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Challenging Learning in the 21st Century
James Nottingham www.p4c.comwww.jamesnottingham.co.uk
The Learning Challenge – in the pit
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Cla
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1. Concept
2. Conflict
3. Construct
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3 Eureka!
Praise can make pupils scared of challenge
Our praise often teaches pupils that
easy success means they are intelligent and, by implication, that errors and effort mean they are not.
Prof Carol Dweck, Mindset
“Pupils show greater motivation, are better behaved and are more likely to be independent and strategic thinkers when teachers are not obsessed by grades.”
Focusing on learning
“If there is one new thing we need in our school system right now, it is a well-developed focus on learning.”
Chris Watkins, Institute of Education, Aug 2010From an analysis of 100 international studies on how children learn
Well-meaning but potentially damaging praise
Clever girl!
Gifted musician
Brilliant mathematician
Bright boy
Top of the class!
By far the best
Rewards, rewards, rewards
10/10
Mueller and Dweck, 1998
In six studies, 7th grade students were given a series of nonverbal IQ tests.
The effects of different types of praise
Intelligence praise
“Wow, that’s a really good score. You must be smart at this.”
Process praise
“Wow, that’s a really good score. You must have tried really hard.”
Control-group praise
“Wow, that’s a really good score.”
Mueller and Dweck, 1998
Number of problems solved on a 3rd test
Boys get 8 times more criticism than girls
The effects of praise
Swimming
“You do your best swimming when you concentrate and try your best to do what Chris is asking you to do”
Ballet
“What a brilliant ballerina you are!”
A new Dawn (Fraser) ?
Comparing test scores
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85
73
64
43
32
90
86
78
70
41
35
90
85
84
78
40
34
Number of students who lied about their score
John Hattie’s Visible Learning (2009)
Influence Effect Size Domain (1) Self-report grades 1.44 Student (2) Piagetian programs 1.28 Student (3) Formative evaluation 0.90 Teaching (4) Micro teaching 0.88 Teacher (5) Acceleration 0.88 School (6) Classroom behavioural 0.80 School (7) Interventions for SEN 0.77 Teaching (8) Teacher clarity 0.75 Teacher (9) Reciprocal teaching 0.74 Teaching (10) Feedback 0.73 Teaching (11) Staff-student relationships 0.72 Staff (12) Spaced vs. mass practice 0.71 Teaching
Feedback is a major influence on learning
Pioneers of Educational Psychology
Piaget (1896 – 1980) Vygotsky (1896 – 1934)
Piaget (1896 – 1980)
Biological
Development leads to learning
Object world
Knowledge is constructed
What a child is
Vygotsky (1896 – 1934)
Cultural
Learning leads to development
Social world
Knowledge is co-constructed
What a child will be
How much challenge?
We need more stories and less facts, for narrative develops an understanding of sequence; we need more dialogue and less transmission of knowledge, for it is through dialogue that we learn most; and we need more challenge and less instruction, since it is from challenge that one grows in body, mind and spirit.
Matthew Lipman, 1991
The Learning Challenge
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Pick a concept, any concept
Pets Fairness
Evidence Tourism
Proof Truth
Language History
Names Number
Friends Thinking
Belonging Knowledge222
What is challenge?
55 99
What are your ground rules for class discussions?
Lynx and Lamb are the twin daughters of April Gaede,
an activist and writer for the white nationalist
organization National Vanguard. The twins' grandfather
wears a swastika belt buckle and uses the Nazi symbol
on his truck
The twins believe Adolf Hitler was a great man with
good ideas, such as incentives to improve the genetic
quality of the German people, and marriage loans to
help qualified German families
In 2003, they were featured in a Louis Theroux BBC
documentary, entitled Louis and the Nazis, on anti-
semitism and white supremacy in the United States
PRUSSIAN BLUE
What if these two were in your class?
Stealing is wrong
Robin Hood was a good
man
Cognitive Conflict is key to engagement
I should report
bullying
I should hit back if I am
bullied
Cognitive Conflict is key to engagement
Video of challenge with 3 year olds, shown last year
Challenge with Year 5 pupils, available online
Filmed by Channel 4 in 1999. Video at: www.p4c.com/video-clips
An Ethos for Learning
Not all of our questions answered …
… but all of our answers questioned
21
ANALYSE
ANTICIPATE
APPLY
CAUSAL-LINK
CHOOSE
CLASSIFY
COMPARE
CONNECT
CONTRAST
DECIDE
DEFINE
DESCRIBE
DETERMINE
DISCUSS
ELABORATE
ESTIMATE
EVALUATE
EXEMPLIFY
EXPLORE
GENERALISE
GIVE EXAMPLES
GIVE REASONS
GROUP
HYPOTHESISE
IDENTIFY
INFER
INTERPRET
ORGANISE
PARAPHRASE
PREDICT
QUESTION
RANK
REPRESENT
RESPOND
SEQUENCE
SIMPLIFY
SHOW HOW
SOLVE
SORT
SUMMARISE
SUPPORT
TEST
VERIFY
VISUALISE
A selection of thinking skills
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Recent Demo Lesson Concepts
Is it possible to have no weather? (Yr 7)
Are habits the same as addictions? (Yr 8)
What’s the difference between tragedy and romance? (Yr 9)
What is culture? (Yr 10)
Is zero the same as nothing? (Yr 11)
Eureka moments come from challenge
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Eureka!
Kriticos = able to make judgments
Critical Thinking
Comes from the Greek, Kriticos
Meaning: able to make judgments
Source: www.etymonline.com