TH E RA A B CO L L E C T I O N~ Philadelphia ~

All mater ia l is guaranteed to be genuine, without t ime l imit , to the originalpurchaser. We want you to be sat is f ied, so any item not purchased onlayaway may be returned (in the same condit ion as received) for a ful l refundwinin 5 days of receipt . We accept Mastercard, Visa , American Express , checkor money order. A layaway plan is also avai lable and can be customized to f i tyour needs. The cost of shipping and insurance is $40 on invoices under $10,000.

THE RAAB COLLECTIONCATALOG 60

A G eorge Washington Free Frank From a Letter to H is Por trait ist, Charles Wil lsonPeale, I n Which Washington Calls Peale an Ar tist ic G enius

With an inscript ion gi f t ing it , s igned by Rembrandt Peale

Charles Willson Peale's enthusiasm for the patriot cause brought him to Philadelphia in 1776, andthere he painted many American notables and visitors from overseas. While he did portraits ofscores of historic f igures (such as John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton), heis probably best known for his portraits of George Washington. The first t ime Washington sat fora portrait was with Peale in 1772, and there would be six other sitt ings; using these seven as mod-els , Peale produced close to 60 portraits of Washington. In January 2005, a full length portrait of"Washington at Princeton" from 1779 sold for $21.3 mill ion, sett ing a record for the highest pricepaid for an American portrait . Peale also supplemented his paintings with mezzotint prints (colorengravings) of his works, and sold these copies widely. In 1787, just before Washington chairedthe Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Peale produced a print of him in uniform.

In July 1787, Peale introduced his son Rembrandt to Washington, and the young aspirant artistwatched his father paint the general . In 1795, at the age of 17, Rembrandt painted an aging Wash-ington, a work that was highly praised. In 1822, he moved to New York City where he embarkedon an attempt to paint what would become the "standard likeness" of Washington. His result ingwork, “Patriae Pater”, completed in 1824, depicts Washington through an oval window, and isconsidered by many to be second only to Gilbert Stuart 's iconic Athenaeum painting of the firstPresident . “Patr iae Pater” was purchased by Congress in 1832 and hangs in the U.S. Capitol .

An address panel to the senior Peale franked "Free Go: Washington," and in addition addressed inWashington's hand to "Mr. Chas. W. Peale , Phi ladelphia ." Beneath this , Peale 's son Rembrandt haswritten his presentation inscription: "Presented to Mr. Thomas Herring by Rembrandt Peale , 1787."Herring, a contemporary and friend of Peale, went on to become an eminent New York merchant.Considering the age of the younger Peale, the year 1787 clearly refers to the date of the Wash-ington letter with frank, rather than when it was gifted to Herring later.

Washington wrote Peale three times in 1787, but only one of the letters has reached the market inthe past three decades. That letter, dated March 13, 1787, was sold at Christ ies in 1989, and it isreasonable to presume that this is the free frank from that let ter. In that let ter, the content ofwhich is preserved in the Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Washington wrote Pealeabout the engraving Peale had just done of him, saying “I wish you great success in the mezzo-tint prints which you have undertaken, and have no doubt but your abil i t ies in works of geniuswill ensure it to you.” A wonderful association piece. $12,500

PPAAGGEE 11

1

Alexander Hamilton Accommo dates H is O ld Revolutionar y War Comrade, G eneral Wil l iam I r vine

As the first Treasury Secretary (1789–95), Hamilton issued three bril l iant, controversial reports toCongress, aimed at strengthening the national government. The first , favoring funding of the fed-eral deficit at par and assuming state debts, helped establish national credit ; the second proposeda national bank; the third advocated bounties and subsidies to boost manufacturing. Taken as awhole, Hamilton designed his program to win the public creditors to the government 's supportand to help the nation develop economically.

Hamilton had successfully led a regiment in the Revolution, and his vision for national grandeurincluded establishment of a professional mil i tary. During the presidency of John Adams, Hamil-ton’s prestige remained high and members of the President’s Cabinet often sought out his advice.In 1798, with a possible war against France looming, George Washington wrote a letter indicatingthat he wanted Hamilton to be appointed Inspector General , which would make him second incommand of the U.S. Army. And since Washington, who was f irst in command, decl ined act ive

PPAAGGEE 22

2

service, organizing and managing the Army would fal l to Hamilton. Hamilton was given the ap-pointment and served from 1798-1800.

Col . Wil l iam Irvine served under the command of General Wayne, with the 2nd PennsylvaniaBrigade, and participated in the Batt le of Monmouth on June 28, 1778. Also participating in thatbattle was a young Alexander Hamilton. Irvine received a promotion to Brigadier General on May12, 1779. In September 1781, the Continental Congress, on recommendation from General Wash-ington, ordered Irvine to take command of the Western Department, headquartered at Fort Pitt .He held this strategic post unti l October 1783. After the war, Irvine commenced a career in pub-l ic service . He served as delegate to the Continental Congress and as a Representat ive in theUnited States Congress . Pres ident Jefferson later appointed Irvine Superintendent of Mil i taryStores in Philadelphia, a post he held unti l his death in 1804.

I rvine’s e ldest son was Cal lender Irvine . After br ief ly reading law with Jared Ingersol l ofPhiladelphia, Callender spent a season traveling with his father as a surveyor ’s assistant , help-ing to lay out western Pennsylvania. In June of 1798, Callender received a commission as captainof art i l lery in the United States Army. He spent his brief t ime mainly at Carl isle while sufferingfrom an il lness, a subject about which he corresponded with Hamilton. By 1800, he was i l l enoughthat his father wrote to Hamilton asking that the son be rel ieved from duties for a t ime.

Autograph Letter Signed , New York, February 27, 1800, to General Irvine, accommodating hisold comrade in arms. “The enclosed letter to your son is a compliance with your request . I regret muchhis s i tuat ion and hope for his restorat ion; wel l persuaded that the interest o f the service coincides in thispart icular with the wishes o f his fr iends. Assure yoursel f a lways of the esteem and regard with which Iam truly. . .” The address panel in Hamilton’s hand is st i l l present.

Callender Irvine resigned from the army on May 20, 1801. He then moved to western Pennsylva-nia, received a commission as an Indian agent to the Six Nations and also administered his fa-ther ’s reserve, granted to Wil l iam Irvine for service during the Revolutionary War. During theWar of 1812, Irvine was appointed Commissary General of the United States Army, a post he heldunti l his death in 1841. $5,500

PPAAGGEE 33

George Clymer Advocates the Bil l of Rights During Its Debate in Congress, Decr yingan Attempt to Alter the First Amendment

In a letter to James Wilson, a fe l low signer of the Declarat ion of Independence and U.S. Constitution, hewryly comments on being vi l i f ied for agreeing with James Madison that representat ives should be free tovote their consciences

In the f inal days of the Federal Constitutional Convention, as delegates rushed to complete workon the f inal draft of the Const i tut ion, George Mason of Virginia and Elbridge Gerry of Massa-chusetts proposed that the Constitution be “prefaced with a bi l l of r ights.” This was very late inthe game to propose measures that would require a lengthy debate and engender opposi t ionbased on the specific language being proposed. Moreover, many delegates felt the procedures thatwere being put into place by the Constitution would themselves provide or lead to protections.So on September 12, 1787, less than a week before adjourning, the proposal was re jected by thedelegates as unnecessary to protect individual r ights . James Madison, who would soon be in-strumental in guiding a bi l l of r ights through Congress, seemed to sum up the delegates’ feel ingin dismissing bil ls of r ights as so many "parchment barriers" whose " ineff icacy" (he reminded hisgood fr iend, Thomas Jefferson) was repeatedly demonstrated "on those occasions when [ their]control is most needed."

However, the opponents of ratifying the Constitution used as a principal argument the lack of abi l l of r ights , and this resonated with many (Jefferson included). Then, during the rat i f icat ionprocess, several states specif ical ly cal led for a bi l l of r ights. More momentously, and to Madisonominously, New York, when i t rat i f ied the Const i tut ion, cal led for another const i tut ional con-vention to secure one. A new convention might not merely pass a bi l l of r ights, but would havethe right to change any aspect of the entire Constitutional edif ice, which had been put togetherwith such diff iculty. Madison thought that would lead to unending mischief and determined tocontrol the process by taking leadership of the amendment effort . He stated: " I should be un-will ing to see a door opened for a re-consideration of the whole structure of the government, fora re-consideration of the principles and the substance of the powers given; because I doubt, i fsuch a door was opened, i f we should be very l ikely to stop at that point which would be safe tothe government i tself . . . " On June 8, 1789, just three months after the f irst Federal Congress con-vened, Madison introduced in the House of Representatives his proposed amendments to the Con-

PPAAGGEE 44

3

st i tution, ten of which would eventually become known as the Bil l of Rights. These provide forfreedom of speech, of the press, and of rel igion, prohibit ion of the federal government from de-priving any person of l i fe , l iberty, or property, without due process of law and guarantee of aspeedy public tr ial with impartial jury, among other protections now considered fundamental .

On August 15, 1789, during the House of Representatives discussion of these amendments, theissue of “Popular Instruction of Representatives” arose. This was a key subject , as i t essential lyinvolved whether the Constitution would establish a republic or a democracy. Those favoring theformer wanted e lected representat ives to be free to vote their opinions and consciences . Thiswould foster debate and make the U.S. legislat ive branch a seat of actual power. Those promot-ing the latter felt that state legislatures, being theoretical ly closer to the people, should have theabil i ty to instruct their Federal representatives how to vote. This would make them mere f igure-heads, with the real debates and struggles over measures taking place in their state capitals . Thatday, Thomas Tudor Tucker, a South Carolina anti-Federalist , moved to insert a declaration of theright of “the people” to instruct representatives. The place this language was to be inserted was,incredibly, what we now know as the First Amendment. I t was proposed to read: “The freedom ofspeech and of the press, and the right of the people peaceably to assemble and consult for theircommon good, to instruct their representat ives and to apply to the government for redress ofgrievances, shall not be infringed."

James Madison rose to object, saying if by this declaration “we mean.. .that the people have a rightto express and communicate their sentiments and wishes, we have provided for it already.. . If gen-t lemen mean to go further and to say that the people have a r ight to instruct their representa-t ives in such a sense as that the delegates were obl iged to conform to those instruct ions , thedeclaration is not true. Suppose they instruct a representative by his vote to violate the Consti-tution, is he at l iberty to obey such instructions?

George Clymer of Pennsylvania, one of just s ix signers of both the Declaration of Independenceand the Constitution, was a member of that f irst House of Representatives. He also spoke againstthe addition, stating, “This is a most dangerous principle, utterly destructive of all ideas of an in-dependent and deliberative body. . .” For this posit ion, he was vil i f ied at home as an el i t ist , andworse. Yet his opinion won the day, and the proposal was defeated.

On September 25, 1789, Congress passed the amendments to the U.S. Constitution. On October 2,President Washington sent engrossed copies of the amendments to each state for consideration.Pennsylvania was in the forefront of the f ight to secure the rights of the people. To further thisgoal, i t called a state Constitutional Convention that met from November 1789 to September 1790.Ult imately the Convention would adopt the Pennslyvania Declarat ion of Rights , but along theway it was responsible for consideration and ratif ication of the proposed Federal Bil l of Rightsamendments . Many of the delegates , and their newspapers back home, were among those whohad favored the Tucker measure. And Clymer was anything but popular with them.

Autograph Letter Signed , 2 pages, New York, undated but written between November 24, 1789and March 9, 1790, to fel low Pennsylvanian, James Wilson, who was also a signer of both historicdocuments. In i t , he describes his mistreatment result ing from his being a proponent of the Bil lof Rights as passed, the harm that his presence might do the cause of ratifying the Bil l of Rightsin Pennsylvania, and ends with his opinion on the real role of representatives to Congress. "Til lthe rece ipt o f yours this evening, I had determined against meet ing our assembly, be l ieving my presencethere would rather injure than aid the cause of the Convention, or any other cause I should attach mysel fto , so ful l are a l l our letters o f the resoundings of rage and violence against us for a late vote . I f i t , how-ever, is thought my duty to meet a storm I wil l not fa i l to do i t . But when I shal l quit this place is notcertain. Thursday a quest ion concerning permanent res idency is to be brought by the Penna. delegates .This I suppose will end in nothing, but the issue [result] would in part be attributed to anyone who wouldleave [be fore vot ing on] the quest ion. I f a t the same moment , I ought to be in another p lace , here i s achoice of curses le f t for me - having learnt that I was not sent here to judge but to be judged. . ." . He adds

PPAAGGEE 55

in a postscript : "I don't know what Mr. Ti lghman intends" . With detached address leaf addressed inClymer's hand to Wilson, then in Philadelphia, franked "Free G. Clymer" . Edward Tilghman wasa prominent Philadelphia lawyer who was married to Clymer ’s nephew.

Pennsylvania rat i f ied the Bi l l of Rights on March 10 , 1790, and in 1791 enough states had ap-proved that the f irst ten amendments to the Constitution became law. So Clymer ’s worst fear - re-ject ion of the amendments - did not come to pass. He, however, was disi l lusioned with Congressand retired after only one term. $7,800

J u s t O n e We e k Af t e r S i g n i n g t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n a t I n d e p e n d e n ce H a l l , A l ex a n d e rHamilton Assists G eneral Phil ip S chuyler With Business Affairs

Hamilton was aide-de-camp and confidant to General George Washington during the Revolution,and led three battal ions at the Siege of Yorktown. He was elected to the Continental Congress,but resigned to practice law and to found the Bank of New York. He served in the New York Leg-islature and was the only New Yorker who signed the U.S. Constitution, doing so on September17, 1787 in Philadelphia. Hamilton then returned to New York and took a highly active part inthe successful campaign for ratif ication there in 1788, which was a crucial step in i ts national rat-i f ication. He also recruited John Jay and James Madison to write a defense of the proposed Con-sti tution, now known as the Federalist Papers, and made the largest contribution to that effort ,writ ing 51 of 85 essays published.

Hamilton’s wife was Elizabeth Schuyler, daughter of General Phil ip Schuyler, and thus he joinedone of the most prominent polit ical families in the state of New York. In the period prior to hisaccession as the first Secretary of the Treasury, he assisted the General with his legal and businessaffairs .

Autograph Document Signed , September 26 , 1787. “Rece ived o f Ba l thazer DeHaert twenty sevenpounds on account for General Schuyler.” His signature has a large, f ine paraph. DeHaert was scionof a noted New York mercanti le family of Dutch descent. $3,600

PPAAGGEE 66

4

A S h e e t Fr o m J a m e s M a d i s o n’s Lo s t R e vo l u t i o n a r y Wa r Le d g e r s, D o c u m e n t i n gJewish Financier Haym S alomon’s Supp or t of the Continental Congress

When Madison entered the Continental Congress in March 1780 as a delegate from Virginia, hewas i ts youngest member. The Congress had proposed the Articles of Confederation in 1777, andthey took effect in 1781, so Madison found himself serving in the Congress under the Articles .His fe l low Virginia delegates during his tenure there included Theodorick Bland (ContinentalArmy colonel and later a member of the First United States Congress) , Joseph Jones (a lawyerwhose nephew was James Monroe) , and Edmund Randolph ( later Governor of Virginia, Secretaryof State, and the f irst U.S. Attorney General) . Some young men of stat ion accompanied the Vir-ginians north to Philadelphia to assist the delegation, and John Dawson, a future member of theU.S. House of Representatives, was one of these.

Madison's letters to Jefferson reveal that from the start he was distrustful of placing too muchrel iance on the states and support ive of stronger national powers. In 1783, his last year in theContinental Congress, he secured passage of a proposed amendment to the Articles that wouldgive Congress a source of revenue - a circumscribed power to collect duties on imported goods.

PPAAGGEE 77

5

Adoption of the amendment, however, required the unanimous approval of the 13 states, whichnever occurred. Madison left for Virginia when Congress adjourned in October 1783. Before longhe would turn his attention from amending the Articles to replacing them altogether. His work todraft , pass and ratify the Constitution of the United States would result in his being consideredthe Father of the Constitution.

Haym Salomon was a Jew who immigrated to America in 1775, and who became a prime financierof the American cause during the Revolutionary War. Sympathizing with the Patr iot cause, hequickly joined the New York branch of the Sons of Liberty. In September 1776, he was arrested asa spy but the Brit ish pardoned him in order to use his abil i t ies as an interpreter for their Hess-ian mercenaries. Salomon used his posit ion to help prisoners of the Brit ish escape and encour-aged the Hessians to desert the war effort . In 1778, he was arrested again and sentenced to death,but managed to escape, whereupon he made his way with his family to the American capital ofPhiladelphia. There he resumed his activit ies as a broker. He became the agent to the French con-sul , as well as the paymaster for the French forces in North America.

In 1781, he began cooperating extensively with Robert Morris , the newly appointed U.S. Super-intendent for Finance. Often working out of the London Coffee House on Front Street in Philadel-phia , f rom 1781 unt i l 1784 he converted bi l ls of exchange and foreign government notes intospendable cash at a low rate of interest for the highest obtainable price. He used the proceeds tomeet the urgent needs of the U.S. army, navy, and the government. Salomon negotiated the saleof a majority of the war aid from France and Holland, and he also personally supported variousmembers of the Continental Congress during their stays in Philadelphia, including James Madi-son and James Wilson. Acting as the Patriot he was, he never asked for repayment. In his biogra-phy “Haym Salomon”, Madison C. Peters s tates “When Salomon was cal led on to advance theentire salary for the ensuing year to Jones, Randolph and Madison, as members of the Revolu-tionary Congress, they had in writ ing al lotted that Madison should get f i f ty pounds less than theother two, but Salomon, seeing in young Madison, then only 29 years old, those great talents forwhich he became dist inguished in after years , presented him, from his own private purse, thefif ty pounds. . .” Madison himself later wrote, “When any member was in need, al l that was nec-essary was to cal l upon Salomon.” Haym Salomon died in 1785, thus cutt ing short his usefulnessto the nation.

Madison drew up ledger sheets showing the Virginia delegation’s expenses and receipts, and usedthese f igures to document salaries, identify the sources of funds, and also to seek reimbursementof expenditures for members of the Virginia delegation. We know of just one such sheet that hassurvived with a l l of this information, and i t , provident ia l ly, documents Salomon’s support ofCongress.

Autograph Document Signed , Phi ladelphia , February 13 , 1783 – May 1 , 1783. The hand-ruledledger sheet shows transactions wherein Jones, Madison, Bland and Dawson receive funds fromvarious f inanciers and merchants. “H. Solomons” is l isted twice (at the t ime, the spell ing of hissurname was just as l ikely to be “Solomon” or “Solomons” - Madison spelled it “Salomon” in twoletters to Salomon’s son in the Library of Congress, as well as “Solomons” in another document) .He is both a “drawer” and a “payer” for 500 dollars to “J . Jones.” Other people and f irms mak-ing payments were Will iam Young, John Ross, Samuel Inglis , Will iam Trumbull [Turnbull] , JohnLeary, Callendar & Henderson, and James Ross ( later a U.S. Senator from Maryland). David Ross,a Continental Army off icer and later a delegate from Maryland, received some funds and thenpassed them on to Madison. In the years before commercial banks were established, funds werehandled by “bil ls of exchange,” and so i t was here. Also detai led are the discounter ’s rate ( in-terest charged on the money advanced), t iming involved, “days sight” (when due), dates of ac-ceptance of the terms of the exchange, and the amounts (ranging up to “1666 60/90” pounds) .

The treasurer of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Jacquelin Ambler, kept an account in his ledgerbook under the heading “1783 James Madison Junr. in Account with the Commonwealth of Virginia ,”

PPAAGGEE 88

showing disbursements to Madison and entr ies that match this ledger sheet . In a le t ter datedMarch 22 , 1783, Ambler informs Madison that he has sent “Bi l l s on Phi la .” amounting to 500pounds to be “divided among the Gentlemen Delegates ,” and that David Ross “was so obl iging as toass i s t me in th is remit tance o therwise i t would have been out o f my power to have made one for thatSum.” The delegates to Congress in 1783 were paid eight dollars per day for their service, for atotal of 298 days plus 12 days traveling.

Research indicates that Madison’s Continental Congress ledger sheets are not in the Madison pa-pers, nor any place else we could f ind. We discovered but two surviving account sheets , one sentto Ambler and one to Edmund Randolph; however, these are merely l ists of i tems with a singlecolumn of f igures. This ledger sheet therefore appears to be unique and l ikely shows Madison’spractice. Likewise, original records i l lustrating Salomon’s contribution as a primary f inancier ofthe new republ ic are vir tual ly absent f rom the market . We’ve found just two over the past 30years . Both were notes s igned by Robert Morris and thus not near ly as s ignif icant .

