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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz.) Lowering food losses on cassava By Prapit Wongtiem (Thailand)
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz.)
Lowering food losses on cassava
By
Prapit Wongtiem
(Thailand)
Situation and trends to the production of cassava.
1. situation of cassava
2. Lowering food losses on cassava
3. The Cost of Cassava Production
4. Recommendation of cassava
Situation of Thailand
World situation of
cassava
Losses in Household
Losses in Retail
Losses in Distribution
Losses in Processing
Losses in Post-Harvest and in Packing
Losses in Farming
Losses in Cost production
Situation and trends to the production of cassava.
The importance of cassava
Cassava is an important food crop in the world no. 5. Next below
from wheat, corn, rice and potatoes. Cassava is an important food crop in tropical countries. Specific countries; Africa and South America. In Asia,
Indonesia and India are consuming a lot of cassava.
Food Animal feed Other benefits
Production (percent)
60 27.5 12.5
World situation of cassava
Indonesia 6%
Thailand 6%
Congo 11% Angora
5%
Other 30%
Nigeria 19%
Brazil 9%
Vietnam 3%
India 1%
Mozambique 5%
Ghana 5%
Harvested area in each country (2011)
World situation of cassava
1. Nigeria: 52.40 Million tons
2. Brazil: 25.44 Million tons 3. Indonesia : 24.01 Million tons
4. Thai: 21.91 Million tons
2011, Thailand is no.4 of the world: Production of cassava 21.91 million tons
World situation of cassava
Market situation, 2008-2011
Cassava consumption/person
Countries 2008 2009 2010 2011
World 16.9 17.1 16.9 17.7
Developing countries 21.3 21.5 21.2 22.2
Underdeveloped countries 62.6 68.1 70.4 73.6
Africa 106.4 105.5 108.4 113.1
source: FAO
kg./year
Consumption and the demand for cassava
Cassava producing countries for domestic consumption use 90% of all.
except for domestic use 25% in Thailand
Situation of Thailand.
Situation in 2009
Thailand's cassava production in Asia 2. Deputy of Indonesian
Year 2012 harvested area 7.91 million rai*.
harvested produced 26.60 million tons.
Yield 3.36 tons
Increased from 11.41 percent in 2011 and 21.41 and 8.74 respectively.
Lower than in 2009, but started experiencing drought and mealy bug infestations.
Farmers turn to. Grown maize and sugarcane instead
particular 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Harvested area (million rai*)
Production (million tons)
Yield (tons)
7.40
25.16
3.40
8.29
30.09
3.63
7.41
22.01
2.97
7.10
21.91
3.09
7.91
26.60
3.36
Source: Office of Agricultural Economics.
*6.25 rai = 1 Hectare
Situation of Thailand.
Years 2008-2012 the price of farm land at 10.19 percent per year due to reduced
production of cassava. With products such as crop substitution. Maize and wheat prices
higher.
2012 farm price lower than 19.76 percent last year due to slowing Chinese
import cassava chips from Thailand. The cause of the problem is the dust. Combined with
the intervention tapioca year 2011/12 the government's delay. Farmers had to sell the
project.
Situation in 2012.
particular 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012* Growth
Rate (%).
Price of fresh cassava farm1/
Export price of pellets2/
cassava chips export price2/
Export price of cassava starch2/
1.73
5.76
5.50
11.76
1.32
4.89
4.51
9.20
2.25
5.86
6.29
14.44
2.53
7.81
7.92
15.27
2.03
7.12
7.20
13.82
10.19
9.33
11.65
8.65
Source: 1/ Office of Agricultural Economics 2/ Customs Department
Note: * Estimates as of October 2012.
Situation of Thailand.
Exports of cassava products in Thailand from 2008 -2012.
Volume: million tons.
Pellet
Cassava-
chip
Starch
Modified-
starch
All product
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Exports of cassava products in Thailand from 2008 -2010.
Value: Million Baht
Pellet
Cassava-
chip
Starch
Modified-
starch
All product
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Situation of Thailand.
Lowering food losses on cassava
Losses in Household
Losses in Retail
Losses in Distribution
Losses in Processing
Losses in Post-Harvest and in Packing
Losses in Farming
Losses in Cost production
Lowering food losses on cassava
Losses in cost production.
• Using the old stems.
- low germination rate
- no vigor
- low productivity
** which needed repairs has grown again.
Losses in cost production.
• Using the clone that high price.
• Maintenance that incorrect .
• Crediting exotic technologies that not tested properly.
