Cassava value
chains wokshop
Palmira,
August 24-26,
2016
Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks
The plant
Roots:
Unique starch properties
Low protein
Yellow roots: carotenes
Foliage:
“A tropical alfalfa”
100 US$/t in Vietnam
Stems:
Planting material
Harvesting the planting material
Storage of planting material
The effect of quality of planting material
Main uses of cassava
Industrial applications
Dried chips
Roots in a starch factory
Bio-ethanol
Boiled roots
Many ethnicuses:
AFRICA:Gari, Fufu
ASIA:Sago, Gathot Thiwul, Krupuk
LAC:FarinhaCassabe
Traditional cassavaWeeds
Degraded
soils
Associated crops
Low soil fertility
Orinoco delta - Venezuela
Slopped land in Vietnam
Commercial planting in
sub-humid environment
Commercial planting
in acid-soil environment
Commercial planting in
sandy low fertility soils
Commercial planting
near rice fields
This map could be used to indicate strength of markets for cassava
Strong markets lead to adoption of technologies which reduce yield
gap. “The best agronomist is a good price for cassava…” (J. Cock)
Impact, in other words, depend on the strength of markets.
All industrial uses of cassava require
High dry matter (starch) content
Continuous supply year round
Early bulking?
Evolution of dry matter content (≈ starch content) in Rayong 60
25
30
35
40
Dry
matt
er
cont
ent
(%)
10M
11A
12M
13J
14J
15A
16S
17O
18N
19D
MAP
Month
Return of rains in the
Caribbean coast of Colombia
Rayong 60 does not recoverDMC even 4 months after
arrival of rains
However, in Southern Brazil clones have been
developed to recover DMC
Dry matter content (%) in two dates of harvest (before /after rains)
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Dry matter content (%) in March
Dry
matter
conte
nt
(%
) in
May
µ = 26.5%
µ = 31.5%
25
30
35
40
Dry
matt
er
(%)
10M
11A
12M
13J
14J
15A
16S
17O
18N
19D
MAP
Month
Mean
BestDMC
WorstDMC
R60
Results of breeding for better response in DMC for delayed harvests (beyond 12 months after planting)
Age
(months)
FRY
(t ha-1)
DMY
(t ha-1)
HI
(0-1)
DMC
(%)
Roting
(%)
8.5 19.7 7.0 0.62 35.6 1.13
9.5 20.1 6.8 0.60 33.9 1.15
11.0 25.0 8.9 0.55 35.6 0.75
12.5 28.5 10.7 0.58 37.8 0.78
14.0 32.8 12.1 0.54 36.9 1.31
16.5 38.7 14.5 0.55 37.4 1.07
Average 27.5 10.0 0.57 36.2 1.03
SE of Mean 0.84 0.31 0.00 0.19 0.52
Results of breeding for better response in DMC for delayed harvests (beyond 12 months after planting)
Ground penetrating radar
New technologies will allow non-destructive monitoring of root growth through the season
Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks
Starch: cassava is the 2nd most important source of starch worldwide.
Starch: excellent quality and easy to extract even through simple technologies
The potential of HQCF in baking
Ethnic uses of cassava in Africa
Ethnic uses of cassava in Latin America
Casabe
Farinha
Needs of the starch industry
High dry matter (starch) content
Continuous supply year round
Variation in functional properties
Starch is typically made of two glucose polymers.
Their proportion & relativelength of their chains affect the functional properties of the starch:
alpha 1-4
Amylopectinalpha 1-4 and
alpha 1-6 glycosidicbonds
Only alpha 1-4 glycosidic
bonds
Amylose
alpha 1-6
INTRODUCTION: Starch
Until recently, we only worked with “generic”
cassava regarding functional properties
RetrogradationSyneresisGel clarity Thermal propertiesViscosity, etc.
Commercialapplications
March 2006: 1st
natural waxy cassava
detected (after self-
pollination)
Naturally occurring amylose-free (waxy)
Source: Sánchez et al., (2009) Starch/Stärke 61:12-19
Average 20.7 %
No amylose-freestarch found
Amylose content (%) in starches from more than 4000 accessions of the cassava germplasm collection at CIAT (iodine-colorimetric determination)
In search of novel cassava starch types
No high-amyloseStarch found either
Waxy starchproved to be very appealingto the starch
industry
0% amylose
ResistantStarches(diabeticPeople)
Eco-Tilling
≤60% amylose
Needs of the flour industry
High dry matter (starch) content
Continuous supply year round
Special peel characteristics
Functional properties ?
Peeling implies an important cost in flour
production
There is large variation in peel
thickness
Easier to peel
Do we need to peel?
More flourper kg root
Refining flour reduces fiber and improves texture
Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks
Boiled roots
Animal feeding
2004 2007 2010 2013
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
Total carotenoids content (μg / g – FW basis)
Yellow maize
+ pigments
Yellow roots
+ white maize
(no pigments)Dry foliage
+ white maize
(no pigments)
Yellow roots
+ dry foliage
+ yellow maize
(no pigments)
Foliage in animal feeding
Leaf retention
Cassava foliage a “tropical alfalfa”. Excellent for animal feeding(100 US$/T in Vietnam)
Silage of cassava roots and foliage for swine feeding at a large scale
Some adaptive research to determine the right proportion of roots and foliage, as
well as in the preparation of the silage, is still needed
Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks
Large (“carburant”) ethanol factories in Thailand and China
Deforestation, time spent looking for wood
Unaccounted social impact: time invested by women and
children to gather fuel wood or the need to go to the market to
purchase it (or charcoal). Cooking often accounts for 90% of
energy demand for millions of households in Africa
Smoke & indoor air pollutionlead to thousands of early deaths (particularly women and children)
Indoor air pollution (IAP) is responsible for > 1.6 million deaths
and 2.7% of the global burden of diseases (as DALY)
It has been estimated IAP is equivalent to smoking 2 packages
of cigarettes per day
Women and children are the most severely affected. Replacing
solid fuel can enhance welfare of 2.5 billion people.
Charcoal or wood burning also has negative environmental
effects related to 18% CO2 emissions and deforestation
Clean cooking fuel also implies less time cooking and better cooked food
Alcoholic beverages… why not?
Scanning electron microscope photographs
Normal
Small-granules
8.77 μm
5.73 μm
7.95 μm
9.69 μm
13.3 μm
10.9 μm
11.1 μm
Modification of starch properties through induced mutations
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of very high gravity (VHG) cassava starch slurry
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Glu
co
se (
g/1
00 m
L)
Highest rate of hydrolysis for Small Granule Cassava (5G160-13)
Lesser use of enzyme for same rate of hydrolysis.
Waxy cassava starch (AM206-5)
Normal cassava starch (MTAI-8)
Small granule: structural & physico-chemical characteristics
Time (hours)
Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks
High fresh root productivity and high/stable DMC a common requirement for most value chains
“Asparagus” cassava:a way to increase yields?
A gradual change has taken place in the last decade at CIAT
We abandoned the idea of “generic”cassava varieties that were supposedto be good for all and every end-use
Research can (and must) meet the specific demands from different value chains specialized clones
new cultural practices
Clear understanding of the needs from the industry is fundamental
Collaboration between research and processing institutions feasible, easy and very productive
Cassava can respond to the needs from the industry. Breeding is the bridge. This presentation shows how efficient the process can be
Thanks! Gracias!