$28,500

PPAAGGEE 99

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss ffoorr YYoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

Madison and the Jefferson Ad-ministration Prepare to Prohibit

U.S. Trade With Haiti$5,750

John Quincy Adams Hopes Thatthe 4th of July Will Be an Occasion for Joyous Celebration $5,500

Washington Bids Farewell toGeneral Glover $26,000

The Birth of a Nation's Representative Tradition

( I ntroduc t ion appl ies to nex t t wo pieces)

The crux of the disputes that led to the American Revolut ion was over representat ion. Thecolonies had no elected representat ives in Parl iament, and the colonists bel ieved that i t was abreach of their r ights as Englishmen to have laws passed that applied to them without their par-t icipation. “No taxation without representation” was the cry, and the right to freely elect repre-sentatives the demand.

The formation of a representative body to act for the colonies was job one when the need arose toorganize resistence to Brit ish measures. The First Continental Congress met brief ly in 1774, andthe delegates organized an economic boycott of Britain in protest and petit ioned the King for re-dress of grievances. These actions fai led to change Brit ish policy. The Second Continental Con-gress, i ts successor, was gaveled into session on May 10, 1775, less than a month after the batt lesat Lexington and Concord started the war. I ts members included such luminaries as Thomas Jef-ferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and its long-time president, John Hancock. It determinedpolicy, raised funds, ran the war, declared independence, and guided the new nation to l ibertyand fulf i l lment of i ts own destiny. In 1781, the Articles of Confederation were enacted, and theContinental Congress assumed its third aspect as the Convention Congress.

In 1787, the issue of elected representation was so fundamental to the Constitutional Conventionthat the United States Constitution dealt with i t in Article One. That Article established the leg-is lat ive branch of the United States government , which i t cont inued to cal l Congress , and de-scribed the powers of the House of Representatives and the Senate. I t also set forth the mannerof election and qualif ications of members of each house. In addit ion, i t outl ined legislat ive pro-

PPAAGGEE 1100

cedure and enumerated the powers vested in the legislative branch. In September 1788, just threemonths after the U.S. Constitution was ratif ied, the Continental Congress, as i ts last major work,ordered the organization of the new government, including the Senate and House of Representa-t ives. Within a few months, the states held elections to choose the 26 senators and 65 representa-t ives. On March 2, 1789, upon adjournment of i ts f inal session, the Continental Congress passedinto history.

Now the United States Congress took over the nat ion’s legis lat ive responsibi l i t ies . The Firs tUnited States Congress off icial ly convened on March 4, 1789, though it was not unti l April 1 thatthe House of Representat ives held a session with i ts f irst quorum. I ts init ial order of businesswas the elect ion of a Speaker, select ing Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, a Representa-t ive from Pennsylvania. The next order of business was the election of the Clerk, and that postwent to Virginian John Beckley. The Senate achieved i ts f irst quorum five days later. The FirstCongress served unti l March 3 , 1791, during the f irst two years of George Washington's presi -dency, init ial ly at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.

Considering the central i ty of the question of representation, the r ight to serve as a representa-t ive had to be properly documented. Members of the Continental Congress received credentialscert i fying that they had been duly elected to Congress and had the right to serve, and sometimesthey were given written instructions as well . The 1774-80 credentials were most often in the formof resolutions passed by state assemblies and the resolutions are attested, usually by the clerk ofthe state council/assembly, to be true copies extracted from the journal proceedings or minutesof the assemblies. These copies were presented by the member to the Clerk of Congress, CharlesThomson, who entered their text in journals . Those resolutions that survive now repose in TheContinental Congress Papers in the National Archives.

Start ing with the Confederation Congress in 1781 and last ing unti l the demise of the ContinentalCongress, some form of the true copy arrangement was retained in certain states (such as Mary-land, where credentials to Congress are found signed by off icials of i ts legislature) . However, ex-aminat ion of the or iginal documents in the Nat ional Archives indicates that other s tates nowproceeded differently. They had original credentials prepared with their state seals and sent thesedocuments to their governor ’s office for execution. In some places, they might be signed either bythe state governor or a clerk in the governor ’s absence (South Carolina is an example of this) . Insti l l other states, they appear to have been signed principally if not solely by the governors them-selves (Pennsylvania and Massachusetts had this pract ice. Some of their credentials in the Na-t ional Archives were s igned by Benjamin Frankl in and John Hancock in their capaci ty asgovernors) . Upon taking their seats , these credentials , however prepared and signed, were pre-sented by members of Congress to Thomson. They are also in the National Archives. Did any ofthe delegates hold onto their original credentials rather than leave them with Thomson? The Na-tional Archives has no knowledge of any other holdings of such documents, and indeed very fewdelegates seem to have done so , as we can discover just three . Interest ingly, the documentshanded over to Thomson often take the form of appointments to a state posit ion, but are actuallycredentials to Congress , as their presentat ion to Thomson and subsequent retention in the Na-tional Archives papers proves.

PPAAGGEE 1111

O ne of Three Known Credentials to the Continental Congress O utside theNational Archives

The Governor of Massachusetts at war ’s end was John Hancock, former President of the Conti-nental Congress who aff ixed the f irst s ignature to the Declaration of Independence. Nobody wasmore f i t ted than he to cert i fy the credentials of elected members being sent to Philadelphia. Doc-ument Signed as Governor, Boston, November 12, 1783, being James Sull ivan’s original creden-t ia ls to serve in the Continental Congress . I t reads in part : "Whereas the Genera l Court o f theCommonwealth aforesaid did on the twenty e ighth day of June A.D. 1783. . .appoint the Honorable JamesSull ivan Esq. a Delegate to represent this Commonwealth in the Congress o f the United States o f Amer-ica. . . I do by these presents . . .commission the same James Sull ivan Esq. to represent this commonwealth inCongress . . .” The verso is docketed “Honorable James Sull ivan Esq. -Commission as a member of Con-gress .”

James Sull ivan was a Massachusetts patriot , judge, congressman, governor and the f irst benefac-tor of the Massachusetts Historical Society. At this t ime in his l i fe , he was an attorney and justiceof the Massachuset ts Superior Court . His dut ies prevented him from at tending Congress , sothough he received and accepted a credential , in the end he never had the opportunity to presentit to Thomson. I t survived in his papers.

An extensive search of auction records, going back to 1968, has fai led to turn up any other cre-dentials of the Continental Congress having reached the market . Addit ional consultat ion withcolleagues has revealed at most two other such documents (for New York and Delaware) in thesame 40+ year t ime span, and online research has not turned up any such documents privatelyheld. This document is therefore one of three known Continental Congress credentials f indableoutside of the National Archives, as well as the sole one signed by John Hancock (whose name isvirtually synonymous with the Continental Congress) . $55,000

PPAAGGEE 1122

6

Th e O n l y K n ow n S u r v i v i n g C r e d e n t i a l t o t h e H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i ve s fo r t h e First U.S. Congress in 1789

In March 1789, the members of the First Congress presented their credentials to the Clerks of theHouse and Senate, respectively. Those for the Senate were retained for record purposes and sur-vive in i ts archives. However, in the House, Beckley did not feel that the papers themselves hadsignif icance and destroyed the House credentials after receipt and entry. The earl iest credentialson f i le for House members date from 1805, a ful l 16 years af ter the Firs t Congress convened.

On November 20, 1788, the Massachusetts legislature approved a bi l l specifying the manner forelect ing i ts a l lotment of e ight Representat ives to the U.S . Congress . This legis lat ion was for-warded to Governor John Hancock, and he approved it . The election soon followed and eight menwere selected to represent the Commonwealth in the f irst House of Representatives. Unti l 1820,

PPAAGGEE 1133

7

what is now the State of Maine belonged to Massachusetts and was cal led the District of Maine.It was al lotted one of the eight representatives. George Thacher won the election in that districtand became one of the f irst Representatives. In January 1789, he received his credential signed byGovernor Hancock, who thus continued his past pratice of s igning such credentials , carried overfrom the Confederation Congress years.

Document Signed , Boston, January 6, 1789, recit ing that the district election returns had been ex-amined “respect ing the choice o f a representat ive to represent the people thereof in the Congress o f theUnited States ,” and continuing “I hereby cert i fy the said Hon. George Thacher, Esq. to be a representa-t ive of this Commonwealth to represent the people thereof in the Congress of the United States .” Thacherwould have presented this very document to Beckley in March, when the f irst Congress underthe U.S. Constitution met. However, he apparently asked for the original back to retain as a keep-sake, rather than leaving i t with Beckley, as i t escaped the destructive fate of the others. A notedhistorian of the First Federal Congress Project states to us that his organization has never, unti lnow, seen or heard of any surviving credential for the House from the First Congress (or indeedthe f irst numbers of Congresses) in any insti tution or collect ion, and assumed there were none.Nor did our search of records back to 1968 turn up any. This, then, is apparently the sole surviv-ing credential for the f irst House of Representatives.

The Raab Col lect ion would l ike to express i ts grat i tude to the National Archives’ ContinentalCongress Papers , and the First Federal Congress Project at George Washington Universi ty, fortheir invaluable assistance in research, expert direction to primary resources, and generous wil l -ingness to share their experience and information. $75,000

PPAAGGEE 1144

J o h n J ay L ays O u t t h e E t h i c a l R u l e s a n d Co u r s e o f Co n d u c t t o B e Fo l l owe d byO pp onents of the War of 1812

The United Stateswent to war in June1812 because GreatBri ta in had violatedU.S. sovereignty inways that suggestedthat the new nat ionwas s t i l l a colonialent i ty, subject to im-perial whim. By May 1812,the Jeffersonian Demo-cratic-Republicans in Con-gress had developed aconsensus that there wasno al ternat ive to war i fnational honor were to be maintained. Most Fed-eralists opposed the war, seeing it as a premature,costly, futile, and partisan venture that was l ikelyto produce l i t t le good and much evi l . I t a lsor isked ruining future re lat ions with the Br i t ishand throwing the nat ion into the arms ofNapoleon and pro-French interests . The best wayto bring the confl ict to an end, most Federal is tsagreed, was to oppose i t . But how to do so with-out appearing to seem treasonous was the diff iculty.

One of the early nation’s foremost diplomats, in 1782 John Jay, along with John Adams and Ben-jamin Franklin, negotiated and signed the treaty of peace with Great Britain. When he returnedto Congress , he had already been appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs . In 1787, he authoredthree of the art ic les now col lect ively cal led “The Federal ist” , in which he, James Madison andAlexander Hamilton argued effectively in support of ratif ication of the new Federal Constitution.In 1789, Washington appointed him the f irst Chief Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court . In 1794 Jaywas appointed envoy extraordinary to Great Britain, in order to seek a resolution to continuingconfl icts on the western border, and in commercial relat ions. The result of this was the contro-versial Jay's Treaty, which was approved of by the Washington administration. Upon his returnhome, Jay found that in his absence, he had been elected Governor of New York at AlexanderHamilton's behest . He was a very popular Governor who fought for many poli t ical reforms in-cluding judicial reform, penal reform and the abolit ion of s lavery. Jay retired from off ice in 1801but remained active in public l i fe . In 1812, with the Federalist Party in decline, he remained oneof i ts most notable stalwarts , and was looked to for advice. Peter Van Schaak was a New Yorklawyer who had been a Tory during the Revolut ion, and af ter the Revolut ion worked forBritish/American reconciliation. He was therefore horrified at the declaration of war in June 1812and wrote Jay for his counsel on how to respond. Jay also viewed the war with disfavor and re-sponded with a virtual dissertation on ethics and war dissent.

In his Autograph Letter Signed , estate at Bedford in Westchester, July 28, 1812, to Van Schaack,he outl ined the ethical rules and course of conduct to be taken by opponents of the War of 1812after i ts off icial declaration. He starts with a general principle, saying “. . .No event that is highlyinterest ing to our country can be viewed with indi f ference by good c i t izens; and there are certain occa-s ions when i t is not only their r ight , but a lso their duty to express their sentiments re lat ive to publ icmeasures .” He then assesses the war and the obligation of those who oppose i t to maintain theirbel iefs . “In my opinion , the dec larat ion o f war was ne i ther necessary, nor expedient , nor seasonable

PPAAGGEE 1155

8

[ t imely] ; and I think that they who entertain this opinion do wel l in expressing i t , both individual ly andcol lect ively on this very s ingular and important occasion." But he included this important qualif ica-t ion: "As the war has been const i tut ional ly declared, the people are evidently bound to support i t in themanner which constitutional laws do or shal l prescribe ." Moreover, he was concerned about an organizedoppos i t ion . “As to town meet ings on the subjec t . . .when convened , the i r proceed ings and reso lut ionsshould be decided and f irm; and they should also be temperate and decent. . .Harsh and violent expressionsneither convince nor persuade. . .The irascible passions when highly excited are di f f icult to control , andsometimes produce or lead to events which are to be deprecated; commotions tending to a dissolution ofthe Union, or to c iv i l war, would be ser ious ev i l s .” Last ly, he adds that he does not want to be aspokesman for anti-war sentiments. “I do not hesitate to express these sentiments on proper occasions,but i t would not be pleasant to be quoted in newspapers , on handbi l ls or publ ic speeches .” This impor-tant letter is quoted in the book “John Jay” by George Pellew. $15,000

I n M ay, 1 7 7 6 , a Co n t i n e n t a l Co n g r e s s m a n a n d G e o r g i a G ove r n o r A s k s G o d fo r“vir tue and for titude to withstand these hell ish attempts of t yranny to enslave theAmeric an S ons of Freedom.. .”

Autograph Letter Signed of Archibald Bul loch (1730-1777), Continental Congressman and Governor of Georgia,Savannah, May 16, 1776 as Georgia Governor, probably toSigner George Walton, g iving gr im detai ls of the war inthe south, and il lustrating the true patriot’s determinationto res is t the Br i t ish . “I snatch my pen to wr i te you a f ewlines . I t is to inform you that notwithstanding my utmost ex-er t ions to procure the s tuf f for making the necessary s ignalsever s ince you le f t Savannah, I was not able to get them beforeyesterday, and not a l l o f them even then. By Lt . Hovington Inow send them to you, and beg you wil l take the trouble to havethe needful done with them. We have had the misfortune s inceyou le f t us , thro the impudence o f Capt . Brown, to have bothour guard boats and al l our people in them taken by the min-ions of tyranny at Cockspur, poor Oats & LeRoche were bothki l led in this unlucky af fa ir. We are just now informed that anumber o f transports are arr ived at Brunswick in North Car-ol ina, a lso a great many at George Town in South Carol ina, sothat you f ind we are l ike ly to have a warm summer of i t . God[grant us] v ir tue and fort i tude to withstand these he l l i sh at -t empts o f tyranny to ens lave the Amer ican sons o f Freedom!My best respects to you and al l your family. . .”

Beginning about June 1 , the Br i t ish did in fact moveagainst Charleston and Fort Moultr ie , but were repulsedafter a month’s hard f ight ing. Bul loch, an ancestor ofTheodore Roosevelt , was a Georgia delegate to the Conti-nental Congress in 1776. He would have been one of theSigners of the Declaration of Independence in July, but hisdut ies as Governor, such as evidenced here , ca l led himhome from Philadelphia, so he never signed the Declara-t ion (and thus lost his chance for immortal i ty) . He was,however, the f irst one to read it aloud in the state of Geor-gia. $2,000

PPAAGGEE 1166

9

John Q uinc y Adams’ B o ok “ The Jubilee of the Constitution: a D iscourse,” Signed

In 1839, the New York Historical Society asked ex-President John Quincy Adams to give a speechon the Constitution of the United States. Adams was a Harvard-trained lawyer who was knownfor his tenacity in the f ight for human rights and against slavery. In a t ightly reasoned discourse,Adams looked at the roots of the Constitution in the Declaration of Independence. At that point ,he argued, the united people of the American colonies declared their independence as a group,rather than the state governments declaring themselves to be independent states. This was theexact same tack taken by Abraham Lincoln two decades later. After this , Adams went on to ex-amine the framing and enacting of the Constitution and the early history of the American repub-l ic .

A f irst edit ion of the book “The Jubilee of the Constitution: a Discourse,” 1839, 136 pages, withan engraving of Washington’s inauguration as a frontispiece, inscribed and signed “Hon. RichardFletcher from John Quincy Adams.” The subtit le states that i t was “del ivered at the request o f the NewYork Historical Society in the c i ty of New York, on tuesday, the 30th of Apri l 1839; be ing the f i f t ieth an-niversary of the inauguration of George Washington as President o f the United States , on Thursday, the30 Apri l , 1789.” The book has been beautifully rebound in green leather with gold tr im and mar-bled boards. F letcher served as a member of the United States House of Representat ives fromMassachusetts , and later went on to si t on the Massachusetts Supreme Court .

Only two signed copies of this book turn up in a search of auction records for the past 35 years,and none in over a decade. $4,500

PPAAGGEE 1177

10

G o v. Th o m a s J e f fe r s o n S t r u g g l e s t o S u p p l y B r i t i s h Pr i s o n e r s o f Wa r o f t h e S arato ga Convention Army

In a wart ime letter speci f ical ly naming George Washington, he seeks to ensure that the General does notblame him for def ic iencies

Jefferson and the Convention troops

The surrender of General Burgoyne to General Gates at Saratoga, N.Y. on October 18, 1777, placednearly 6,000 Brit ish and Hessian prisoners of war in the hands of the Continental Congress. Ac-cording to the terms of their surrender, wri t ten in a document ent i t led the “Convent ion ofSaratoga,” the prisoners were to be marched to Boston and then shipped back to Great Britain.When they arrived at Boston, a dispute arose between the Americans and Burgoyne, and on the8th of January 1778, Congress resolved to suspend the terms of the Convention and keep the pris-oners in custody. Late that year the decision was made to relocate them to Charlottesvil le , Vir-ginia, where they could be more closely watched and better supplied. Many of the Brit ish andHessian off icers had their wives and chi ldren with them, and wagons were provided for theirtransportation. British General Philips and the genial Hessian General von Riedesel led the marchsouthward. They reached Charlottesvil le , 700 miles from Boston, in January 1779, exhausted by along journey during an inclement season and arriving to f ind their barracks unfinished and theirsupplies insufficient . Moreover, the local population was alarmed to have introduced into theirpresence so many enemy soldiers.

PPAAGGEE 1188

11

Jefferson, however, urged his fel low cit izens to remain calm and wil l ingly serve as hosts to theConvention troops, who he felt were entit led to the same kindness and hospital i ty when in dis-tress as would a guest . Jefferson engaged personally in erecting barracks for the privates and es-tablishing accommodations for the off icers, made arrangements for supplies and was t ireless inhis endeavors to render the si tuation of the captives comfortable. He even took the lead in be-friending the prisoners. His efforts were no sooner crowned with success, however, than the gov-ernor of Virginia, Patrick Henry, determined to remove the prisoners from Charlottesvil le . Thiswould have caused much hardship and Jefferson wrote Henry opposing the measure, saying “Thepractice. . .of treating captive enemies with politeness and generosity is not only delightful in con-templation, but really interesting to al l the world, fr iends, foes, and neutrals . . . " Henry relented- the proposit ion to move the troops was abandoned and they were permitted to remain at Char-lottesvil le .

Governor Jefferson

Jefferson took off ice as governor of Virginia in June 1779, and his relationship to the Conventiontroops changed, as their maintenance became his ever-present task. They were a f inancial burdento the state, the treasury of which was practical ly empty. In the fal l he felt compelled to write aletter he must have hated to send, tel l ing the Continental Congress that Virginia needed help i fi t was to supply the Convention troops. Then in 1780 i t became even harder as the state becamean active theater of war.

In Governor Jefferson’s f i rst months in off ice , Virginia already faced threats that i t had neverknown during Patrick Henry’s administration. From 1776 to 1779, Virginia had remained largelyuntouched by enemy operations, except Indian raids on its western frontier. During that same pe-riod, the state became a granary, magazine, and arsenal for American armies f ighting to the northand south. Jefferson encountered the misfortune that Brit ish off ic ials decided to do somethingabout Virginia’s supporting role in the Revolution just as he became governor. In 1779, the Britishbegan a series of increasingly destructive raids along the coasts and up the rivers of Virginia. Asthese incursions grew in s ize and penetrated ever more deeply into i ts countryside, Virginia’seconomy suffered, and concerns grew that the Brit ish would rescue the Convention Army and useit for reinforcements.

James Wood, a future governor of Virginia, was colonel of the 12th Virginia Regiment and com-manded that unit during the Philadelphia and Monmouth campaigns. He was appointed Super-intendent of the Convent ion Army when the pr isoners were moved to Charlot tesvi l le , andcontinued in that post al l through Jefferson’s term as governor. As l iaison between the Americanside and the Convention troops, he was charged with actually gett ing supplies to the prisoners.By late 1780, his job had become a diff icult one indeed as funds were not available to make nec-essary purchases. Not only was Jefferson actively involved in monitoring the situation, but withthe added focus on the Convention Army, i t had attracted the attention of General George Wash-ington, who wanted things handled properly.