At the farm level, food loss falls into 2 categories:
(1) Not harvested due to damage caused by:
- pests (mealy bug, white fly and red spider mites)
Losses in Farming.
At the farm level, food loss falls into 2 categories:
(1) Not harvested due to damage caused by:
- disease (cassava bacterial blight, anthracnose, roots rot.)
Losses in Farming.
At the farm level, food loss falls into 2 categories:
(1) Not harvested due to damage caused by:
- weather (excessive rains/floods, and rots from excessive heat)
- economics (Product price is too low. Not worth harvesting)
Losses in Farming.
Floods in field cassava Production oversupply.
(2) The losses between harvest and sale such as:
- Labor is not quality.
- Harvested from plots not all.
- Crops rot before selling.
Losses in Farming.
Losses in Post-Harvest and in
Packing.
• Screening is not standard output dropped.
- Size
- Color
- Weight
- The defect from disease, insect, lesion.
not standard
Losses in Post-Harvest and in
Packing.
• Postharvest management inefficiencies.
• Using improper packaging.
•The rapid post-harvest deterioration of cassava
restricts the storage potential of the fresh root to a
few days.
Losses in Processing.
• The some roots get rot before being processed.
• Components. Were trimming out during processing, such as
peel and other parts mixed with the peels which was found to
cause a loss of about 25-32%.
Losses in Processing.
• Processing into cassava lines. Showed a loss of about 5%, which
is caused by wind, rain, animals and drying.
• The contaminated of starch with waste water.
Losses in Distribution.
• Transport over long distances. Yield rotten in the way.
Losses in Distribution.
• Waiting too long grinding time. Causes fermentation, resulting
in a reduced starch content.
• Being rejected by the purchaser. Because the output is not
standardized.
Losses in Retail.
• The majority of the loss was caused by physical losses which
occur at retail level in fresh root up to 10%.
Losses in Household.
• Lack of awareness and undervaluing of foods.
• Confusion over label dates.
• Spoilage due to improper storage, poor visibility in
refrigerators, partially used ingredients, and misjudged food
needs.
Losses in Household.
• Poor planning. Lack of meal planning and shopping lists, inaccurate
estimates of meal preparation, and impromptu restaurant meals can
lead to purchased food spoiling before being used.
Approach to reduce losses
in cassava.
• Use true to type.
• Soak the stem pieces of cassava in insecticide before planting. To
prevent disease and insects.
Approach to reduce losses
in cassava.
• Management that correct, such as fertilizer use, protection of
disease and insects and weeding. To get the maximum yield.
Approach to reduce losses
in cassava.
• Harvest in full at maturity.
• Harvested in the plot out the most.
Approach to reduce losses
in cassava.
• Use technology, post-harvest handling. To reduce losses caused
by spoilage during storage, transportation, processing.
• Development of machinery to complete the process will can
be reduced the costs.
• Cassava development that is highly valued such as modified starch, cassava bio-plastic pellets, ethanol, etc.
Approach to reduce losses
in cassava.
Approach to reduce losses
in cassava.
• The waste is used to produce bio-gas.
• The residual is used to produce animal feed,
organic fertilizer.
The Cost of Cassava Production.
In general, it consists of 2 main costs. 1. Variable costs. 1.1 Labor cost: - Soil preparation - Planting - Attendance - Harvest
The Cost of Cassava Production.
1. Variable costs. 1.2 material cost: - Clone - Chemical fertilizer - Organic fertilizer - Insecticide and herbicide - Other chemical - Fuel and lubricants - Repair for agriculture equipment 1.3 Interest investment
