Process
• Activate the Power On Self Test
(POST)
• Load the OS
45
The Power-On Self Test (POST)
• Checks the CPU.
• Checks the system bus.
• Tests video memory.
• Tests system RAM.
• Tests the keyboard.
• Checks disk drives.
• Verifies configuration.
• Incorporates expansion BIOS.
• Configures Plug and Play Devices.
46
The CPU checks itself
47
The CPU checks the system bus
48
The CPU checks video
memory
Motherboard
Video Board
49
The CPU checks system RAM
50
The CPU tests the
keyboard
51
The CPU checks the disk drives
52
The CPU verifies the
configuration
CMOS
53
The CPU incorporates
expansion BIOS’
Expansion Card
RAM
54
The CPU configures PnP devices
Video Card
Sound Card
MODEM
55
Upon completion of the
POST, the CPU reports the
results.
56
The Boot Process
• Activate the Power On Self Test
(POST)
• Load the OS
Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Memory Types
and History
58
DRAMDynamic Random Access Memory
• More $$ than hard drive memory, but faster
• The number used to sell the machine
• Require constant refreshing
• Power off = Data lost (volatile)
59
SRAM
Static Random Access Memory
• Much more $$ than DRAM
• Much faster than DRAM
• Often located between CPU and DRAM
• 512K on Pentium II CPUs
60
ROM
Read-Only Memory
• Much slower than DRAM
• Non-volatile
• Used to store the BIOS
• (shhhh…it’s random access too)
61Menu
CMOS
Complimentary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor
• Used to store user-defined BIOS
settings
• Volatile, often requires a battery
• Newer technologies are non-volatile
Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Computer
Memory Devices
63
RAM…
Random Access Memory
• Volatility
• Refresh
• Access Speed
• Packaging
64
Dynamic RAM…DRAM
• Needs refreshed
• Fairly fast
• Inexpensive
• Small
65
Synchronous DRAM…
SDRAM
• New Technology
• Very fast
• Used in Pentium II and Pentium III
systems
66
Static RAM…SRAM
• No Refresh
• Fast
• More expensive
67
Cache Memory
Pentium I Cache
Pentium II/III Cache
486 Cache
68
PC Memory System
CPU
External
Cache
System
DRAM
BUS
Controller
Other
Memory
Memory
Controller
69
DRAM
CPUMemory
Controller
System
DRAM
Bank 0
Bank 1
70
External
Cache
CPU Memory
Controller
System
DRAM
Bank 0
Bank 1
71
External
Cache
CPU
System
DRAM
Bank 0
Bank 1
Memory
Controller
72
External
Cache
CPU
System
DRAM
Bank 0
Bank 1
Memory
Controller
73
External
Cache
CPU
System
DRAM
Bank 0
Bank 1
Memory
ControllerInternal
Cache
74
DRAM “forgets”
• Each DRAM bit is made up of
a transistor and a capacitor.
• Small capacitors lose their
charge over time
• Capacitors must be recharged
75
Charg
e
Time
Full charge
Minimum charge
76
Charg
e
TimeRef
resh
Ref
resh
Ref
resh
Ref
resh
Circuit loses its
charge slowly
Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Working with
Memory
78
DIP Memory
79
Programmable Read-
Only Memory...PROM
• Non-Volatile
• Slow
• Difficult to Change
• Expensive
80
Erasable PROM…
EPROM
81
Electrically-Erasable
PROM… EEPROM
82
72-pin SIMM
83
30-pin SIMM
84
DIMM
85
Video RAM (VRAM)
Windows RAM (WRAM)
SGRAM
86
Memory for Portables
SIMM 0
SIMM 1
SIMM 2
SIMM 3BANK 1
87
88
Bank 0
installed
Bank 1
emptyPair of SIMMs
Same size DRAM
89
Rotate
SIMM to
about 45º
45º
Centering
Notch
Notched
End
90
Press
SIMM into
socket
Push
straight in
91
Rotate SIMM
to the vertical
position
92
Alignment pin
Retaining clips
AMIBIOS System Configuration (C) 1985-1995, American Megatrends Inc.,
Main Processor : Pentium(P54C)
Math Processor : Built-In
Floppy Drive A: : 1.44 MB 3½”
Floppy Drive B: : None
AMIBIOS Date : 07/15/95
Processor Clock : 100MHz
Power Management : Disabled
Base Memory Size: 640KB
Ext. Memory Size : 15360KB
Display Type : VGA/EGA
Serial Port(s) : 3F8,3E8
Parallel Port(s) : 378
External Cache : 256KB,Enabled
Plug and Play ISA Devices:
Analog Devices AD1816
Pci Devices:
PCI Onboard IDE PCI Slot 2 VGA: IRQ 11
Bank 0: EDO
Bank 1: FP
Bank 0: EDO
Bank 1: FP
Base Memory Size : 640KB
Ext. Memory Size : 15360KB
94
Installing DIMMs
95
DIMM Latch
96
97
Removing
the DIMM