General Washington becomes involved

In early September 1780, both Washington and Jefferson were informed by an off icial named Tatethat some funds that could be used to pay for supplies for the Convention troops had turned up,but that he doubted Wood would use the money for that purpose. Jefferson was suspicious aboutthe c la im of avai labi l i ty of money and trusted Wood. However, fear ing that Washington’s i reagainst al l involved would be excited if he discovered that he had been given confl ict ing or er-roneous information, he wrote Wood seeking clarif ication and written evidence he could presentto the Commander-in-Chief .

Letter Signed , Richmond, Va. , September 14, 1780, to Colonel Wood. “Mr. Tate informs me you arenow in condit ion to pay up the arrearages of animal food due the Convention troops, but that he supposed

PPAAGGEE 1199

they would not receive them. I f you be really in such condition I should be glad to have the arrearages ten-dered, and i f refused a proper certi f icate of the fact, that I may transmit it to General Washington and pre-vent any disagreeable consequences from the representat ions already forwarded to him.”

Washington was skil led at keeping his anger under control but i t was a force to be reckoned withand could be most “disagreeable.” As this letter makes clear, Thomas Jefferson was intimidatedby him and afraid of incurring that anger.

Wood wrote two letters upon receiving the above. With Washington, he intervened directly, stat-ing on September 21 that “the Convent ion troops have been ful ly suppl ied for the last threeweeks. . .and that I shal l have i t within my power within a few days to begin paying up the ar-rears. . .”He apparently told Jefferson a less promising story, however, as Jefferson’s letter to Woodof September 23 reads “I am sorry the supplies of provisions to the troops have been less than Mr.Tate represented them,” and lets Wood know “There is no probabil i ty of a supply of money toyour purchasing commissary t i l l the meeting of assembly.” That same day, Jefferson wrote Wash-ington what Wood had written him, and himself took a defensive - hard to pin down and hard tocrit icize - posit ion on the issue, saying “That Post [Charlottesvil le] has been for some t ime pastpretty regularly supplied, and I hope wil l continue to be for some t ime. . .” He then added thatWood was threatening to quit his job and that “the public good” required that he remain in place.It is fascinating seeing both Jefferson and Wood posit ion themselves with Washington to receivethe least blame, should blame he assess.

In October 1780, the Brit ish began active ground operations in Virginia, and Jefferson, who hadpreviously opposed the Convention Army’s removal , changed his mind. He wrote to President ofCongress Samuel Huntington on October 26 that “The Executive of this State think i t expedientand necessary that under our present circumstances the prisoners of war under the convention ofSaratoga, be removed from their present s i tuation. Many circumstances have led to this neces-sity. I t wil l be utterly impracticable as long as they remain with us to prevent the hosti le armynow in this state from being reinforced by numerous desertions from this corps. . .” The Conven-tion army was uprooted and transferred to Frederick, Maryland, outside Jefferson’s purview.

$26,000

PPAAGGEE 2200

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss ffoorr YYoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

Washington Establishes Flag of TruceFor Negotiations With British As Revo-lution Draws to a Close $38,500

Receiving Pay For the Army DefendingNew York $2,800

D uring the War of 1812, James M onro e S ends Notif ic ation of the App ointment of aCommissioner For Prisoners of War

Marit ime matters dominated the lead-up to the War of 1812, with affronts to American shippingsuch as Brit ish impressment of seamen aboard U.S. f lag vessels constituting a primary cause forthe war. There were then about 100 Federal customs houses, most of which were situated in cit ieson the eastern seaboard. These customs off ices , led by col lectors who were senior Presidentialappointees, were one of the chief Federal presences in the various states. And since they acted asthe U.S. agent in the port ci t ies , and these cit ies were the base for American ships, they were onthe front l ine of the great issue of the war. Before the war broke out , the State Department re-quired that collectors of customs fi le reports on the impressment of seamen, complete with namesand detai ls . Once the war was a fact , the customs collectors controlled access to their ports , reg-ulated privateers, handled prize ships captured from the Brit ish, and obtained and reported in-formation on Americans captured at sea by the foe, and Britons captured by American ships andreturned to their respective districts .

The United States government maintained contact with i ts collectors in part by sending circularletters to them. In April 1813, John Mason, a Washington merchant and son of George Mason, wasappointed Commissary General of Prisoners of War. No sooner was the appointment made thanthe collectors were notif ied that they would henceforth deal with Mason on al l matters relatingto prisoners.

Document Signed as Secretary of State, April 28, 1813, a printed circular letter headed "Depart-ment of State" and sent to the Philadelphia Collector of Customs. “The President having appointedJohn Mason, Esquire , o f Georgetown, in the Distr ic t o f Columbia , commissary general o f pr isoners o fWar, including the superintendency of a l ien enemies , you are requested to correspond with him, whennecessary, on subjects connected with the objects o f his appointment, and to observe his instruct ions inrelat ion to the same, unless otherwise directed from this Department." Although some War of 1812 cir-cular letters survive in some abundance (perhaps those sent out in larger quantit ies) , this is thefirst example of this one that we have ever seen. Moreover, a search of auction records back to1978 shows that none have come up in that t ime period.

Mason’s f irst job was to negotiate an agreement with the Brit ish to govern the treatment and ex-change of prisoners, which he did on May 12 (the "Cartel for the Exchange of Prisoners of War Be-tween Great Britain and the United States of America") . $1,800

PPAAGGEE 2211

12

K i n g Lo u i s X I V G ra n t s t h e We s t e r n m o s t K n ow n P l o t o f L a n d o f N e w Fra n ce,in the H igh Tide of French S ettlement on the East Coast of the U.S.

New France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending fromthe exploration of the St . Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 to the cession of New Franceto Spain and Britain in 1763. At i ts peak in 1712, the territory of New France extended from New-foundland across Canada to the Rocky Mountains and from Hudson Bay down to the Gulf of Mex-ico. I ts inhabitants, mainly centered on the Canadian east coast and through Quebec, engaged infarming and logging, exploited the very rich Atlantic f ishing grounds, and created a l ively furtrade.

But the French were not alone in seeking to settle and take advantage of America’s resources - theEnglish were there also, and contending with the French every step of the way. They colonized allof the eastern seaboard of what is now the United States except for Florida (which was then Span-ish) and the far north. There, in Maine and marit ime Canada, English and French ambitions di-rect ly col l ided and sparks f lew. And the dividing l ine between sett lements of the two nations,where populations confronted one another, ran along the St . George River that passes throughThomaston, Maine.

Document Signed on vellum, in French, Versail les , May 20, 1708, approving a grant to ThomasLefevre of “two leagues frontage by three deep” in Acadia, at the St . George River in what is nowThomaston. I t is s igned by both King Louis XIV and his Secretary of State, Louis Phelypeaux. In1998, the Maine state legislature noted that “Thomas Lefevre had a habitation at South Thomas-ton in the early 1700's ,” and called his holdings “perhaps the westernmost French sett lement onthe coast .”

This is as far as the French t ide got , and it began to recede in 1712. Half a century later, when theFrench and Indian War ended in 1763, France was forced to cede virtually al l of North Americato the English, bringing the French adventure there to an effective end. $3,800

PPAAGGEE 2233

13

The French Tr y to I nvade England in 1386

A rare document from the Hundred Years War

The English did well in the f irst phase of this long war, winning victories at Crecy and Poit iers .However, in the 1380’s , English King Richard II recognized his uncle (and most experienced com-mander) , John of Gaunt, as King of Casti le , and unwisely sent him with 7,000 of his best troopsto Spain. The French saw the absence of these soldiers as an opportunity, and considered that aninvasion of England was feasible and might deal a fatal blow to their long-time foe. In the springand summer of 1386, 30 ,000 troops for a “voyage to England” were gathered by French KingCharles VI . By August , i t was real ized in England that there was a real threat of invasion, thefirst s ince Will iam the Conqueror, and preparations were made to meet i t . However, the Frenchfound, as have other would-be invaders, that mounting a cross-Channel expedit ion is complex,expensive and time-consuming, and their deadline kept being pushed back. In late October the in-vasion was cancel led altogether. The document we offer indicates that lack of funds may havebeen a major factor. The wages of the French forces (who probably had been promised plunderwhen they got to England) were by late October at least s ix weeks overdue, and the French royalcoffers were low enough that most of their troops couldn’t be paid. Large numbers of the unpaidsoldiers began pil laging the Flemish countryside, only beginning to disperse in November. A 1page 4to document on vellum, Lil le , Oct . 30, 1386, 5 l ines in an elegant gothic chancery script .Estienne Daulazy, “a part ic ipant in the present war and the present voyage to England, requests fromthe government o f the Marshal o f Sancre [Louis de Sancerre , Marshal o f France] the sum of 75 l ivrestournois f rom Jehant l e F lamant , the King’s mi l i tary t reasurer, as wages due myse l f and seven othersquires on the present expedit ion.” Very good, with a note in another hand at the bottom, “Thisquittance has only a value of 15 sous,” indicating pay was only to be given to Daulazy himself .A sad state of affairs for France to be in. Three other attempts to invade Britain have been plannedsince this French attempt fai led: the Spanish Armada in 1588, Napoleon and the French again inthe early 1800’s , and Germany in 1940. None got farther than this abortive try in 1386. This is theonly document we can recall seeing from the Hundred Years War, and is fascinating with i ts taleof inadequate French f inancing. $1,000

PPAAGGEE 2244

14

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss ffoorr YYoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

King Louis XIII Asks the Pope to Ex-empt the Benedictine Maurist Orderfrom Taxation $2,000

King George III Implements an Actof Parliament Integral to the Eng-

lish Constitution $3,500

Lo r d N e l s o n S p e a k s U p Fo r O n e o f H i s Ca p t a i n s, W h o Wa s Aw a r d e d a M e d a l Fo rS er vices in Egypt

In March 1795, the French fleet headed for Corsica with a plan to invade it . Nelson and the Britishfleet immediately put to sea to intercept them. On March 14, in the Batt le of Genoa, the Frenchwere defeated and abandoned their invasion strategy. For this service and others, in 1799 Nelsonwas given the t i t le of Duke of Bronte by the King of Genoa, and thereafter he added that t i t le tohis signature. Among the British officers with Nelson at Genoa was John Burn, who was promotedto Commander in 1799. Two years later, Burn was Captain of the HMS Blonde (32 guns) , and asone of Nelson’s legendary captains, was stationed with him in the Mediterranean. In March 1801,the Br i t ish determined to oust Napoleon’s forces from Egypt and sent an army of 5 ,000 to ac-complish i t . With the French army well entrenched, the Brit ish landing proved diff icult . Nelsondispatched the HMS Blonde and a few other ships to the area, and in the Batt le of Abukir theysucceeded. The French were dislodged and retreated; soon they would be e jected from Egypt al-together. In March 1802, Burn was awarded a Gold Medal in recognit ion of his services. He wasstil l serving as one of Nelson’s captains in 1803, when Nelson wrote the Admiralty about his hopefor a better ship, “Captain Burn, who Sir Richard speaks very highly of , has requested of me tomention him to you, in hopes you wil l give him a good Sloop. . .”

The Lambton family of Lambton Castle , County Durham, England, had a personal fortune thatderived largely from coal mining on their lands. In the early 19th century, this mining would earnthem the enormous amount of £80,000 annually, and Lord Durham would have 2,400 miners inhis employ. Lamptons were elected to the House of Commons for Durham. The Burn family in-termarried into the Lambton, and Captain Burn stood to inherit a substantial sum of money if hisLambton relatives considered him worthy. But some problem had arisen which he feared reflectedon his character. He spoke of this to Lord Nelson, suggesting that a word from the hero wouldprove more than useful .

As for Nelson, in 1801, with the Napoleonic Wars in a stalemate and peace talks on, he returnedto England. Separated from his wife Fanny, and he sought and found a home where he and LadyHamilton could entertain fr iends. Acting on his behalf , she purchased Merton Place for the sumof £9000. He arrived there in October 1801 and would spend much t ime there unti l the renewedwar cal led him away in 1803. He was there when he determined to do a service and commendCaptain Burn.

PPAAGGEE 2255

15

Autograph Letter Signed “Nelson & Bronte” , Merton, Surrey, March 16, 1802, to Mrs. Lambton,who we conjecture was Burn’s aunt or cousin. “When I was in the Mediterranean, your re lat ion Cap-tain Burn often told me that i f I would speak to you what I knew of him and his character, that i t wouldprobably be of great use to him. And as I am not l ikely to have that opportunity, I take the l iberty of writ-ing to assure you that a l though Captain Burn may have been unfortunate , yet that my knowledge of himfor 7 years induces me to say that I never knew any irregularity in his conduct . On the contrary, he a l -ways conducted himsel f so much l ike a gentleman and a man of charcter that I was always glad to renderhim any l itt le services in my power and to receive him at my table . His loyalty on every occasion at GenoaI am wel l assured of . I s incerely hope that this attestat ion wil l induce you to render Captain Burn everykind attention which he deserves , and which wil l much please . . .Nelson & Bronte .”

Our thanks to the Royal Naval Museum and the Nat ional Mari t ime Museum at Greenwich fortheir research assistance. $12,500

Susan B. Anthony Thanks the First Woman to Cast a Vote “for ever y go o d word andwork given to the world by your own go o d self ”

In 1871, Maril la M. Ricker had the dist inction of being the f irst U.S. woman to cast a vote ( i t wasnot counted), using the argument that women were "electors" under the Fourteenth Amendment.She then read law in Washington, D.C. , and passed the bar with the highest grade of anyone ad-mitted there in 1882. She determined to use her knowledge to help the downtrodden and she be-came known as the "prisoner 's fr iend," successfully challenging a distr ict law that indefinitelyconfined poor criminals unable to pay fees. In 1890, Ricker became the first woman to practice lawin New Hampshire . The next year she became the ninth woman admitted to the U.S . SupremeCourt bar. She fought for women's r ights as wel l , and was an act ive member of the Nat ionalWoman Suffrage Association, an organization created by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth CadyStanton. The New Hampshire Women's Bar Associat ion has a Mari l la M. Ricker AchievementAward that is presented annually to women lawyers who have achieved professional excellence,advanced opportunit ies for women in the legal profession, or performed exemplary public serv-ice on behalf of women.

Here Anthony, her esteemed colleague, thanks her for her years of effort for worthy causes. TypedLetter Signed , Rochester, N.Y. , March 24, 1900, to Ms. Ricker, whom she addresses as “My DearFriend.” ”In my l ist o f presents , I have just come across my Ingersol l spoon from you. Though I expectyou are st i l l in Washington, not knowing your address , I shal l send this note to Dover, and I hope youwil l f ind i t there safe ly when you return to your New Hampshire home. I t was a splendid convention andcongressional hearing that we had in Washington, to say nothing of sundry receptions, dinners , etc . e tc .Thanking you…for every good word and work given to the world by your own good se l f , I am, Very af-fect ionately yours . . .” $2,500

PPAAGGEE 2266

16

R are Calvin Co olidge ALS as President

Autograph Letter Signed , Washington, December 5, 1927, to Frederick S. Pick on the subject ofautographs.

"Accept my most hearty congratulat ions on securing to the Anderson Gal ler ies an autograph let ter o fRoger Wil l iams. I t is a rare historical document that wil l increase in interest with t ime." $6,500

PPAAGGEE 2277

17

A Five Volume Biography of Her B eloved Prince Alber t, Four of Which Are InscribedBy Q ueen Vic toria to the Foremost Churchman in S cotland

John Tulloch was the most prominent churchman in Scotland during the mid-Victorian period.He was Clerk of the General Assembly, a professor at St . Andrew’s, and a noted philosopher andauthor. His fr iend Matthew Arnold often cal led upon him for advice.

Prince Albert , beloved husband of Queen Victoria, died at 10:50 p.m. on December 14, 1861 in theBlue Room at Windsor Castle , in the presence of the Queen and f ive of their nine children. TheQueen's grief was overwhelming, and she was inconsolable. Victoria wore black in mourning forthe rest of her long l i fe , and Albert ’s rooms in al l their houses were kept as they had been, evenwith hot water brought in the morning, and l inen and towels changed daily. Moreover, Victoriawithdrew from public l i fe. Albert is credited with introducing the principle that the Brit ish RoyalFamily should remain above poli t ics and with helping avert a war with the United States overthe Trent Affair.

Start ing in 1875, and last ing over a period of f ive years, Smith, Elder & Co.of London publisheda f ive volume biography of the Prince by Theodore Martin entit led "The Life of His Royal High-ness the Prince Consort ." As each book came out, on a visit to the royal residence in Balmoral ,Scotland, Queen Victoria sent a precious volume of the prized biography to Tulloch. This is theentire f ive volume set , four volumes of which she inscribed: Volume one is “To Professor Tullochfrom Victoria R, Balmoral , June 6, 1875.” Volume two is “To Principal Tulloch from Victoria RI,Balmoral , June 10, 1877.” Volume three is “To Professor Tulloch of St . Andrew, from Victoria RI,Balmoral , June 9, 1878.” Volume four is “To Professor Tulloch from VRI, Balmoral , September 26,1879.” The f i f th volume, from 1880, though present, is unsigned. The R following Victoria’s namestands for Regina (Queen). She took the t i t le "Empress of India" on May 1, 1876, and this wasproclaimed at Delhi in 1877. Thereafter she usually signed RI, for Regina Imperatrix (Queen andEmpress) . One can see this progression in these volumes. $4,000

PPAAGGEE 2288

18

James Buchanan: The United States Needs to B e G overned by the Demo cratic Par t y

“. . . the perpetuity & prosper ing o f the people o f th is union depend upon the ascendancy o f Democrat icprinciples . . .”

Buchanan served as U.S . minister to Russia during Andrew Jack-son’s administration, then was U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania from1834-1845. In 1844, he and Lewis Cass challenged former PresidentVan Buren for the Democratic presidential nomination. When it be-came c lear that the convent ion was deadlocked, Jackson protegeJames K. Polk was put forth as a "dark horse" candidate , and heended up as the party’s nominee. Recognizing Buchanan's supportof the t icket and Pennsylvania 's contr ibution to his e lect ion, Polkappointed Buchanan Secretary of State.

Buchanan remained in off ice for Polk's ful l term, and was closely associated with the adminis-tration's leading measures, particularly the annexation of Oregon and the Mexican War. I t was aforegone conclusion that Buchanan would seek the 1848 nomination.

Autograph Letter Signed as Secretary of State, marked "Private," Washington, May 20, 1847, toPhiladelphia Democrat George Guier (who was apparently not one of his supporters) , discussinghis polit ical goals and stating his philosophy that the Democrats are the party that most benefitsthe nation. “I ought long ago to have acknowledged the rece ipt o f your favor o f the 30th ult imo. . .Thetruth is that business of the Department is so incessant & pressing that I am compelled to neglect my pri-vate correspondents . Why did you not write to me on the subject o f your son-in-law’s appointment as asecond l ieutenant. I should most cheerful ly have sustained his appl icat ion. Although you and I have notbeen as good friends as I could desire, yet I have always justly appreciated your services & merits as a De-mocrat . Of this I could long s ince have given you proof had I not supposed my motives might have beenmistaken. I am now encouraged to drop th is h int only by the k ind tone o f your l e t ter. You subscr ibed

PPAAGGEE 3300

19

yoursel f my fr iend, and as you have never yet been chargedwith hypocracy, I accept the pledge with al l my heart . AllI desire o f you in this character is that you shal l think &speak as k indly o f me as I do o f you. I have no ambit iousaspirations beyond that of a desire to obtain & preserve thegood opinion of my fe l low cit izens. Your fr iendship for mewil l not , therefore , cost you much. We shal l never quarrelabout your Pres ident ia l pre f erences ; because I know youwil l never support any candidate unless he be a good De-mocrat . A long experience in publ ic l i fe has convinced methat the perpetuity & prospering of the people of this uniondepend upon the ascendancy o f Democrat ic pr inc ip les inthe administrat ion of their Government. I shal l , therefore ,be in favor of that man for President , whoever he may be ,best calculated to secure this ascendancy. Let us, therefore ,shake hands & be good fr iends hereafter."

Fail ing to receive the presidential nomination in 1848or 1852, Buchanan was appointed minister to Bri tainby President Franklin Pierce. This meant that he wasout of the country from 1853-1856, and did not have tostake out a posi t ion on sect ional f lare-ups over theKansas-Nebraska Act , the fugit ive s lave law, and theorganization of the Kansas Territory. Having offendedno one North or South, he was admirably si tuated tocapture the Democratic nomination in 1856. So in theend, he obtained the pr ize he so long sought - thepresidency - only to f ind himself at the center of thegargantuan storm of secess ion and i ts prelude,through which he was unable to navigate. $4,600

Z a c h a r y Tay l o r ’s G o a l a s P r e s i d e n t : H e a l t h e N a t i o n by R e d u c i n g S e c t i o n a lBitterness

“If I can be instrumental in moderat ing to some extent the bitterness o f party and pol i t ical asperity, Ishould consider mysel f more than fortunate .”