2. Fixed costs. 2.1 Land rent.
2.2 Depreciation agricultural equipment.
2.3 Interest investments agricultural equipment.
Table 1 Costs, Prices, Incomes and Profits of cassava farmers in Thailand
during 2006-2010
Item 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Costs (baht/rai)1 2,846.04 3023.05 3669.48 4458.03 4801.11
- Variable costs (baht/rai) 2,510.93 2687.94 3150.71 3897.26 4238.18
- Fixed costs (baht/rai) 335.11 335.11 518.77 560.77 562.93
Cassava root price (baht/rai)2 3694.67 5398.92 6142.67 4506.00 6990.00
Average yield (ton/rai)1 3.40 3.70 3.40 3.60 3.00
Cassava cultivating areas (million rais)1 6.69 7.33 7.40 8.29 7.30
Cassava cultivating areas/household (rai)3 14.05 15.46 15.40 16.18 16.56
Profits (baht/rai)4 848.63 2375.87 2743.19 47.97 2188.89
Profits/year (baht/household)5 11922.88 36721.14 38075.09 775.99 36250.66
Profits/month (baht/household)6 993.57 3060.09 3172.92 64.67 3020.89
Costs (baht/rai)1 2846.04 3023.05 3669.48 4458.03 4801.11
Variable costs (baht/rai) 2510.93 2687.94 3150.71 3897.26 4238.18
Source: 1Office of Agricultural Economics, 2012, 2[cassava root price (baht/ton) × yield (ton/rai) ],
3[cassava cultivating area (rai) / cassava cultivating household (household) ],
4[income (baht/rai) – investment costs (baht/rai) ],
5[profits (baht/rai) × cassava cultivating area (rai/ household)],
6[profits/year (baht/household) / 12 months]
List North ($) Northeast ($) Central ($) Nationwide ($)
1.Variable cost: labor cost, soil
preparation, Planting,
attendance, harvest.
51.24 (1,588.20) 60.75 (1,883.01) 57.56 (1,784.17) 53.12 (1,646.56)
2. Material cost: clone,
chemical – fertilizer, organic
fertilizer, insecticide,
herbicide, other chemical,
fuel and lubricants, Repair for
agriculture equipment.
25.47 (789.30) 27.62 (856.25) 28.15 (872.45) 27.55 (853.85)
3. Opportunity cost of
investment 5.76 (178.31) 5.91 (182.94) 6.43 (199.25) 6.05 (187.53)
4. Fixed cost 11.14 (345.11) 10.72 (332.16) 10.83 (335.60) 10.81 (335.11)
5. Total cost (bath/rai*) 93.58 (2,900.92) 95.31 (2,954.36) 102.95(3,191.47) 97.52 (3,023.05)
6. Average yield
(kilograms/rai*) 116.62 (3,615) 116.36 (3,607) 112.71 (3,804) 118.32 (3,668)
7. Average total cost (USD/kilograms)
0.01 (0.80) 0.03 (0.82) 0.03 (0.84) 0.03 (0.82)
Table 2 The cost of cassava production (Crop year, 2006/2007) in Thailand.
Source: Center for Agricultural Information. Office of the Agricultural Economics
Unit: USD (Bath)/Kg.
*6.25 rai = 1 Hectare
- The pieces great varieties and appropriate with areas to increase
productivity.
- Eliminate Insect Pest.
- Use of fertilizers.
- Investments with Low interest rates.
- The crop insurance at a reasonable rate.
- Have water source when drought.
- Farmers need to keep it clean, especially sand and small rhizomes.
- Farmers have to create storage and drying.
How to get the lowest cost of production.
• Care to improve productivity / ha for high
- Species appropriate to the area.
- Fertilizer.
- Pesticides.
- Low interest loans.
- Natural disasters, crop insurance.
- Registration of farmers. To help real farmers.
- Support for tenders to build warehouses.
- Develop sources.
Policy of the government to help farmers to reduce costs.
1. Increase of an effectiveness of cassava cultivation.
1.1 Increase yield per rai.
- identify target areas to cultivate cassava.
- Apply a drip irrigation system to farms. the costs of
investment are supported by the government.
- develop the management system of the cassava
cultivation farm.
Recommendation of private sector
Recommendation of private sector
1.2 Reduce the costs of cultivation.
- Use organic fertilizer together with chemical fertilizer
in order to save the costs of chemical fertilizers and pesticide.
- record required information on a regular basis to save
expenses.
2. Promotion of value added on cassava products.
2.1 Promote value added.
- Develop cassava cultivar to produce high yield per rai with disease
and insect resistance.
Recommendation of private sector
Recommendation of private sector
2. Promotion of value added on cassava products.
2.1 Promote value added.
- Provide funding for the marketing study to increase the effectiveness of
variety of cassava processing and to meet the needs of the market or industries, for
instance, pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic industry, food industries, food
packaging and energy industry, etc.
2. Promotion of value added on cassava products.
2.2 Establish the institute of cassava product processing,
e.g. foods, medicines, cosmetic, biodegradable material,
beverages, citric acid and alternative energy, etc.
Recommendation of private sector
3.Policy on alternative energy should be clearly made in
conjunction with promoting the use of alternative energy
seriously and continuously, to upgrade and maintain the
stability of domestic cassava prices without the intervention of
the government.
Recommendation of private sector