In 1848, the Whigs sought a candidate that would have national appeal and f ixed their attentionon Taylor. They looked to him because his long mil i tary record would appeal to northerners ,while his ownership of s laves would lure southern votes. The potential candidate, however, wasnot enthused about running and would only accept the nomination if he was convinced it was atthe cal l of the country. On June 9, the Whig convention made that cal l and nominated him. Tay-lor ’s campaign reflected his insistence that principle would prevail over polit ics , and his inten-t ion to seek sectional reconcil iat ion on a national basis rather than favor any particular region.As his biographer K. Jack Bauer states, “Taylor viewed himself as a non-partisan f igure attract-ing support from all parties.” His Democratic opponent, Lewis Cass, favored lett ing the residentsof terri tories decide for themselves whether they wanted slavery, which in practice was a pro-southern posit ion.

Letter Signed , Baton Rouge, La, July 19, 1848, to Will iam N. Hunnewell of Boston, saying that hehas no ambit ion to be president , but expressing his goal , i f cal led upon, to overcome the divi-

PPAAGGEE 3311

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss FFoorr YYoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

Buchanan Demonstrates His Strategy:Appease the South to Isolate the

Secessionists $9,500

On Behalf of Himself and his Soldiers,General Zachary Taylor Thanks New

Hampshire $5,800

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

20

siveness rending the antebellum United States asunder. “I have the pleasure to receive your very f inecongratulatory favor of the 28th ulto and I thank you most truly for your good opinion, which, whetherelected or not , whether in an exalted or humble sphere , I hope to merit . The of f ice o f the Presidency is notdesirable to me farther than as i t is in the wish and wil l o f the people , and i t is this far be fore any otherconsiderat ion which has disposed me to yie ld to the movement in my favor. You are r ight in saying thatthe emolument of the o f f ice is small , and i f , in case I should be e lected, I could ret ire from of f ice withoutbeing bankrupt, and yet more i f I can be instrumental in moderating to some extent the bitterness of partyand pol i t ical asperity, I should consider mysel f more than fortunate .”

When Taylor took off ice in 1849, the pressing issue was the extension of s lavery into the territo-ries newly conquered from Mexico. He thought nationally rather than sectionally, and opposedthe proposed Compromise of 1850, which he saw as opening up partisan competition to settle andcontrol the territories, leading the nation into constant agitation and danger. Under his plan, Tay-lor urged sett lers in New Mexico and California to draft constitutions and apply for statehoodimmediately, bypassing the terri torial stage altogether. This would save years of further bit tercontroversy and sat isfy opponents of the expansion of s lavery, s ince neither state const i tut ionwould be l ikely to permit that insti tution. Taylor was a slave owner and believed that southern-ers whose posit ion on slavery was less extreme could be brought along with him. $7,500

PPAAGGEE 3322

M ark Twain Writes to B eck y “ Thatcher,” and She Writes B ack

She was Becky Pavey, whose name and character he used in “Tom Sawyer”

When 4-year old Samuel Clemens arrived with his family in Hannibal , Missouri , they l ived at thePavey Hotel on Hil l Street . The Mississippi River quickly lured the boy, and he nearly drownedtwice as a youth, the last t ime being saved by the Pavey’s s lave, Neal . The Paveys had a sonNapoleon, and a daughter Becky. The Clemens were close enough with the Paveys that Sam calledMrs. Pavey “Aunt P.”

Twain used f igures from his chi ldhood in Hannibal as characters in his books , notably “TomSawyer” and “Huckleberry Finn”, which are set there. His “Vil lagers” sketch is the key rel ied onto help identi fy the origins of the characters . The character of Pole in Huck Finn is identi f iedwith Napoleon Pavey. And what of Becky? In the “Vil lagers”, Twain writes, “The Paveys. AuntP. protects a daughter. ‘Pigtail Done!’ BECKY. Came up from St. Louis a sweet and pretty youngthing---caused many heartbreaks.” Twain’s crush on her is obvious. We also know that during his1855 stay in St . Louis, Clemens boarded with a Pavey family, undoubtedly the same one or a closerelation.

PPAAGGEE 3333

21

Twain’s characters were often composites drawn from several different friends, and so it was with Becky Thatcher. Laura Hawkins, another neighbor in Hannibal , is considered to be part of thecomposite that went into her character. But the name, physical description, and his clear infatu-ation have led many scholars to conclude that Becky Pavey played a defining role.

“The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” was off icial ly published in England and America in De-cember 1884, but the book was not in the canvassers ' hands for delivery unti l February 1885. Inthe interim Twain was traveling, and at the t ime he wrote this letter anxiously awaiting the pub-l ic verdict on what was to become his greatest and most famous book.

Autograph Letter Signed , January 9, 1885, to “My dear Becky.” Twain writes “I shal l certainly notfai l to come i f I get the t ime, but the chances are many against me, for I am not often able to do as I wouldbut as I must . St i l l , I shal l hope. I was very glad indeed to hear from you. Sincerely, your old fr iend,S.L. Clemens.” Fine, in clear pencil , and extremely unusual with Twain signing himself as “Yourold fr iend.” On the verso is a note written and signed by Becky Pavey Boas, April 14, 1919. “It waswith s incere regret that my chi ldhood fr iend Samuel Clemens did not dine with us .” Thus, this sheethas the autographs of both Twain and Becky. $8,500

B e n j a m i n H a r r i s o n , S u p p o s e d l y a C i v i l S e r v i ce R e fo r m e r, Co n s u l t s a N o t e dSp oilsman Ab out App ointments

When Pres . Harr ison took off ice in 1889, the Republ icans control ledboth houses of Congress . The party’s abi l i ty to control the domest icagenda was, however, inf luenced by an economic depress ion in theagrarian west and south that led to pressure for legislat ion conserva-t ive Republ icans might normally res is t . By the late summer of 1890,both Sherman Acts were s igned and the McKinley Tari ff was throughthe House and awaiting f inalization in the Senate. Meanwhile, the U.S.economy continued in a downturn as the year wore on. Civil service re-form was another key issue of the day, and Pres . Harr ison had cam-paigned in 1888 promising to support i t . Histor ians general ly recordthat , as president , Harrison steered a middle course on the subject , aposit ion that al ienated anti-reform elements in his own party who de-manded cont inuat ion of the spoi ls system of awarding governmentposts for party loyalty. His inability to satisfy their patronage demands,one reads, was a significant factor in his failure to win a second term inthe election of 1892. The fol lowing letter, i l lustrating the extraordinarydegree to which Harrison worked and consulted with a noted spoi ls-

man, indicates that this may not be an accurate picture. One notable practit ioner of the spoilssystem was James S. Clarkson (1842-1918) , the editor of the Des Moines State Register and a stal-wart member of the Republican National Committee. He was a Harrison loyalist , and the Presi-dent appointed him First Asst . Postmaster General ( in which capacity his main task was handlingpatronage, not overseeing mail delivery) . In this post he replaced Democratic postmasters withRepublicans at an astonishing rate (one source claims 30,000 per year in 1889-1890). The letter re-veals Harrison asking for Clarkson’s advice on appointments, and manifests Harrison’s expecta-t ion that Clarkson ass is t him in determining s trategy for the forthcoming 1890 Congress ionalelections.

Autograph Letter Signed as president on Executive Mansion letterhead, Washington, August 9 ,1890, to Clarkson, in a letter not surprisingly marked “Private .” “I am sorry you are s ick , both onyour account & my own. I wanted to see you before I went to Boston, & fai l ing that I write to ask thatyou wil l , when you get about again, possess yoursel f as ful ly as you can of a l l the facts re lat ing to theCongressional Canvass & think over the quest ion of a Secretary & when I get back we wil l s tart the teamif we have to hitch to the cart ourselves .” $7,000

PPAAGGEE 3344

22

U.S. G rant Accepts H is First App ointment As G eneral

The holograph docket from his retained copy of his letter accepting his f irst generalship

The Civi l War was Grant 's second mil i tary career, and the f i rs t one was not part icular ly note-worthy. He graduated low in his class at West Point - 21st out of 39 - in 1841. During the Mexi-can War, he saw some action but spent most of his t ime as regimental quartermaster of an infantryunit ; and bounced around in various assignments in New York, Michigan, Cali fornia, and Ore-gon after the war. Finally, amid rumors of heavy drinking and warnings of possible disciplinaryaction, he resigned his captain's commission to pursue a civi l ian business l i fe on July 31, 1854.When the Civil War commenced, Grant unsuccessfully offered his services to the War Departmentand to General General George B. McClel lan in Ohio, who turned him down. He served tem-porari ly as an aide and muster ing off icer for I l l inois Governor Richard Yates , who eventual lygave him command of the 7th I l l inois Regiment, which later became the 21st I l l inois Volunteers.On June 17, 1861, Grant was commissioned a colonel in the volunteers. He marched his unit tonorth-central Missouri to guard the Hannibal & St . Joseph Railroad and search for rebel act ivity.He remained a colonel unti l August 7 , 1861.

In Chapter 19 of his Memoirs, Grant recounted that he was stationed in Mexico, Missouri , whenhe learned that President Lincoln had asked the I l l inois congressional delegation for recommen-dations for brigadier general and that his name was at the top on their l ist . Shortly thereafter,due largely to the influence of his advocate, the influential I l l inois Congressman Elihu B. Wash-burne, his appointment was announced. His commission was issued as Brigadier General of Vol-unteers on August 7 , 1861, dat ing from May 17 , 1861. Grant re lated that , short ly af ter his

PPAAGGEE 3355

23

promotion, he was ordered to Ironton, Missouri , in southeast Missouri . His command at Irontonlasted from August 7 to August 17, 1861. Ten days after going to Ironton, he was replaced by an-other general and started for St . Louis, from where he was ordered to Jefferson City, Missouri .Grant found the situation there in chaos, with Rebel supporters open and vocal . He was in com-mand at Jefferson City from August 17 to August 28, 1861, and had some success in calming theturbulance. Grant recounted that he was then rel ieved by Colonel Jefferson C. Davis and orderedto report to St . Louis, without delay, to see the Union commander in Missouri , General John C.Fremont. Upon arrival Fremont told him that he had been selected to spearhead the Union move-ment down the Mississippi Valley, with the goals of spli t t ing the Confederacy in two and secur-ing Union control of the Mississippi waterway. Thus Grant, who f ive months earl ier had been astore clerk, without f ighting a batt le or acting in a major command posit ion, had become the des-ignated point man for one of the great strategic movements of the Civi l War. His select ion forthis post ranks with George Marshall ’s choice of Dwight D. Eisenhower to lead All ied forces inEurope in World War II . Grant quickly reported to Cape Girardeau, Missouri , to begin that work,arriving there on August 30.

Autograph Endorsement Signed , “Jef ferson City, Missouri , August 25, 1861, Brig. Gen. U.S. Grant,accepting appointment Apri l 7 61.” The U.S.V. below his signature stands for United States Volun-teers. This unique piece was sold by Charles Hamilton's gallery in New York four decades ago,and has not been on the autograph market since then. I t proclaims i tself his holograph docket onhis retained copy of his letter accepting his f irst generalship.

Grant’s f irst taste of leadership of an army in batt le occurred at Belmont on November 7, 1861.Shiloh would follow, and then his successful campaign to take Vicksburg gained the goals he hadset out to achieve. This path would lead him to take command as the Union Army’s general inchief and ult imately to the White House. $16,500

PPAAGGEE 3366

Pr e s i d e n t U. S . G ra n t Wo r k s t o S u p p o r t t h e Fa m i l y o f H i s Wa r t i m e A i d e - d e - c a m p,G eneral John A. R awlins

A fellow Galena, I l l inois native, John A. Rawlins served as Grant’s aide-de-camp during the CivilWar, and is credited for a mostly successful effort to keep his longtime fr iend sober and effec-t ive. He rose to the rank of brigadier general and U.S. Army chief of staff , and was appointedSecretary of War when Grant became President in March 1869. Rawlins died of tuberculosis onSeptember 6, 1869, after only six months in off ice, and left a surviving second wife, along withthree children from a previous marriage. Grant was named trustee of the benevolent fund estab-l ished for the family and also served as executor for the Rawlins children.

Document Signed as President, Washington, Nov. 27th 1869, a manuscript receipt for a $500 con-tribution to a fund to assist the family of Rawlins, received by former Union General Daniel But-terf ield.

“Rece ived at the hand o f Genr l . Butter f i e ld , F ive Hundred Dol lars be ing the Subscr ipt ion o f Messrs .Benkard & Hutton to the Rawlins Fund.” The New York mercanti le f irm of Benkard & Hutton im-ported dry goods from France and was also a major force in the si lk trade with the Orient . Ac-companied by the imprinted transmittal envelope, franked by Grant’s secretary, former UnionBrigadier General Horace Porter. $2,700

PPAAGGEE 3377

24

The Civi l War ’s M ost I ronic O rder: G eneral Wil l iam T. Sherman I nsists to H is Tro ops,“No private prop er t y should b e taken without consent of owner. . .”

General Sherman earned everlasting renown, as well as vil i f ication, for his March to the Sea. Tak-ing his army from Atlanta to Savannah and then up into South Carolina, i t was devastating notmerely to Georgia but the Confederacy as a whole. Sherman himself est imated that the campaignhad inflicted $100 million in destruction, about one fifth of which "inured to our advantage" whilethe "remainder is simple waste and destruction." The Army wrecked 300 miles of railroad and nu-merous bridges and miles of telegraph l ines. I t seized 5,000 horses, 4 ,000 mules, and 13,000 headof catt le . I t confiscated 9 .5 mil l ion pounds of corn and 10.5 mil l ion pounds of fodder, and de-stroyed uncounted cotton gins and mills . Mil i tary historian Herman Hattaway stated that "Sher-man's raid succeeded in knocking the Confederate war effort to pieces." Another historian, DavidJ. Eicher, wrote that "Sherman had accomplished an amazing task. He had defied mili tary princi-ples by operating deep within enemy territory and without l ines of supply or communication. Hedestroyed much of the South's potential and psychology to wage war." While civi l ians suffer inmost wars, Sherman is credited with developing this into a new and effective matter of strategyand style of warfare. That is his reputation.

Was Sherman that way from the start? Did he always feel that destruct ion of c ivi l ian propertywas integral to a Union victory? Apparently not . Here is rather surprising evidence that earl ierin the war, he sought to exclude civi l ians from the confl ict , even down to rigorously protectingSouthern civi l ians and their property.

Grant selected Sherman to organize the Fifth Division of the Army of the Tennessee. This divisionfought hard at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, and Sherman received two minor wounds. Grantgave Sherman credit for the Northern victory at this batt le and Sherman was promoted to therank of major general of volunteers in May 1862. In July of that year, Sherman was assigned tocommand the District of Memphis and held that post unti l November. During that t ime, he not

PPAAGGEE 3388

25

only guarded the important r iver town and the Mississ ippi River, but bat t led constant ly withguerri l la and Confederate cavalry units operating in Mississippi and Tennessee. Then, from De-cember 1862-July 1863, he was one of Grant ’s t rusted commanders during the Vicksburg cam-paign.

On October 29, 1862, a civi l ian named John Colby wrote Sherman a letter saying that he was atenant dairy farmer, and that a twenty-f ive wagon Union forage unit had come onto his farm andtaken full loads of corn and fodder. They cited quartermaster ’s orders to do so. He went on toexplain “By this loss I know not how I am to feed my cows and keep up my dairy. . .” The Shermanin Georgia would have turned away from that plea, but not so the Sherman of late 1862. He en-dorses the verso of Colby’s letter.

Autograph Endorsement Signed , “Refer to Capt. J . Condit Smith. No private property should be takenwithout consent o f owner, unless on a written order by Brig. General .” Of course, written orders bygenerals to take private property without compensation would be virtually non-existant , so thiswas tantamount to prohibit ing the practice. Of particular interest is the fact that rather than justrespond to Colby’s complaint , Sherman chose to make a policy decision that would apply acrossthe board. I t is also the only t ime we have seen him make such a pronouncement. $3,500

PPAAGGEE 3399

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss ffoorr YYoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

Scarce War Date DocumentSigned by Gen. Joseph Hooker$695

Admiral Porter Eulogizes WarDead and Urges Reconciliation

$1,000

Abraham Lincoln Pushes B ack Against B eing B ombarded (and S colded) WithClemenc y Requests by Supp or ters of Captain Charles Wilkes

The naval hero of the Trent Affair had been convicted at court mart ial o f insubordination to Navy Secre-tary Gideon Welles

At the outbreak of the Civi l War, Captain Charles Wilkes was assigned to the command of theUSS San Jacinto to search for and destroy Confederate privateers. As Wilkes himself wrote, “Dur-ing al l this t ime the rebel cruisers have been roving unrestrained upon the sea, terr i fying ourmerchant ships, and committing fearful havoc upon our commerce.” He saw it as his duty to helpremedy the problem. On November 8, 1861, he stopped the Brit ish mail packet Trent , and took offthe Confederate commissioners on their way to England to arrange for Brit ish assistence i f notoutright intervention, James Murray Mason and John Slidell . He then brought them to Fort War-ren in Boston Harbor. He was off icial ly thanked by Congress, but his action caused a f irestorm inEngland, which quickly sent an ultimatum to the United States: surrender Mason and Slidell , andapologize for the kidnapping, or go to war. President Lincoln and Price Albert became the pro-tagonists , avoiding war; with Albert ’s last act ion before his death defusing the s i tuation thereand Lincoln cautioning Secretary of State Will iam H. Seward, "One war at a t ime".

Wilkes next service was in the James River f loti l la , but after reaching the rank of commodore, onJuly 16, 1862, he was assigned to duty against blockade runners in the West Indies . As part ofthese duties, he visited the British colony of Bermuda. Acting on his orders, however violating theBri t ish rule that a l lowed American naval vessels to remain in port for a s ingle day, Wilkes re-mained in port for nearly a week aboard his flagship, while his gunboats Tioga and Sonoma block-aded St . George harbour, a key Confederate blockade-runner base . The gunboats prevented anumber of ships from leaving the harbor, and opened f ire on a Royal Mail steamer. This was thelast straw for Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, who now considered Wilkes a dangerous loose can-non. He said Wilkes had been too old to receive the rank of commodore and rescinded it . Then,on December 7, 1863, Welles laid before Congress a report that Wilkes saw as accusing him of thegrave offense of “having wholly defeated the plans of the Department for the capture of the Ala-bama, Florida, and Georgia."

Wilkes responded by writ ing a scathing letter to Welles, essential ly saying that he (Wilkes) wasbeing made the scapegoat for Welles’ own fai lures to achieve naval victories.

PPAAGGEE 4400

26

This controversy ended in Wilkes being court-mart ial led, and on Apri l 26, 1864, he was foundguilty of disobedience of orders and insubordination and was sentenced to public reprimand andsuspension for three years. Wilkes’ attorney at the court martial was Lincoln fr iend and formerU.S. Senator from Il l inois , Orvil le Browning. Browning’s law partner, former Senator and Treas-ury Secretary Thomas Ewing, was also involved in the case. In the wake of the conviction, Brown-ing and Ewing felt that an injustice had been done to Wilkes and promptly took their case r ightto President Lincoln. Browning's diary under dates of Apri l 30 and May 5, 1864, records inter-views with the President, in company with Ewing, and Welles ' diary would in December recordEwing's continued efforts in the case.

So now the President was caught in a bind: many people in the country considered Wilkes a hero,and influential fr iends of Wilkes were pushing for his release; while Secretary Welles would beoffended by any such action. Lincoln needed some space to decide what to do and did not wantto be further bombarded by pet i t ioners in the matter. On May 16 , e leven days af ter meet ingBrowning and Ewing in the White House, and faced with further demands on his t ime, he wroteEwing “Respects to Mr. Ewing; but I am not ready to decide his cases , & I do not wish him tocome in [and] scold about i t .”

Then he penned this Autograph Note Signed , Washington, May 16, 1864, to Browning. “Will Mr.Browning please look at the card just sent Mr. Ewing?” This piece sold at the American Art Associa-t ion/Anderson Galleries in i ts sale of February 25-26, 1930, and has the backstamp of legendaryautograph dealer Thomas Madigan.

On December 26, 1864, Lincoln decided the case in a Solomonic way - satisfying each side in part .He ordered “The unexecuted part of the sentence of the General Court-Martial in the case of Com.Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. is hereby remitted, this remission to take effect at the end of one year fromthe day on which the sentence took effect .” Thus, he reduced the term of suspension to one year,most of which Wilkes had already completed. In 1866, shortly after reinstatement, Wilkes ret iredfrom the Navy. $10,000

PPAAGGEE 4411

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss ffoorr YYoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

Abraham Lincoln Appoints aCaptain to the Union Army$11,000

Lincoln Requests Appointmentof Future General Frederick A.

Starring, Praising His Merits$24,000

Pre s i d e nt - e l e c t L i n co l n R e ce i ve s An Eyew i t n e s s R e p o r t o n Co n d i t i o n s I n s i d e Fo r tSumter and at Charleston

In January 1861, he acknowledges a private communicat ion, or iginal ly sent by code, from his strongestsupporter on-site , Abner Doubleday

In 1858, Abner Doubleday was assigned to Fort Moultrie in Charleston harbor, a desirable post-ing because of i ts proximity to the city and its elegant society. By the summer of 1860, he was acaptain and second in command of the fort , serving under Lt . Col. John Gardner, a Massachusettsman. Mary Doubleday, Abner ’s wife, was with him and the only woman in the fort . At that t ime,history came right to their doorstep.

The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln as their presidential candidate in 1860, and becauseof their opponents’ spli t , were widely thought to have a good chance to win their f irst nationalelection. Southerners were having no part of a potential Lincoln presidency. South Carolina wentso far as to warn that i f the Republ icans won, i t would withdraw from the Union. Doubledaywarned of the Southern discontent and added that he was the only off icer at Moultr ie who fa-vored Lincoln's elect ion, but “As regards my companions, however, there was no difference ofopinion in regard to sustaining the new President should he be legally elected, and they were al lboth wil l ing and anxious to defend the fort confided to their honor.”

In the general elect ion on November 8, the Republicans received a minority of the total popularvote, but the vote was distributed to give Lincoln al l the electoral votes he needed to assume theoffice of president on March 4, 1861. The South Carolina General Assembly wasted no t ime and

PPAAGGEE 4422

27

on November 10, 1860, cal led for a “Convention of the People of South Carolina” to draw up anOrdinance of Secession. I t a lso elected Francis Pickens as Governor. With South Carol ina’s se-cession a foregone conclusion, people everywhere began to prepare for a widespread crisis . Lt .Col . Gardner in Fort Moultr ie announced his intention to defend the fort to the last extremityagainst the secessionists. President Buchanan’s Secretary of War, John B. Floyd, a Southerner whowould shortly serve as a Confederate general , was displeased with this posit ion and relieved himof command. Just days after Lincoln’s election, Floyd replaced Gardner with Maj . Robert Ander-son, a Southern sympathizing Kentuckian descended from one of the f irst families of Virginia (hewas a cousin of Chief Justice John Marshall) , and whose wife was a Georgian. Anderson believedthat mil i tary act ion would never prevent secession, so many Northerners worried that putt inghim in charge of Charleston harbor at that moment was tantimount to treason. Of course, eventswould ul t imately prove that both s ide’s advocates had misassessed Anderson’s conduct whenpush came to shove.

On December 18, 1860, the South Carol ina Convention convened in Charleston's Inst i tute Halland a spirit of southern nationalism and secession f i l led the air. Two days later, the Ordinance ofSecession was adopted on a rol l cal l vote of 169-0. The cry at once went forth, "The Union is dis-solved!" The momentous news was f lashed by telegraph around the country and it caused a sen-sation everywhere. On December 25, the Convention issued a call to the other slaveholding statesto secede also and join South Carolina in a Southern Confederacy. By then, the Charleston news-papers were f i l led with military recruiting ads and notices, al l designed to augment and train thestate’s armed forces in preparation for war.

As Doubleday later wrote in his book “Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860- '61”,start ing about a week before the Convention convened, Fort Moultrie was in the thick of the rushto war, as South Carolinians were calling for it to be turned over from Federal to state authorities.This infuriated Northern patriots on the scene, l ike Doubleday’s wife Mary. “On the 11th of De-cember we had the good fortune to get our provisions from town without exciting observation.. . Itwas afterward stated in the papers that the captain of the schooner was threatened severely forhaving brought them. On the same day the enemy began to build batteries at Mount Pleasant, andat the upper end of Sull ivan's Is land, guns having already been sent there. We also heard thatladders had been provided for parties to escalade our walls . Indeed, the proposed attack was nolonger a secret . My wife, becoming indignant at these preparations, and the utter apathy of the[Buchanan] Government in regard to our affairs , wrote a s t irr ing let ter to my brother, in NewYork, stating some of the facts I have mentioned. By some means it found its way into the columnsof the Evening Post , and did much to cal l attention to the subject , and awaken the Northern peo-ple to a true sense of the situation.”

Fort Moultrie was too exposed to have any chance of being successfully defended. So under thecover of darkness on December 26, 1860, and solely on his own authority, Maj . Anderson spikedthe cannons at Moultrie and removed his command to Fort Sumter. Mrs. Doubleday was sent tothe ci ty at that t ime for her safety, thus separating her from her husband. He maintained com-munication with her, as stated in his book. “Foster had not been able to sett le with al l his work-men, and the rebels frequently sent them over under a f lag of truce to demand their back pay andact as spies. I was enabled through this channel to keep up a correspondence with my wife, whowas st i l l in Moultrievil le .” And showing foresight , he also relates developing a code to enablehim to send coded messages. “Fearing that in the course of events our correspondence might betampered with, I invented a cipher which afterward proved to be very useful . I t enabled me tocommunicate , through my brother in New York, much valuable information to Mr. Lincoln atSpringfield, Preston King, Roscoe Conkling, and other leaders of public opinion, in relat ion toour strength and resources.”

The South was taken by surprise by the refusal of President Buchanan to order Anderson’s com-mand to abandon Fort Sumter, and angry state off icials stopped providing the fort with supplies.On January 9 , 1861, the U.S. Government attempted to resupply the fort . However, South Car-

PPAAGGEE 4433

olina arti l lery on Morris Island and at Fort Moultrie f ired on the resupply ship “Star of the West”as i t crossed into the main entrance channel to Charleston Harbor. At Anderson’s order, the gunsat Fort Sumter did not return the f ire to try and protect the ship, so a mile and a half from FortSumter, i t withdrew. Doubleday had wanted to f ire back and attributed Anderson’s refusal to alack of patr iot ism. That very day, Miss iss ippi seceded from the Union; on January 10 i t wasFlorida and the next day, Alabama.

Doubleday was deeply concerned that the true situation at Fort Sumter be brought to the atten-tion of President-elect Lincoln and others who would f ight to sustain the U.S. Government. With-out such information, they could not make appropriate , vital ly-needed assessments and plans,nor take appropriate actions. He did not trust the Buchanan Administration and determined tocommunicate with Lincoln and a few others himself . He would act as their man in Fort Sumter.He had to do this indirectly, because as a mil i tary man, providing information over the head ofhis commanding off icer, and in fact speaking out about that off icer, could be considered insub-ordination. He might well be court martialed and dismissed from the service. Doubleday wouldtherefore communicate with them through his brother, and while making i t c lear that he was in-volved, would maintain the technical f ict ion that he was not. He wrote and sent coded letters tohis brother, Ulysses. The information from one important message in early January was copiedout into a letter dated January 15, 1861 that Ulysses sent to Lincoln, along with two enclosures:a le t ter Mary Doubleday had received from her husband, and a newspaper art ic le f rom aCharleston paper suggesting that Anderson sympathized with the Southern cause. The original ofUlysses’ letter and the art icle st i l l repose in the Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Con-gress; Mrs. Doubleday’s letter is not there.

Ulysses Doubleday wrote, “I enclose for your perusal , and reenclose in the accompanying enve-lope, a letter from Capt. Doubleday to his wife. A previous letter to me dated Jany 3d stated thatmen, arms and munitions of war were constantly passing Ft . Sumter, to supply the battery erect-ing on Morris Island. That he had constantly urged Major Anderson to forbid al l such supplies aswere evidently intended for warlike purposes to be sent to that post, or any other occupied by theenemy, for the purpose of cutt ing off the communication of the garrison with the sea, consider-ing the keeping open of his communications as one of the most vital principles of warefare. Maj .A[nderson] refused. His letter will show you that he has sti l l further refused to do his plain duty.The phrase in the conclusion of the letter referencing "Southerners here" refers to Maj . A. , Lts .Talbot & Davis, the latter though an Indianan being a strong pro-slavery man. I send you this let-ter without my brother 's knowledge.” Then Doubleday continued with the heart of the matter.“The condition of the garrison is this . They number 60 men soldiers and 11 musicians. They haveonly hard bread, pork and beans enough to last with economy four months. They have no coal ,nor any other fuel , except parts of some old buildings, enough to last about forty days. The menand off icers are worn out with watching and work. The enemy are rapidly strengthening theirbatteries on Morris & Sull ivans Islands, and have sunk vessels , loaded with stones, in the chan-nel , so as to prevent large ships approaching Ft . Sumter. Every day the situation of the garrisongrows more cri t ical , thanks to the vaci l lat ion and incompetency of Mr. Buchanan and Maj . An-derson. . .Depend upon it Maj . A's heart is not with his duty.” He added, “The enclosed sl ip [art i-cle] from the Evening Post shows that my view is also entertained in Charleston.” The letter Mrs.Anderson received was written shortly after the one he sent to his brother and was an update onthe situation. In the book “Allegiance” by David Detzer and Gene Smith, the authors state that “Inmid-January, after the Star of the West debacle, Doubleday had written his wife concerning con-ditions. She in turn had sent i t to Abner ’s brother Ulysses. He. . .sent i t along to Lincoln in Spring-field. . .”

We know that Lincoln was sent the two Doubleday reports from inside Fort Sumter, but did he infact see them personally? And why is the let ter Mrs. Doubleday received not in the Library ofCongress? Basler ’s “Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln” contains no response from Lincoln,leaving the questions up in the air. Here, however, are the answers.

PPAAGGEE 4444

Autograph Letter Signed , Springfield, January 24, 1861, to Ulysses Doubleday. "Yours of the 15thinclosing that which I now return was duly received, and for which I thank you. I have neglected for a fewdays to return the inclosed. Yours truly, A. Lincoln." So Lincoln received the letters , was gratefulfor having the chance to read them, kept them a while reviewing them, and returned Mrs. Dou-bleday’s to her. This is a rare letter of Lincoln directly relating to the events in Fort Sumter, evenas he prepared to take office as President and develop a policy on the f lash point that would soonstart the Civil War.

Lincoln c lear ly took the information ser iously. Short ly af ter his inaugurat ion, he invited Mrs.Doubleday to the White House for a consultation. As for Abner, he aimed the cannon that fired thefirst return shot in answer to the Confederate bombardment on April 12, 1861. He went on to be-come a Union general . Ulysses joined the volunteers in 1861 and rose to become colonel in the45th U. S. Colored Infantry. He commanded a brigade at the batt le of Five Forks in 1865 and wasbrevetted brigadier-general of volunteers "for dist inguished gallantry”. $50,000

PPAAGGEE 4455

O ne of the M ost M omentous Do cuments in Americ an H istor y :From the S outh Carol ina S ecession Convention Flo or, the O riginal Cal l For aS outhern Confederac y

In the Presidential e lect ion on November 8 , 1860, though receiving less than a majori ty of thetotal popular vote , Abraham Lincoln won enough electoral votes to win. Two days later, theSouth Carolina General Assembly cal led for a “Convention of the People of South Carolina” todraw up an Ordinance of Secession. I t also elected Francis Pickens as Governor. In his inauguraladdress on December 17, 1860, he made clear that the state 's path was separation. On the sameday as Pickens' address, the Convention convened at the capitol , Columbia, and chose David F.Jamison president of their body. Benjamin F. Arthur was elected Clerk, meaning that his signaturewould attest to the off icial copies of the Convention's ordinances and resolutions, including theOrdinance of Secession. Following this came intell igence that smallpox was raging as an epidemicin Columbia, and by the f irst train the next morning, the delegates and new Governor al l went toCharleston.

The Convention proceeded to business on the 18th by appointing several committees to considervarious subjects , such as the nature of relat ions with the people of the other slaveholding states.A committee was also chosen to draft the secession document. I t reported back the following pro-posed Ordinance: "We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do de-clare and ordain… the Union now subsist ing between South Carolina and other States, under thename of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved."

It was noon on December 20, 1860 when the Ordinance of Secession was submitted for consider-at ion, and by 12:45 the Convention had adopted i t on a rol l cal l vote of 169-0. The cry at oncewent forth, "The Union is dissolved!" The members of the Convention proceeded to sign the Or-dinance in the presence of Governor Pickens, the members of the Legislature, and other digni-tar ies , and i t was at tested to by Arthur. Then Convent ion President Jamison exhibi ted theinstrument to the people, read it , and said: "The Ordinance of Secession has been signed and rat-i f ied, and I proclaim the State of South Carolina an independent commonwealth."

PPAAGGEE 4466

28

PPAAGGEE 4477

During the next days, the Convention passed laws and resolutions a new nation would require.Then i t turned to a matter perhaps more vital than any. All real ized that South Carolina couldnot realist ical ly go i t alone but needed to be joined by other slave-holding states in a larger con-federacy. These states were by no means al l as ready as South Carolina to secede, and their peo-ple needed to be convinced both that secession was justif ied, and that they should fol low suit .Therefore, on December 24, 1860, the same day Gov. Pickens made a speech proclaiming sover-eignty for South Carolina, the Convention addressed the f irst need and adopted a “Declaration ofthe Immediate Causes Which. . . Justify the Secession of South Carolina.”

The Convention immediately fol lowed with an address “To the People of the Slaveholding Statesof the United States,” urging their secession, and ending with a clarion cal l for establishment ofa Southern Confederacy. “United together, and we must be a great , free and prosperous people,whose renown must spread throughout the civi l ized world, and pass down, we trust , to the re-motest ages. We ask you to join us in forming a confederacy of Slaveholding States.” Thus, thethree documents that constituted the foundation of secession were in place: the Ordinance of Se-cess ion, the Declarat ion of the Immediate Causes Which. . . Just i fy the Secess ion, and the Ad-dress . . . to the People of the S laveholding States (which culminated in a cal l for a SouthernConfederacy).

The t ime had now come to communicate these documents off ic ia l ly to the other s lave-holdingstates, with the hope and expectation that they would act on them. The Journal of the Conventionof the People of South Carolina reports that on December 25, the Convention resolved to directGovernor Pickens to transmit the three momentous papers to the slave state governors for themto provide to their legis latures or conventions. The Resolut ion was the bir th cert i f icate of theConfederacy, as i t marked the off ic ial out-reach of the South Carolina Convention to the otherslave states, and dispatched the f irst off icial cal l for a Southern Confederacy (the cal l that in factresulted in formation of the Confederate States of America within just a few months) . The text ofthe Resolution was written out and signed by B.F. Arthur in his capacity as Clerk, with his nota-t ion that i t was adopted in Convention on December 25, 1860. Because this Resolution was in ef-fect an order to Gov. Pickens directing him to act , the original in Arthur's hand was sent to theGovernor, whose private secretary, B.T. Watts , docketed i t on the verso “Resolution of the Conven-t ion”.

This is the or iginal of that very document - the Resolution of the Secession Convention in-structing Governor Pickens to inform the other slave-holding states of i ts secession and to call onthem to form a Southern Confederacy, Charleston, December 25, 1860, writ ten out and cert i f iedby the Convention clerk, B.F. Arthur.

“That copies o f the ‘Ordinance of Secession’ adopted by the Convention; and the ‘Declarat ion of the im-mediate causes which induce and just i fy the secess ion of South Carol ina from the Federal Union’ ; and ofthe 'Address o f the People o f South Carol ina assembled in Convention, to the People o f the Slaveholdingstates o f the United States ’ , be transmitted by the Governor of this State to the Governors o f the s lave-holding States for the information of their respect ive legis latures or conventions. . ."

The goal of this document was achieved. By February 1, 1861, the secession of South Carolina wasfollowed by the secession of s ix more states - Mississippi , Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,and Texas. On February 4, 1861, just 41 days after this call was issued, delegates from the secededstates met in Montgomery, Alabama to form the Confederate States of America. Four more states- Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina - eventually seceded and joined the new gov-ernment. The Civil War was imminent. $100,000

PPAAGGEE 4488

Horace G reeley, Long a War Hawk But Now S eek ing Reconci l iat ion, S ays “ The t imehas come for p eace b et ween our p eople, Nor th and S outh."

Editor of the influential Tribune newspaper, Greeley was an early member of the Republican Partyand helped to secure the nomination for Abraham Lincoln in 1860. He init ial ly argued that theSouth should be al lowed to secede, but quickly changed his mind and became a strong supporterof the war effort . In the summer of 1861, he repeatedly cal led for an invasion of the South, edi-torializing “On to Richmond.” Greeley soon demanded that President Lincoln free the slaves andsubjected him to searing crit icism for refusing to do so, then supported the Emancipation Procla-mation. After the war, Greeley advocated reconciliation and supported a general amnesty for Con-federate off ic ia ls , and in 1867 angered many Northerners by s igning a bai l bond for JeffersonDavis. At that t ime, Greeley feared outbreak “of a fresh civi l war.”

Autograph Letter Signed , New York, September 9 [1867], to A.A. Marks. "The Good Book says thereis a t ime for war and a t ime for peace . I look forward and bel ieve that the t ime has come for peace betweenour people , North and South ." With the or iginal envelope, addressed in his hand and ini t ia led,"H.G." Although the year is not legible from the postmark, we conjecture that an attr ibution of1867 makes most sense in the l ight of both the polit ics of the moment and Greeley’s part therein.

The recipient , A.A. Marks, knew about the horrors of war. In 1853, he founded what soon becamethe biggest company in the world “devoted to the manufacture of ar t i f ic ia l legs or ar t i f ic ia larms”. Besides l imbs, Marks also manufactured crutches and wheelchairs . In 1859, Marks won asi lver medal from the American Insti tute of New York City. Two years later, the Civil War brokeout , and in 1862 Congress passed a law grant ing one free l imb to each honorably dischargedUnion veteran. Marks became a prime supplier of prostheses to blueclad soldiers and sailors whosacrif iced arms and legs in America’s bloodiest confl ict . After the war, Marks won several gov-ernment contracts to furnish amputee vets with prostheses. A.A. Marks was one of the Tribune’sadvertisers, so a good word from him must have pleased Greeley. $850

PPAAGGEE 4499

29

I f We Lose, I t Is “ I nfamy or Death,” S ays Confederate G eneral R ichard Waterhouse

Confederate general from Texas who served under Kirby Smith in the Trans-Mississippi sector,and fought in the Vicksburg and Red River Campaigns.

Autograph Letter Signed , 2 pages, Delhi , La. , July 11, 1863 to hiswife. “You have doubtless heard ere this o f the fa l l o f Vicksburg whichsurrendered on the 4th inst . f or want o f provis ions . We surrendered20,000 men at that point which is a dire calamity to our cause , though i twil l only have the e f fect to make the Confederate forces more determined.We have but two things to choose in this confl ict , infamy or death, in theevent we are not v ic tor ious . There fore I th ink every t rue man, o ld &young, should rally to the standard at once & in driving the invader fromour so i l . We learn from the paroled o f f i cers f rom Vicksburg that Genl .Johnson & Grant are f ighting on big black [r iver] and that Johnson hasa strong force . We imagine this div. wil l leave from this point in a fewdays, probably for the Ouchitya River or Red River. I am unable to saywhat our l ine o f defence wil l be on this s ide o f the r iver, but I think i twi l l be our po l i cy to concentrate our forces as soon as poss ib le & s trengthen ourl ines as much as possible with the mil i t ia so as to be able to repel invasion on thisside of the Mississippi . I f we can succeed in concentrating our forces we surely can repel any force l ikelyto invade Texas. Much depends on the act ive and energet ic act ion of the entire populat ion. Every manshould respond at once with alacrity to the cal l o f the country for ass istance . . . should we remain here onthe r iver and the prospect is not imminent for immediate service I may come home on a short leave to seeyou & the chi ldren i f only for a few days. . .The boys from San Augustine [Texas] in Capt . Martinson’scompany are general ly wel l . R. Wade, Frank Woods, Dave McDow al l are dead.” During the Vicksburgcampaign, there was action on both the Mississippi and Louisiana sides of the Mississippi River.Waterhouse and his men were stationed in Louisiana (Delhi is about 45 miles west of Vicksburg),so when the city fel l , they were not part of i ts garrison and did not surrender. An uncommon pa-triotic letter written by a Confederate general off icer. Very good, with the ink somewhat l ight .$850

B e n j a m i n H a r r i s o n I s G ra t e f u l fo r “co r d i a l s u p p o r t a n d e f fe c t i ve wo r k d u r i n g the c ampaign. . ."

Signed as President-Elect

From the personal col lect ion of Union off icer and di-arist El isha Hunt Rhodes, whose diary and letters f ig-ure prominent ly in Ken Burn's landmark te levis ionseries, “The Civil War”.

Typed Letter Signed as Pres ident-e lect on his le t ter-head, Indianapol is , November 26 , 1888 to John E.Kendrick, chairman of the Providence, R. I . Board ofEducation, thanking him for his efforts during the just-concluded campaign. “I have been s low in acknowledgingyour k ind te legram on behal f o f the Harrison and MortonClub; but you wil l know how ful ly my t ime has been occu-

pied s ince the e lect ion and wil l excuse the delay. Allow me, even at this late day to thank you and yourassociates in the c lub for their cordial support and e f fect ive work during the campaign". $900

PPAAGGEE 5500

30

31

A n d r e w J o h n s o n M a ke s H i s Fi r s t C h a l l e n g e o f t h e R e p u b l i c a n Co n g r e s s Af t e rPassage of the Reconstruc tion Ac ts

The road led to his impeachment the fo l lowing year

By 1866, President Johnson and the radical Republican Congress were on a coll ison course overthe rights of free blacks and the extent that Congress could regulate southern state governments.The President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bil l and Civil Rights Act of 1866; a modified versionof the Freedmen’s Bureau bi l l later passed, and Congress overrode Johnson’s veto of the Civi lRights Act . He also opposed the 14th Amendment. Johnson fai led to enforce these measures asCongress had intended and it accused him of obstruction.

In ear ly 1867 Congress upped the ante , pass ing three measures that changed everything. OnMarch 2, 1867, i t enacted the First Reconstruction Act - “An Act to provide for the more eff icientGovernment of the Rebel States”. This placed the South under military rule, set up 5 military dis-tr icts , provided that a general be appointed to head each, and gave him authority to suppresssouthern opposit ion. This was supplemented on March 23, 1867 by the Second Reconstruct ionAct, that authorized the mil i tary commanders to supervise elections. Johnson vetoed both acts ,but his vetos were overridden. He then consulted Gen. U. S. Grant, and on March 11 selected thegenerals to administer the mil i tary districts , appointing John Schofield (Virginia) , Daniel Sickles

PPAAGGEE 5511

32

( the Carolinas) , John Pope (Georgia, Alabama and Florida) , Edward Ord (Arkansas and Missis-s ippi) and Phi l ip Sheridan (Louis iana and Texas) . Some 200,000 U.S . soldiers were s tat ionedthroughout the South to preserve order and carry out the dictates of Congress. These f irst mil i -tary commanders had virtually unlimited power and removed thousands of c ivi l off ic ials fromtheir jobs.

Also on March 2, 1867, the Tenure of Office Act passed Congress over the veto of President John-son; i t forbade the President to remove any federal officeholder appointed by and with the adviceand consent of the Senate without the further approval of the Senate. I t also provided that mem-bers of the President 's cabinet should hold office for the full term of the President who appointedthem. With this measure the radical Republicans in Congress hoped to assure the continuance inoff ice of their chief supporter in the Execut ive branch, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.

On March 27, 1867, Sheridan removed from office Judge E. Abell of the Criminal Court of New Or-leans, Andrew S. Herron, Attorney-General of the State of Louisiana, and John T. Monroe, Mayorof the City of New Orleans, because they had done nothing to punish the perpetrators of a r iotand, in fact, were themselves perpetrators of a riot in New Orleans on July 30, 1866, during whichnumerous "colored" men were beaten and murdered. This was the f irst application of power by amil i tary commander under the Reconstruct ion Act , and rumors were rampant that Sheridanplanned yet more dismissals . Sheridan’s actions presented Johnson with an opportunity, and heseized it .

Congress recessed in April , thus leaving the f ield to Johnson, who in May determined to makehis f irst str ike against Congress since passage of the Reconstruction and Tenure Acts. Accordingto the book, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson” by Charles Hearn, “The f irst crisis eruptedin Louisiana, where Maj . Gen. Sheridan ruled the Fifth Military District .” On April 3 , Johnson or-dered Sheridan to defer the removals pending an opinion from the Attorney General on their le-gality, and as another historian notes, he also “demanded an explanation of the removals, makinghis displeasure manifest”. Now Johnson took action to gain a thorough picture of what Sheridanhad done in Louisiana. This information would be useful to pressure, harass and even threatenSheridan, as well as to make sure that nothing would be overlooked in the Attorney General ’supcoming report , which was expected to justify Johnson’s posit ion.

Letter Signed on Executive Mansion let terhead, Washington, May 9 , 1867, to Secretary of WarStanton, demanding that he produce al l orders and instructions given by Sheridan since he tookhis posit ion. “The Secretary of War wil l please furnish the President with copies o f a l l orders issued orinstruct ions given to General Sheridan, re lat ing to the discharge of his duties s ince his ass ignment tothe command of the Fi f th Distr ict , created by an act entit led 'An Act to provide for the more e f f ic ientgovernment of the Rebel States ’ ." On the verso of the integral leaf , Edwin M. Stanton refused to goalong with the order himself , but passed the buck, writ ing "Referred to General Grant for Report ."

On June 12, the Attorney General ’s opinion was published; i t denied the generals the exercise oftheir authority, and gave the President enforcement power. During a cabinet meeting in early Au-gust , Stanton informed the President that the f ive mil i tary governors in the South were now an-swerable to Congress and not to him and that the new military chain of command passed from theCommander of the Army through the House of Representatives. On August 12, 1867, an outragedJohnson suspended Stanton and named Grant to replace him. Sheridan continued to act as i f hehad full powers, and on August 19, Johnson removed him from the command of the Fifth Mili -tary District . Johnson thereby demonstrated that he could f ight back, but his actions fanned theflames of impeachment demands. $14,000

PPAAGGEE 5522

D r. Wil l iam T.G. M or ton Asso ciates H is Name With H is I nvention, Anesthesia

Morton was a dentist who developed and was the f irst to demonstrate ether as an anesthetic , adiscovery that made painless surgery a reality. This was undoubtedly one of the greatest advancesin medical history, so crit ical to modern medicine that he may in some respects be placed on a parwith Pasteur.

Autograph Quotation Signed directly associating his name with his discovery, no date. “Wm. T.G. Morton, M.D./ Anaesthesia &c &c/ Boston.”

Morton learned of experiments with gas as an anesthetic on animals, and with associate CharlesJackson developed what they named letheon ( later cal led ether) . Morton used this substance forthe f irst t ime on a human in October of 1846, during a dental procedure. A week later Dr. John C.Warren used it for the f irst t ime in a surgical operation, and it was instantaneously recognized asa breakthrough. The number of surgeries annually performed at the Massachusetts General Hos-pi ta l (where Warren pract iced) was only 333 in 1846, but skyrocketed to over 8000 in 1869.

Thus, Morton’s invention made the modern practice of surgery possible. Morton’s own story doesnot have a happy ending, however. He and Jackson received a patent for ether, but soon fel l tobickering over royalt ies . Then a Crawford Long claimed to have used ether before them. Mortonspent his last days in expensive legal turmoil and died in poverty aged just 49. Because of hisearly death and obscurity most of his l i fe , his autographs are extremely rare, this being the onlyone we have ever seen. In writing the word Anaesthesia after his name, he has created the perfectassociation, and a virtual cal l ing card. $1,500

PPAAGGEE 5533

33

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss FFoorr YYoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

Thomas Edison SignedPhotograph $2,000

The Laboratory Notes of ThomasEdison $25,000

Charles Lindbergh SignedPhotograph $5,500

I n t h e L a s t Wi n t e r o f H i s L i fe, A l ex a n d e r G ra h a m B e l l r e s p o n d s t o a R e q u e s t Fo r H is Auto graph

Bel l ’s i s an increasingly uncommon autograph. Typed Note Signed , Coconut Grove, F lor ida,March 10, 1922, to Miss Marion Kahn in New York City. “In response to your request for my auto-graph I have much p leasure in handing i t to you hereon.” The envelope comes with the le t ter.

$1,200

A Signed Photo graph of the First Fl ight, I nscrib ed by O r vi l le Wright to Author Hendrik Wil lem Van Lo on

Van Loon mentioned the Wright Brothers in a number of his historical works. He was also in con-tact with Orvil le Wright over a period of two decades, as the Wright Papers at the Library of Con-gress reveal .

A 10 by 7 inch glossy photograph showing the f irst Wright f lyer taking off on i ts maiden f l ight ,with Orvil le at the controls and Wilbur standing beside, inscribed and signed “To Dr. and Mrs.Van Loon, a photograph of the f irst f l ight , December 17th, 1903, Orvi l le Wright .” $11,000

PPAAGGEE 5544

34

35

Thomas A. Edison’s Theme of Hard Work

He wants men with abi l i ty and “push” to work for him

Edison is well know for his advocacy of hard work. He has been widely quoted as saying, "Geniusis one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration”; “The harder I work, the luckier I get”;“Opportunity is missed by most people because i t is dressed in overal ls and looks l ike work”;and “I never did anything worth doing by accident, nor did any of my inventions come by acci-dent; they came by work." Yet despite this emphasis , his letters relating to the value of work aremore than rare; a search of auction records going back three decades showed not one.

Very uncommon ear ly Autograph Letter Signed , Orange, N.J . , September 27 , 1887, to HiramFelver, who was experienced at mechanical drawing and was applying for a job. "Your letter toMr. B. re ferred to me. Of what works are you foreman of - what k ind of work - are you a tool maker etc . ,give me some idea of what you can do. There is plenty of chances here for a man that has abi l i ty & push."The Mr. B. referenced was Charles Batchelor, Edison's r ight hand man, closest laboratory assis-tant , and a business partner during the 1870s and 1880s.

In 1887, the Edison lab, newly esconced in West Orange, was working on improvements to phono-graph and records, while establishing a very extensive commercial business in the manufactureand sale of these i tems. I t also patented a dictating machine and shaving machine. I t instal led asystem of wireless telegraphy on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and worked to improve i ts wirelesssystem of communications between ships at sea, ships to shore, and ships and distant points onland. So indeed there was plenty of work for an industrious man .

Correspondence concerning Felver ’s application is in the Edison Papers. I t indicates that Felverfollowed up with the specif ics Edison requested, and that by December 1887, he was told a jobwas his . Perhaps i t did not work out ; a t least the Edison Papers records his name no further.

$3,800

PPAAGGEE 5555

36

A Photo graph of the First Fl ight, Signed by O r vi l le Wright

A 4 1/2 by 6 inch card depicting the famous photograph of the f irst f l ight taking off , with Orvil leWright at the a irplane’s controls as i t l i f ts in f l ight and his brother Wilbur observing on theground, signed by Orvil le . The caption reads: "First Man-Flight , December 17, 1903 / Kitty Hawk,N.C." With the original envelope, addressed in his hand to Harvey Ford. With the original enve-lope i t came in, postmarked Dayton, January 9, 1930. $5,000

Exquisite Signed Photo graph of Judy G arland

Through a career that spanned 45 ofher 47 years , Garland attained inter-national stardom as an actress in mu-sical and dramatic roles , as arecording art is t , and on the concerts tage. She achieved immortal i ty asDorothy in the great c lass ic , “TheWizard of Oz,” where the image ofher, and the sound of her voices inging “Over the Rainbow”, const i -tute one of the high points of f i lm.

A superb 8 by 10 inch black and whiteglossy photograph of her, c i rca late1940s , inscr ibed and s igned “To Ar-l ene , wi th my bes t wishes , Judy Gar-land.” Her authent ic s ignedphotographs, always scarce, have be-come quite rare. $2,000

PPAAGGEE 5566

38

37

With World War I R aging in Europ e, President Wo o drow Wilson Has I mproving the U.S.’s Defenses Ver y Much O n H is M ind

World War I broke out on August 1 , 1914. Quickly the war became enormous, involving mill ionsof men under arms. On September 5, in the First Batt le of the Marne, the French attacked Germanforces nearing Paris . Over 2 mil l ion fought (with 500,000 kil led/wounded) in the All ied victory.War on this scale r iveted al l eyes. On October 3, 33,000 Canadian troops departed for Europe, thelargest force to ever cross the Atlantic Ocean at the t ime. In early November, the confl ict spreadto the Ottoman Empire, miring the Middle East in what had been a mainly European war.

The United States was a declared neutral , but many Americans worried that the United Stateswould inevitably become involved. In 1914, the U.S. had just over 120,000 men in its armed forces,hardly enough to defend itself no less take part in a global confl ict . Thoughtful Americans beganconsidering bolstering the national defense, and President Wilson was foremost of these.

Thomas Dixon, a North Carolinian transplanted to New York, wrote a series of best-sel l ing nov-els that glorif ied the antebellum South and were instrumental in creating the myth of a roman-tic land of cotton and cavaliers . One of his novels , entit led “The Clansman”, inspired f i lmmakerD.W Griff i th to contact him. Dixon then wrote the photoplay for Griff i th’s opus “The Birth of aNation”, which was fi lmed in 1914 and opened February 8, 1915. Late in 1914, he wrote Wilson onthe subject of defense.

Typed Letter Signed on White House let terhead, November 24, 1914, to Dixon. “Thank you foryour le t ter o f November twenty- f irst , for i ts generous words about mysel f and for i ts f rank counsel . Ithink I fee l as deeply as you do the necessity for nat ional defense , and for wel l -considered act ion in thatd irec t ion . Just how the th ing should be guided i s a quest ion which i s ho ld ing my thought very con-stantly.”

The War Department was strengthened by the President and the U.S. Army increased. By the endof World War I , there would be over three mil l ion men in the American mili tary. $2,400

PPAAGGEE 5577

39

Theo dore Ro osevelt Thanks World War I Poster Ar tist Henr y Reuterdahl For H is S er vices to the Nation

Henry Reuterdahl was an art ist choosen by President Roosevelt to accompany the Great WhiteFleet in 1907 and document the voyage on canvas. His work was widely published in many booksand magazines, and his abil ity to capture everyday events quickly and effectively made him idealfor this mission. Reuterdahl enlisted as a Lieutenant in the United States Navy during World WarI , but remains best known for his paint ings for recrui t ing posters and Navy warships .

Typed Letter Signed on his Metropolitan Magazine letterhead, New York, July 23, 1917, to Reu-terdahl, praising Americanism in general and the art ist ’s contributions in particular. “I am real lyinterested in those letters o f Litt le ’s - which I rece ived as written by you, “without prejudice ,” as ourlegal fr iends say. I f you write to Mr. Litt le te l l h im for me that he is the k ind of an American in whom Ibel ieve. I am mighty pleased that you are a Lieutenant in the Naval Reserve. No man has done better workfor the American Navy, my dear fe l low, than you have done during the last f ew years . As your fe l lowAmerican, I thank you.” The Lit t le mentioned here was Arthur W. Lit t le , publisher of Pearson’sMagazine. $1,300

PPAAGGEE 5588

40

Wi t h t h e 1 9 0 8 E l e c t i o n D ays Aw ay, Th e o d o r e R o o s e ve l t S p e a k s U p Fo r Ta f t ,Yet I ntends to I nser t a Statement in H is State of the Union M essage UndercuttingTaf t ’s Posit ion

At the turn of the 20th century, injunctions were used and abused as affirmative weapons by bothlabor and management , though in very unequal proport ion. Labor obtained occasional in junc-t ions, mainly to protect the union label from being removed from goods by anti -union sel lers .Management regularly sought court interventions to enjoin unions from using their most effectiveweapons of industrial warfare (str ikes, picketing, and boycotts) , and to imprison labor leaders.As examples, in the case of a str ike by steelworkers in Cleveland, a judge issued an injunctionagainst picketing; and in another, the AFL placed the Bucks Stove and Range Co. on its "We Don'tPatronize" l ist . The company asked for an injunction against the boycott and received one thatwas made permanent on March 23, 1908.

President Roosevelt was not general ly sympathet ic to organized labor, but he was opposed tousing injunctions to stymie workers. The 1908 Republican nominee, Will iam H. Taft , felt differ-ently, and the party platform ended up more conservative than Roosevelt and other progressiveRepublicans would have l iked. I t avoided the larger question of the use of injunctions to stran-gle labor, but left those modalit ies in place and l imited i tself to the side-show aspect of judicialnotice. Thus Roosevelt , while yet in off ice, was already having disagreements with Taft on the is-sues, so i t is not surprising that the two men would soon have a parting of the ways.

A similar posit ion to Roosevelt ’s was taken by Wall Street attorney and former judge Reuben D.Sil l iman, with whom TR corresponded. With the 1908 presidential election just days away, TR ex-pressed his pleasure that Taft was ahead, but made i t c lear that he would insert more progres-

PPAAGGEE 5599

41

sive language on the injunction issue in the upcoming State of the Union message.

Typed Letter Signed on White House letterhead, Washington, October 28, 1908, to Si l l iman. “Ithank you for your letter and the encouraging view of the outlook of the campaign which i t contains. Iwish your whole art ic le could have been used. As i t has not been, I shal l at least make use o f certain ofthe ideas , e i ther in my message to Congress or on some other occasion when I am able to speak of the ju-dic iary.”

This he did on December 8, 1908, indicating that “There are certain decisions by various courtswhich have been exceedingly detrimental to the r ights of wageworkers . . .There is also, I think,ground for the belief that substantial injustice is often suffered by employees in consequence ofthe custom of courts issuing temporary injunctions without notice to them, and punishing themfor contempt of court in instances where. . . they have no knowledge of any proceedings. . . .Orga-nized labor is chafing under the unjust restraint which comes from repeated resort to this plan ofprocedure. . .The power of injunction is a great equitable remedy, which should on no account bedestroyed. But safeguards should be erected against i ts abuse. . .”

President Woodrow Wilson would be the one to resolve the issue. He prevailed on Congress in1914 to pass the Clayton Act , which prohibited, in most instances, the use of the in junction inlabor disputes, and expressed the principle that str ikes, peaceful picketing, and boycotts do notviolate federal laws. $2,250

An Auto graph Q uotation of James Whitcomb R i ley

James Whitcomb Riley’s book “Old Fashioned Roses” , inscribed, s igned and dated 1893 on the f ly-leaf. Beneath his inscription he has written two lines from the book’s t i t le poem. “I l ike ‘em ‘causethey kind o’ /Sort o ’ make a fe l ler l ike ‘em.” The book also contains some of his most famous poems,“Litt le Orphant Annie”, “The Old Swimmin’ Hole” and “When the Frost is on the Pumpkin”. $400

PPAAGGEE 6600

42

Theo dore Ro osevelt Cal ls the First White House Conference on Children

Addressed to the man who would be Secretary of the Conference

For progressives in the 1890’s and the f irst decades of the 20th century, children and reform werepractical ly synonymous. In the national effort to enact reform measures, reformers used photo-graphs of children crowded into tenements and pictures of boys and girls in factories dwarfedby the machines they were working. Concern for children was at the forefront of the struggle forbetter housing, welfare and sanitation, and against child labor. Adding to this problem was thelarge number of abandoned chi ldren, latch-key chi ldren whose parents were working up to 18hours a day, and delinquents who were growing up alone on the mean streets of ci t ies . Many or-ganizations opened to promote the welfare of children, and about twenty private insti tutions peryear were established for wayward children. However, private measures were unorganized andinadequate, and the exist ing philosophy was that children with problems should be insti tution-alized. The U.S. government had played no role in tackling these problems, and there were manypeople who thought i t should continue that way.

In 1903, two early social reformers, Li l l ian Wald, of New York's Henry Street Sett lement House,and Florence Kelly, of the National Consumer's League, launched a national campaign for estab-l ishment of a federal Children's Bureau to provide a national focus for child welfare reform anddevelop public chi ld welfare pol icy. President Roosevelt was a progressive who posit ively op-posed insti tutionalizing healthy, neglected children, and, saying the idea was “Bully,” he signedon in support of the effort . On Christmas Day 1908, he sent a letter, cal l ing the f irst ever WhiteHouse Conference on the Care of Dependent Children.

PPAAGGEE 6611

43

Printed Letter Signed on embossed White House le t terhead, Washington, December 25 , 1909,invit ing James E. West , secretary of the National Child-Rescue League, to attend the conference.“Surely nothing ought to interest our people more than the care o f the chi ldren who are dest i tute andneglected but not del inquent. Personal ly, I very earnest ly bel ieve that the best way in which to care fordependent chi ldren is in the family home. In Massachusetts many orphan asylums have been discontin-ued and thousands of the chi ldren who formerly have gone to the orphan asylums are now kept in privatehomes, e i ther on board, with payment from publ ic or private treasuries , or in adopted homes provided bythe generosity of foster parents . . . I am accordingly invit ing a number of men and women. . . to a conferenceto be he ld in Washington. . .The conference wi l l open by my rece iv ing the members a t the WhiteHouse . . .Can you at tend?” The text of the le t ter was re leased to the press the day before i t wasmailed to the invitees, so that i t was published in the nation’s newspapers on Christmas Day. I tis the only copy we have ever seen. Few if any others seem to have survived.

West was not just any invitee; he was Secretary of the Conference, and TR was familiar with West,having appointed him to the Board of Pension Appeals in the Department of the Interior in 1902.West was later instrumental in establishing the juvenile court system. As secretary of the NationalChild Rescue League, he was responsible for placing orphaned children into homes. He ended upas the f irst professional Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America.

The White House Conference met in Washington on January 25, 1909, and suggested establishingthe bureau envisioned by Wald and Kelly. I t also resulted in development of the widow's pensionmovement, the growth of adoption agencies, the establishment of boarding-out care for childrenwho were not adopted, and the formation of the cottage plan (which cal led for dealing with chil-dren as individuals and replaced congregate programs). The Children's Bureau was formally cre-ated in 1912 when President Taft s igned into law a bi l l creat ing the new federal governmentorganization. The stated purpose of the new Bureau was to investigate and report "upon al l mat-ters perta ining to the welfare of chi ldren and chi ld l i fe among al l c lasses of our people . "

There have been seven such conferences over the decades , and legis lat ion to convene a WhiteHouse Conference on Children and Youth in 2010 seems headed for adoption in Congress. $7,500

C h i e f J u s t i ce Wi l l i a m H . Ta f t Te l l s t h e Fi r s t J e w i s h Fe d e ra l J u d g e, “ I t i s a l w ays a pleasure to read your opinions.”

Autograph Letter Signed on his Supreme Court le t terhead,Pointe a Pic , Canada, June 23, 1925, to Judge Jacob Trieber, thefirst Jewish Federal judge. “Thank you very much for your paper.I shal l use i t . I hope you are wel l and cool . Don’t work too hard. Youhave earned a rest and you’l l last longer for i t . I t is a lways a pleas-ure to read your opinions.” The original envelope is st i l l present.

$500

PPAAGGEE 6622

44

C h i e f J u s t i ce Wi l l i a m H . Ta f t A r t i c u l a t e s H i s Po l i c y N o t t o I n t e r ve n e Wi t h t h ePresident to S ecure Judicial App ointments

In 1921, Judge Will iam C. Hook of the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals died and President Hardinghad to make an appointment in his place. Pratt Remmel, Arkansas state Republican chairman,contacted Chief Justice Will iam H. Taft and suggested that he put forward the name of the popu-lar Federal judge Jacob Trieber, whose court was in that circuit . Trieber was not only the first Jew-ish Federal judge, but renowned for taking progressive stands in civi l r ights and antitrust cases.

Taft responded sympathetically, but indicated that it would not be his policy to intervene with thePresident on the question of judicial appointments.

Typed Letter Signed on his Supreme Court letterhead, Washington, September 27, 1921, to Rem-mel, setting forth his policy on appointments. “I have yours of September 18th, and note what you sayabout Judge Trieber. Everything I hear about Judge Trieber is good, but , as you know, I don’t fee l l ike in-tervening in the matter unless they ask me about i t . Judge Pol lock of Kansas is praised, and his fr iendshave spoken to me about him, and Pol lock is an able man. I don’t know so much about Lewis o f Colorado.They are ta lking about Van Orsdel , who is now on the Court o f Appeals o f the Distr ict o f Columbia, butI am hoping they may not take a judge who was transplanted to this distr ict against the protest o f thelawyers here , and now is to be replanted in the 8th Circuit against the protest o f the lawyers there . All Isay to you, however, is conf idential .”

Remmel sent the letter to Trieber, from whose grandson we obtained it . $1,000

PPAAGGEE 6633

45

Frank lin D. Ro osevelt As Chief Executive of the Warm Springs Foundation

FDR contracted polio in 1921 at his family's summer home Campobello. Paralyzed from the waistdown at the age of 39, he spent the next three years searching for any means possible to walkagain, without success. Frustrated, and with his promising polit ical career seeming al l but over,he received a letter from his New York friend, George Foster Peabody, who told him of remarkableimprovements a young man with polio had made by swimming in the warm springs at his Geor-gia resort . FDR f irs t came by tra in from Columbus, Georgia to the Meriwether Inn in WarmSprings in October 1924. Soon the success he enjoyed in the Warm Springs, being able to stand onhis own and strengthened leg and hip muscles, attracted local and national publicity. Other poliosurvivors began arriving from all over. FDR loved Warm Springs, and in 1926 he purchased theresort for some $200,000, two-thirds of his personal fortune. He immediately began operating i tand in 1927 formed The Georgia Warm Springs Foundation to do so. In July 1927, he would off i -cial ly turn over the resort and faci l i ty to the Foundation. But in the interim, he was already pay-ing i ts bi l ls from the Foundation bank account.

PPAAGGEE 6644

46

Autograph Letter Signed on his business letterhead, On train to N.Y. , May 8, 1927, to BenjaminF. Crowley, an associate in his law firm. “Will you please send a check from the Foundation for $4,600by mail on Tuesday, made out to ‘G.T. Curtis , Manager, or James T. Goode, Accountant , ’ Warm Springs,Georgia . This wil l take care o f b i l ls while I am away from Warm Springs for the next ten days. Wil l seeyou next week.” FDR is rather scarce in ALS form, this being our f irst in a decade.

FDR reentered politics and successfully ran for Governor of New York in 1928, leaping from beingchief executive of the Foundation to chief executive of that state. Four years later he would be-come chief executive of the United States. $2,400

J u s t We e k s B e fo re B e co m i n g Pre s i d e nt, F D R H a s a “G ra n d Ti m e” Ce l e b rat i n g Wi t hH is O ld L aw S cho ol Classmates

FDR received a BA degree in history from Harvard in 1903. He next studied law at New York's Co-lumbia University as one of the class of 1907, though after he passed the bar examination just be-fore graduation, he left school without taking a degree. For the next three years he practiced lawwith a prominent New York City law firm.

Just f ive weeks before his f irst inauguration as President, Roosevelt ’s Columbia Law School classheld a dinner and he attended. Typed Letter Signed on his personal letterhead, Warm Springs,Ga. , February 1, 1933, to his fr iend and Columbia classmate, attorney Gordon Kleeberg. “On be-half of the Class of 1907, I want to thank you for your telegram of good wishes, which was read at the din-ner. We had a perfect ly grand t ime, and I am sorry that you could not have been with us. Perhaps I shal lhave the pleasure o f see ing you some day soon.” The letter is c learly in Roosevelt ’s own voice andthus dictated by him personally. $1,000

PPAAGGEE 6655

47

R are O versize Photo graph of Frank lin D. Ro osevelt Holding a Press Conference,Signed to Rep or ter G eorge D urno of the I nternational News S er vice

An 11 by 14 inch photograph, circa 1942, showing FDR at one of his press conferences, speakingwith three reporters representing the major wire services: Douglas Cornell of Associated Press,Merriman Smith of United Press, and George Durno of the International News Service. The Pres-ident inscribes the photograph to Durno (who is the one in naval uniform), writ ing: "For George- Changing Calendars / Franklin D. Roosevelt" . When FDR gave his press conferences in the OvalOffice, in the front row, by tradit ion, stood the men representing these wire services. This is thefirst s igned photograph of Roosevelt holding a press conference that we have seen. $2,800

PPAAGGEE 6666

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss FFoorr YYoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

Harry Truman Writes on thePurpose of the Press $2,000 A Signed Photograph of

the Trumans and theBarkleys $1,200

48

Fra n k l i n D. R o o s e ve l t S ays Th a t t h e S o u n d, Pr o g r e s s i ve Pr i n c i p l e s o f t h eDemo cratic Par t y Are What is Needed to Lead the Countr y From the Depression

He also praises his o ld leader during World War I , Woodrow Wilson

In 1930, FDR was elected to a second term as New York governor by a margin of more than 700,000votes . The nation was then in the shadow of the Great Depression, and by 1931 Roosevelt wastaking significant, innovative measures to try and combat i t in New York. This not only increasedhis popularity in his own state but earned him national attention. His strong base in the then-most populous state made him an obvious candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination,but Roosevelt was coy and denied being one al l through 1931. Then, with the North Dakota pri-mary looming immediate ahead, he decided that the t ime was right. On January 22, 1932, he an-nounced his candidacy for President . Fr iends, acquaintences , party off ic ia ls and wel l -wisherseverywhere contacted him and offered their support , and he quickly responded.

Typed Letter Signed as Governor on off icial letterhead, Albany, February 4, 1932, to Charles F.Hopkins, founder and editor of the St . Augustine Herald, with whom he was obviously on famil-iar terms. In i t , he praises Woodrow Wilson, his former boss , expresses his concern about thecountry’s condition, and states his bel ief that the Democratic Party would prove the right vehi-cle to restore i t to health. "It was pleasant to hear from a former correspondent, and one who, l ike my-sel f , was a worker under our great war president [Wilson] . You are very good to say what you do aboutmy own prospects , but in spite o f your success as a prophet be fore , what may happen next fa l l i s veryhard to predict . In any case , we hope that the Party wil l nominate a progressive leader behind whom wecan al l unite to help our much-distressed country return to sanity and stabi l i ty. The sound principles o fthe Democrat ic Party are more important than the candidate . Natural ly I deeply appreciate your bel ie fthat I am worthy of that high honor. . ."

FDR would soon have the chance to put his “sound principles” to work f ighting the Depression.He secured the nominat ion in July and then handi ly defeated Hoover in the general e lect ion.

$2,300

PPAAGGEE 6677

49

I ke in 1943: “O ur vic tor y is assured"

Amidst the brutal Ital ian campaign, Eisenhower says that the spirit of Americans wil l make the di f ference

Dwight D. Eisenhower was promoted four-star general in February 1943 and served as the All iedcommander for al l the major operations in the Mediterranean theatre throughout that year. Aftervictory in the North Africa campaign, he made his main headquarters in Algiers, to which placemost of his mail was forwarded. He also spent t ime in more forward posit ions, both in Tunis, andafter I taly was invaded, in that country. The invasion of Sici ly took place in July 1943, and afterit was secured, the Ital ian mainland was the next All ied target . On September 23, 1943, GeneralEisenhower took the Ital ian surrender aboard HMS Nelson off Malta. The German Army contin-ued to f ight ferociously in southern I ta ly throughout the coming months as the Al l ied armiesmoved north towards Rome. One milestone was reached when the U.S . Army marched tr i -umphantly into Naples on October 1, 1943.

Eisenhower was often too preoccupied with running the war to answer his mail , but when a let-ter touched him or he found the free t ime, he would. Back from the front and Malta, and amidstnews of hard f ighting on the road to Rome, he found a let ter from a World War I veteran whowanted to do his part in this new confl ict . Ike responded with a show of confidence in victory.

Typed Letter Signed on his “Allied Force Headquarters” letterhead, October 7, 1943, to M.T. Lizner,a veteran of World War I who had written Ike about workers on the home front. "Thank you for

PPAAGGEE 6688

50

your poem and the emblems o f the “War Worker” and “Victory” that you sent me . They typi fy a rea lAmerican, soldier of 1918 turned war worker of 1943, and one who is uti l izing his every talent to win thiswar. That i s the spir i t we must have to win, and with i t , our v ictory i s assured ." This is one of thestrongest wartime statements from Ike on victory, and what i t would take to achieve i t , that wehave seen.

In December 1943, the different national units of the Mediterranean sector became a unified com-mand, and Eisenhower was appointed i ts overall commander and based in England. Then in Jan-uary 1944, he was appointed supreme commander of the Al l ied Expedit ionary Forces for theNormandy landings that June. $6,500

W

A P h o t o g ra p h o f Wi n s t o n C h u r c h i l l , S i g n e d i n Wa s h i n g t o n o n J a n u a r y 1 , 1 9 4 2 ,D uring the Crucial Arc adia Conference With Ro osevelt

The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December7, 1941, s ignal ing the end of the United States 'observer status in the global confl ict , now trulya World War. Br i t ish Pr ime Minister WinstonChurchi l l , re l ieved that America was now ful lyengaged, immediately made plans to visit Presi-dent Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington to dis-cuss the war effort and insure that Americawould pursue a "Europe f i rs t " s trategy. FDRagreed to host Churchil l at the White House, andChurchil l was soon on his way via the batt leshipDuke of York. The sea journey to the conference,codenamed "ARCADIA," took ten days. Churchilland party arrived in Washington during the lateafternoon of December 22, and he and FDR begana round of s trategy sess ions . On December 26 ,Churchi l l spoke to a jo int sess ion of Congress ,making no at tempt to hide his pleasure in theU.S. entry into the war: " I t is not given to us topeer into the mysteries of the future. St i l l I avowmy hope and faith, sure and inviolate, that in thedays to come the Br i t ish and American peoplewill for their own safety and for the good of al lwalk together in majesty, in justice and in peace."He received a thunderous ovation.

PPAAGGEE 6699

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss ffoorr yyoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

Ike Wants American “objectivesand principles better understood"$6,000

Signed Photograph of DwightD. Eisenhower Accepting His

General's Star $1,700

51

On the afternoon of December 28, Churchil l departed Washington by train, bound for Canada. Onthe 30th he addressed the Canadian House of Commons. His reception in Ottawa was welcoming,and in his speech he mocked the defeatist French generals who predicted Britain's defeat by say-ing 'England would have her neck rung l ike a chicken' by Hitler. "Some chicken! Some neck!" wasChurchil l 's retort , which drew much laughter and applause. Immediately upon the conclusion ofhis speech, Churchill was ushered into the Speaker's chamber, where he found Yousuf Karsh wait-ing with his camera. The result - bulldog Churchil l glowering at the camera - is one of the mostfamous photographic portraits of the 20th century.

After Ottawa, Churchil l returned to the White House to continue his discussions with Roosevelt .I t was agreed that to win the war, the prime objective was the defeat of Nazi Germany. On NewYear's Day 1942, Churchill approved Roosevelt 's draft declaration establishing a "United Nations"of All ied Powers, pledging themselves "not to make a separate armistice or peace with the ene-mies" in order to defend " l i fe , l iberty, independence and re l ig ious freedom, and to preservehuman rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands." Churchill later commented:"The Declaration could not by i tself win batt les , but i t set forth who we were and what we werefighting for."

An 8 by 10 inch black and white photograph of Churchil l at his desk in Downing Street , s ignedin Washington and dated on January 1, 1942. This is the only photograph of Churchil l signed dur-ing these meetings, which are referred to as the Arcadia Conference, that we have ever seen. Twoweeks later, Churchil l returned to London. $9,500

PPAAGGEE 7700

Alb er t Einstein Charac terizes a Life in S cience As the Enviable Life

He l inks "Science , comfort and cordial i ty"

Albert Einstein l iked coming to Leiden, the Dutch city particularly known for i ts venerable uni-versity. He f irst visited there in February 1911 to give a lecture because he was keen to meet Hen-drik Antoon Lorentz, a father f igure whose work he valued highly and who admired Einstein inreturn. Einstein and his wife Mileva stayed with Lorentz during that week. Back again at his pro-fessorship in Prague, Einstein wrote to say how much he had enjoyed the hospital i ty and the sci-ent i f ic discussions. The next year, Vienna-born theoret ical physic is t Paul Ehrenfest succeededLorentz as professor of theoretical physics at the university; he would soon become one of Ein-ste in’s c losest f r iends. Einste in himsel f made a change, leaving the Univers i ty of Prague forZurich. The Viennese physicist Phil ipp Frank became his successor in Prague. During World WarI , Einstein visited Leiden again. On that visit , Lorentz sat Einstein down at his own desk, gavehim his best chair and a cigar, and questioned him about the bending of l ight . There was a giveand take, ending with, as Ronald Clark’s biography of Einstein states, “both men with beamingeyes skimming over the shining riches of the new theory.”

PPAAGGEE 7711

52

Convinced by Einste in’s Dutch fr iends of the opportunity to make sc ient i f ic his tory, in 1919Arthur Stanley Eddington, who was “immensely interested” in Einstein’s new ideas, led the ex-pedit ion that observed the deflection of starl ight passing by the Sun during the solar ecl ipse inMay, thus confirming an important prediction of general relativity. Einstein learned of the happynews from Lorentz in September. With the off icial announcement of the Eddington expedit ion’sresult on November 6 , 1919, Einstein become a superstar. The next month, he was offered a vis-i t ing professorship at Leiden that would involve being in Leiden for three or four weeks a year.That appealed to Einstein; he described it as a “comet-l ike existence.” Einstein accepted the offerand announced that his inaugural lecture - at Lorentz’s request - would be about “space and thetheory of relativity.” This, his soon-to-be-famous Leiden lecture, contained his renowned state-ment: “We may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with phys-ical qualit ies . . .” . I t was originally scheduled to be delivered on May 5, 1920, and Einstein in factwent to Leiden in May, but the speech was not given unti l October due to administrative delays.His May visit did al low him to spend much t ime with his colleagues, to his great pleasure. Whenhe left , he gave Ehrenfest the page proofs of his new paper, “Propagation of Sound in Partly Dis-sociated Gases.” He was f i l led with philosophical feel ings about science as a way of l i fe and thecolleagueship i t fostered.

The Bunsen Society for Physical Chemistry, founded in 1902, was the f irst organization to cult i -vate this r ising aspect of science. I t was named in honor of the famous physicist/chemist RobertWilhelm Bunsen, and had branches in Germany and Vienna. Fritz Haber was a German chemistwho received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for synthesizing ammonia, important for fer-ti l izers and explosives. Haber and Einstein developed a close personal relationship and there wasalso a scient i f ic interact ion between the two. According to a Berl in legend, Haber cal led uponEinstein “to do for chemistry what he did for physics.” After al l , Einstein’s f irst paper and histhesis dealt with molecules. Haber was actively involved in the Bunsen Society. Phil ipp Frank,who later became Einstein’s biographer, apparently was interested in membership.

Autograph Letter Signed , in German, Leiden, Saturday, May 15, 1920, to Haber in Berl in, crys-talizing into words his feelings about science and its impact on his l ife. And with science, he l inksthe wonderful trappings that go with i t . “While you were at the Bunsen Society, we accepted Frank’spet i t ion. I immediate ly wrote to the board of trustees with the urgent request for rapid approval . But thestubbornness of this institution makes me fear that it may sti l l be a while. You might want to stoke arounda bit with a poker. This is an enviable l i fe . Science , comfort and cordial i ty. I spent a l l o f yesterday withLorentz, a wonderful person. . .“ On the verso, Einstein gives his return address as c/o Ehrenfest .

To Einstein, the chance to learn, which was a thing he treasured, was valuable and enviable. Heis known for having stated, “Never regard study as a duty, but as the enviable opportunity tolearn. . .” In this letter, he expands on this feeling and characterizes science that way. It is his onlysuch characterization of science as a way of l i fe that we can f ind.

1920 saw Einstein f inally considered for a Noble Prize in Physics, one he was awarded the fol-lowing year. I t was also an important year for Einstein in another respect . His book, “The Theoryof Relativity,” was published in English for the f irst t ime. And in the English-speaking world layhis future. $8,500

PPAAGGEE 7722

Alb er t Einstein’s Po em and Signed Photo graph to Noted Author, H.W. Van Lo on

When Albert Einstein came to the United States on December 11, 1930, he was accompanied bynoted author, Hendrik Willem Van Loon. Einstein himself was already quite a celebrity, and hiscoming received media attention. CBS arranged to have him speak a few words even before hegot off the ship. In his broadcast , Einstein was introduced by Van Loon, who had earl ier encour-aged Einstein by saying his English was adequate for the broadcast . The New York Times , whichcovered the event extensively, reported that the Einsteins told Van Loon on the voyage that theProfessor was not so good at household mathematics and that Mrs. Einstein handled the check-book. In the December 27 issue, James Thurber 's column in The New Yorker noted that , at a partyshortly after disembarking, Einstein mentioned writ ing a poem for Van Loon. He presented thispoem to Van Loan in the form of an inscription on a signed photograph.

This is that very signed photograph, which is a documented memento of Einstein's f irst momentsin America in 1930. The image is about the s ize of an oversized bookmark and shows Einsteinholding his viol in. The presentation is 9 .5 by 6 inches, matted in the original frame, with a notefrom Van Loon on the back. I t is inscribed by Einstein on the mount:

"Perfect in English is Herr Loon, Bravely helped me to the microphone.Others would be far more befuddled, Yet he 'real ly has his act together'"With fr iendl iest greet ings, A. Einste in 1930. $7,500

PPAAGGEE 7733

53

Alb er t Einstein States That the M otivation For H is Life of S cientif ic I nquir y Was a Fanatic al Desire For Simplicit y

He also writes o f the Israel i War of Independence, “We al l owe thanks and admirat ion to the brave bandof our brothers in Israel , that they have succeeded in attaining by their own hand that to which they havea just r ight .”

Einstein is considered the greatest scientist s ince Newton, and was voted the leading person ofthe 20th Century by scholars, historians and average people al ike. His Theory of Relativity madepossible much of modern science, and theories he promulgated but could not prove himself con-t inue to be proven by his successors. He instinctively believed that there is a complete rational-i ty to the universe, and that i ts perfect and logical order precluded its being random. It was upto man to unravel and understand the workings of this cosmic plan to further the progress andknowledge of mankind. His scientif ic mind saw the challenge, and he determined to take on theunheard-of task of f inding that order. His success in doing so raises important questions, such aswhat was the driving force behind his scientif ic work, and did he have a guiding principle? Theanswer is yes.

In addit ion to his scienti f ic work, Einstein was a noted humanitarian and deeply interested inthe plight of Jews around the world. He always did what he could to assist individuals attempt-ing to come to America and find work, and in the wake of the Holocaust supported establishmentof a Jewish state in what today is Israel but was then Palestine. Since 1946, Britain, which had aUN mandate in Palestine, had been intercepting Jews and preventing them from making their waythere, often sending them to internment camps on Cyprus. Finally, on May 14, 1948, the Brit ishmandate expired and the State of Israel was born. I t soon found itself at war with adjacent Arab

PPAAGGEE 7744

54

states and had to f ight for i ts very existence. Einstein had a strong admirat ion for the nat ion-builders, who were often young people; he saw their struggle as one for the Jewish people as awhole.

Siegfried Hessing was a Polish-Jewish writer and student of philosophy. That Einstein and Hes-sing were known to each other for some years is confirmed by the existence of at least a dozen let-ters exchanged between them; the earl iest (1932) shows Hessing seeking Einstein’s assistance forhis work on Spinoza. When conditions in Czernowitz, Poland became too grim, Hessing soughthelp in emigrating with his wife and son. Forced to remain in Poland for the duration of the Holo-caust , they survived and eventually boarded a ship for Palestine. The Brit ish intercepted them inthe Dardanelles and sent them to internment (along with more than 51,000 other Jews) in Cyprusfor a period of 18 months. Here Hessing continued in his scholarly work, concentrating on thephilosopher Baruch Spinoza, whom Einstein so much admired. In 1948, Hessing wrote to ask Ein-stein to write a forward to his upcoming book on Spinoza. Einstein responds by empathizing withall Hessing had been through, goes on to praise the spirit of Israel , and f inishes by providing theanswer to the questions about his driving force and guiding principle in science.

Typed Letter Signed , in German, Princeton, November 24, 1948, to Hessing. “I am conf irming thereceipt o f your fr iendly letter o f November 8 and empathize with you for a l l the di f f icult ies you have hadto suf fer through. I am also happy for you, that this path of sorrow wil l soon come to an end through thepresence of more normal c ircumstances . We al l owe thanks and admiration to the brave band of our broth-ers in Israel , that they have succeeded in attaining by their own hand that to which they have a just right.I am glad to send you the photograph you desire which wil l be sent for the sake o f security together witha copy of this letter to the address in Tel-Aviv. I ’ve read the introduction to your book with great inter-est and would be happy i f I could support you by means of a forward in your publ icat ion. I do not fee l ,however, capable or just i f ied to write such a forward. The reason is that your way of representing re la-t ionships o f one thing to another di f fers so much from my way that I cannot honest ly enter into such athing, as a person who has always str iven with a k ind of fanatic ism for the highest degree o f s implic i tyin my observation and expression. I hope that you understand this , and that you wil l soon be successfulin publ ishing your work.” Hessing went on to immigrate to the United States and write on the l i feand t imes of Spinoza. He was the editor of Speculum Spinozanum 1677-1977, which included acontr ibution by Einstein. This let ter was obviously kept by Hessing al l his l i fe as a part iculartreasure, as i t was folded in such a way that i t might be carried in a wallet . This has resulted insome fading and wear, but the le t ter i s perfect ly legible , and the s ignature is very dark andstrong.

Einstein is well known for saying “Nature is the realization of the simplest conceivable mathe-matical ideas,” and, “I have been guided not by the pressure from behind of experimental facts ,but by the attraction in front from mathematical s implicity.” Here he takes i t one step further, in-dicating that the underlying motivation behind his l i fe of scientif ic inquiry was the driving de-sire to f ind simplicity in al l things. He also expresses his gratitude to and admiration for thoseJews who created the State of Israel , showing both his strong support and his belief that they hadsucceeded, a fact not universally appreciated at the t ime. $9,200

PPAAGGEE 7755

S epia Signed Photo graph of Justice Louis Brandeis in H is Judicial Rob es

Brandeis was the f irst Jewish Supreme Court justice, serving for a quarter of a century. A superb7 by 10 inch sepia photograph of him in his judicial robes by the noted photographers Harris andEwing, looking just as he did on the bench, inscribed and signed on May 18, 1941 to Carl F. Vietorof the Savings Banks Life Insurance Fund of New York. Brandeis was in the last months of hisl i fe ; he died in October 1941. $2,000

PPAAGGEE 7766

55

President Kennedy : The Nation’s G oal Is “a more b ountiful l i fe for al l the p eople”

John F. Kennedy sought to improve the l ives of the American people, and he articulated the issuesto be tackled. “We have a steadily r ising population. We have the problem of maintaining highemployment. We want education for our children. We want our families to l ive in decent housing.We want to keep our employment s teadi ly growing, and to take advantage of the mil l ions ofyoung men and women who are coming into the labor market everywhere. And we want to pro-vide security for our older citizens.” In November 1961, he called a set of innovative White HouseRegional Conferences, both to obtain ideas on measures and methods to attain these goals, and toensure that the government in Washington remained close to the people at home. Representativesof various Federal agencies and departments traveled to major cit ies to talk to informed and in-terested cit izens about the diff icult ies they faced, and what government might do to help solvetheir problems. California Governor Pat Brown played an active role in the San Francisco and LosAngeles conferences.

Typed Letter Signed as President , on green White House let terhead, Washington, February 9 ,1962, to Borwn. “Now that the White House Regional Conference Report has been publ ished, I want tothank you for the ro l e you p layed in making the Conferences a success . I f e e l the Conferences were aunique experiment in which Federal , State and local of f ic ials communicated directly and understandinglywith each other and with the people o f America. The exchange of ideas st imulated by the Conferences wil lenable our nation to move forward at an increased rate toward i ts goal o f a more bounti ful l i fe for a l l thepeople . I was most grat i f ied by the response to the Regional Conferences . . .” $7,000

PPAAGGEE 7777

56

Pr e s i d e n t Ly n d o n B. J o h n s o n “i s co m m i t t e d t o t h e A l l i a n ce fo r Pr o g r e s s” a n d Co op eration With L atin Americ a

The All iance for Progress, init iated by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, aimed to establish eco-nomic cooperation between North and South America. The aid was intended to counter the per-ceived emerging communist threat f rom Cuba to U.S . interests and dominance in the region.Because of the program, economic assistance to Latin America tr ipled almost immediately. Chilewas an intended showcase of the program and California agreed to enter into a technical cooper-at ion agreement with that nat ion, focusing i ts energies in the areas of agr icul ture , educat ion,water resources , and highway transportat ion. The program off ic ial ly began in December 1963,just as LBJ was taking office, and as expressed here, he had every intention of maintaining the Al-l iance for Progress.

Typed Letter Signed , on green White House letterhead, Washington, December 10, 1963, to Cali-fornia Governor Pat Brown. "I want to thank you for your warm remarks during the Cal i fornia-Chiles igning ceremony today. My Administrat ion is f irmly committed to the All iance for Progress . As I saidin my statement. . .we deeply appreciate your State’s great support , and you wil l have mine - in this majornew program under the a l l iance ." $2,500

PPAAGGEE 7788

57

Two Days Af ter the 1964 Cal ifornia Primar y, President Lyndon B. Johnson Thanks Cal ifornia G overnor Pat Brown For Running As a Favorite S on Pledged to H im

The nomination of LBJ was assured in 1964, but he wanted to control the Democratic Conventionto avoid a public f ight over civi l r ights. Nonetheless, he faced a challenge from the segregation-is t Governor of Alabama, George Wallace , who ran in a number of northern primaries againstJohnson and did surprisingly well . California had the largest state delegate vote and the Presi-dent wanted no nasty surprises to rock the boat there. He asked California Governor Pat Brownto run in his state’s primary as a favorite son, though really a stalking horse for LBJ, who was alsoon the bal lot . Brown placed f irst in the June 2 vot ing, best ing the eventual nominee, but withBrown’s delegates aggregated with his , LBJ came out whole.

Typed Letter Signed , on green White House letterhead, Washington, June 4, 1964, to CaliforniaGovernor Pat Brown, thanking Brown for his assistance. "I know that you worked very hard on be-hal f o f the State delegates pledged to me. I am aware of the t ime and energy that you gave this , and I justwant you to know that I am very grate ful to you. Your advice and counsel are a lways welcome here . Letme hear from you.” The actual convention took place on August 4-27, and LBJ was nominated in apacked hall in Atlantic City. $1,200

PPAAGGEE 7799

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss FFoorr YYoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

LBJ Appoints California GovPat Brown to the NationalCommission on Reform ofFederal Criminal Laws $3,500

LBJ Responds to an Update on the Great

Society Programs in Califor-nia $2,700

58

Harr y Truman Thanks Cal ifornia G overnor Pat Brown

Typed Letter Signed on his le t terhead, No-vember 3, 1964, to Brown. “I was highly pleasedand touched by your k ind message and yourthoughtfulness. I am happy to report that I am get-t ing along al l r ight and hope to resume my usualschedule before long.” $300

R ichard N ixon Wishes the “ Ver y B est ” in Leading California to G overnor Pat Brown, the M an Who B eat H im For That Post Just 14 M onths Earl ier

In 1962 Nixon challenged Pat Brown in the gu-bernatorial race in California. Brown beat him,embarrassing Nixon not only in front of Cali-fornia but the nat ion. Nixon moved to NewYork in 1963 to jo in a lucrat ive law pract ice ,but his mind was st i l l on his home state.

Typed Letter Signed on his law off ice le t ter-head, January 14, 1964, to California GovernorPat Brown, the man who had beaten him just14 months earlier. “It was most thoughtful of youto wire me as you did when you vis i ted New Yorklast week. I was in the Waldorf the day after youle f t and the e l evator operators were s t i l l ta lk ingexcitedly about Cal i fornia’s wine-tast ing party. Iam sure i t must have been a great success . 1964looks l ike a most interest ing year both pol i t ical lyand otherwise . I want to take this opportunity toextend to you my very best wishes in your contin-ued leadership of our native state .” $800

PPAAGGEE 8800

59

60

President N ixon Pro claims He S eeks “a ful l generation of p eace” in Negotiations toEnd the War in Vietnam

At the same t ime, he readies for his historic tr ip to China in 1972

Upon assuming the presidency, Nixon’s plan for Vietnam was to "de-Americanize" the war, an ap-proach that became known as Vietnamizat ion. I t involved bui lding up the South Vietnamesearmed forces so that they could assume greater combat responsibil i ty while simultaneously with-drawing U.S . combat t roops. The U.S . mil i tary role would shi f t f rom f ight ing to advis ing theSouth Vietnamese and sending in a massive influx of mil i tary equipment and weaponry. Perhapsmost important, Nixon changed the polit ical objective of U.S. intervention from guaranteeing afree and independent South Vietnam to creating the opportunity for South Vietnam to determinei ts own pol i t ica l future . Vietnamizat ion a long with negot iat ion were Nixon's twin pi l lars forachieving a peace. These negotiations commenced in August 1969.

In an announcement made on national television on January 25, 1972, President Nixon disclosedthat the United States had held 12 secret talks with North Vietnam since August 1969 and thatthe talks were st i l l ongoing. In the course of the talks, the U.S. s ide had made an eight-point pro-

PPAAGGEE 8811

61

posal and the North Vietnamese side had made a nine-point proposal for making peace. The U.S. proposal at-t racted at tent ion in that i t was concess ionary to thecommunist demands concerning the sett ing of a datefor complete withdrawal of U.S . forces and the e lec-t ion of a new South Vietnamese president. Moreover,the U.S. conceded, at least implici t ly, that any cease-f ire would be a cease-f ire in place, which meant thatNorth Vietnamese troops then in the South would staythere . Thus the North Vietnamese had one obviousstrategy: s ta l l the peace , pour forces into the South,and str ike a deal only when a cease-f ire in place vir-tually amounted to a "victory in place."

As January 1972 turned into February, the talks stalledbecause Hanoi re jected Nixon’s plan, while both sideswaited for the resul ts of Nixon's upcoming vis i ts toChina, which was North Vietnam’s greatest supporter.On 15 July 1971, Nixon had shocked the world by an-nouncing that he would travel across the world to es-tablish a detente with the People’s Republic of Chinaafter a quarter century of tension. That vis i t wasscheduled for February 21 , 1972, and could changethings in Vietnam. Meanwhile, a majority of the Houseof Representatives wrote Nixon expressing support forthe posit ions he had art iculated in his speech.

Typed Letter Signed on White House le t terhead,Washington, February 14, 1972 to Rep. Del Clawson, aRepubl ican Congressman from Cal i fornia . "It washeartening to receive your strong expression of support formy January 25 Indochina peace init iat ives , contained in aletter s igned by a bi-part isan majority of the House of Rep-resentat ives . I am conf ident h istory wi l l record that sup-port such as yours during these di f f icult t imes contributedsigni f icantly to our mutual ly shared goal - a ful l genera-t ion of peace . As I embark on my mission to Peking, I wantyou to know how much I deeply appreciate your thoughts ."

$2,500

PPAAGGEE 8822

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss ffoorr yyoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

Signed Photograph of Nixon As President,Inscribed to Senator George Murphy

$2,200

Nixon’s Assessment of the War in Vietnam,Provided to British Prime Minister Edward

Heath $1,000

Nixon Implies a Preference For John Con-nally as the 1980 Republican Nominee

$1,000

I n the Wake of Watergate, R ichard M. N ixon Lo oks B ack on H is Presidenc y, S ayingH i s G o a l H a d B e e n “p e a ce fo r a l l m a n k i n d a n d p ro s p e r i t y a n d p ro g re s s fo r eve r yAmeric an”

He also says of Watergate , when the going gets rough, “one learns who his real fr iends are”

All of Nixon’s f i rs t term as Pres ident had been consumed with the Vietnam War and protestsagainst i t . He had taken strong and sometimes provocative posit ions and had engendered f ierceopposit ion. That war ended in January 1973, as he was sworn in for his second term. However, inMarch, James McCord wrote a letter to the judge who had presided over the tr ial of himself andthe other men convicted of breaking and entering the Democratic National Committee headquar-ters at the Watergate off ice complex in Washington. He told the judge, John J . Sir ica, that therehad been a cover up of the crime, and further, that he was under political pressure to plead guilty.He implicated high government off ic ia ls , inc luding former Attorney General John Mitchel l ,known as a Nixon conf idant . His le t ter t ransformed the affa ir into a pol i t ica l scandal of un-precedented magnitude that essential ly took almost al l of Nixon’s attention, from then unti l hebecame the f irst President to resign, doing so on August 9 , 1974. Nixon quickly found himselfpersona non grata, and in the fol lowing months had plenty of t ime to reflect on his Presidency.

Typed Letter Signed on his personal letterhead, San Clemente, January 2, 1975, to Victor DeLuc-cia in New York. "I want you to know how deeply I appreciate the thoughtful message you sent me afterI le f t o f f ice and returned to Cal i fornia . We have passed through a very di f f icult period, but i t is at suchtimes that one learns who his real fr iends are ; I am proud to number you among them. When I recover myhealth, you can be sure that in the years ahead I shal l continue to work for those great goals to which wewere dedicated in the years I served as President - peace for a l l mankind and prosperity and progress forevery American." $1,800

PPAAGGEE 8833

62

Auto graphs of 18 Watergate Figures

A group of 18 autographs of people who played a part in Watergate or the hearings. These in-clude an Autograph Note Signed of Alexander Butterfield , aide to President Nixon who revealedthe existence of the White House taping system which more than anything else resulted in Nixon'sdownfall ; a newspaper cl ipping about Charles Colson heading the Prison Fellowship Ministry,signed with him adding “Gal. 2:20” under his signature; 8 by 10 inch signed photographs of Nixonaide John Poindexter, Attorney General William Saxbe , CIA Director Richard Helms, CommerceSecretary Maurice Stans, Elliott Richardson (who took over brief ly as Attorney General in 1973,but resigned less than 5 months later rather than obey Nixon's order to f ire Special ProsecutorArchibald Cox) , and Richard Kleindeinst (Attorney General appointed to that post af ter JohnMitchell resigned to become head of CREEP, and was later convicted of withholding informationfrom Congress) ; TLS’s of John J . Scirica , judge in the Watergate tr ials , Nixon operative DonaldSegretti , Congressmen Peter Rodino, chairman of the House impeachment committee , Sam Ervin,Chairman of the Senate Watergate Committee and Charles Sandman, and Harold Donohue , mem-bers, legal counsel Henry S. Ruth and Henry E. Petersen ; a TLS on White House letterhead ofNixon Press Secretary during Watergate, Ron Ziegler ; s ignature of George L. Hart , judge in theJohn Connally tr ial and an envelope addressed by John Erl ichman from prison, not signed. $800

PPAAGGEE 8844

63

G overnor Ronald Reagan D iplomatic al ly Parries Aside a Request, in a Letter to theM an He B eat For That O ff ice, Pat Brown

The 1966 Cal i fornia gubernatorial e lect ion saw incumbant Pat Brown chal lenged by newcomerRonald Reagan. Coming during the Vietnam War and holding diametrical ly opposed views on somany issues , the campaign was a vi tupret ive one. After Reagan won handi ly, he set about re-versing many of Brown’s policies. So i t was no small thing for Brown to come to Reagan with asmall request - to honor Brown’s recently deceased Park Commissioner, Al Stern.

Typed Letter Signed on California Governor ’s letterhead, July 15, 1968, to his predecessor PatBrown, parrying aside his request , small as i t was. “I was very pleased to rece ive your letter o f June18 suggest ing that considerat ion be given to naming a park or beach or some faci l i ty in memory of AlStern, who served so ably as Chairman of the former State Park Commission. I t is my understanding thatHarry E. Sokolov, Chairman of the State Park and Recreation Commission.. .appointed a committee. . . to notonly develop your suggest ion re lat ive to a memorial in the name of Mr. Stern, but to develop a programthat would recognize the e f forts o f a l l past chairmen. . .as wel l as the individual members . They should berecognized and their deeds and e f forts not forgotten. I am pleased that the present State Park and Recre-at ion Commission is going to do something about this matter. Thank you very much for your suggest ion.I am sure when the committee f inishes i ts del iberat ions, you wil l be pleased with i ts recommendation.”

Of course, honoring a named individual as opposed to a group is a different thing altogether, soReagan seems to be declining the request diplomatical ly. $1,200

PPAAGGEE 8855

64

Ronald Reagan - The Employment Agreement For H is First Television App earance

Reagan appeared in more than 50 f i lms over two decades in Hollywood, but by the dawn of the1950’s the medium of television was exploding, and his movie career (and those of many other ac-tors) was in decl ine. Reagan determined to take advantage of this trend and break into TV. OnDecember 7, 1950, he made his historic television network debut on the Nash Airf lyte Theatre.

This is a contract for that debut.

Document Signed , New York, November 24, 1950, agreeing that the Management Corporation ofAmerica (MCA) is his off ic ia l employer for the appearance . I t i s ent i t led “Agreement be tweenRonald Reagan and Management Corporat ion of America dated Nov. 24, 1950, for Nash Airf lyte Theatreprogram 12-7-50.” “. . .You have advised me that you are act ing as my employer thereunder; that I haveconsented to and hereby approve o f your so act ing as my employer. . . that nei ther the execution of suchagreement, nor any of the provisions thereof , nor your act ing as my employer thereunder, shal l be deemedor construed to be a breach o f any of the provis ions o f any agency and management contracts . . .” Thisagreement would have been or iginal ly s igned with a companion document spel l ing out otherterms and conditions of the employment arrangement.

PPAAGGEE 8866

65

This appearance gave Reagan his start in TV; and his relat ionship with MCA also changed his-tory. The break that would lead Reagan into polit ics came when Taft Scheiber of MCA acquaintedhim with the General Electric Theater, a weekly television program that needed a host . Some ofReagan’s productions had impressed G.E. executives and they offered him the job. I t c l imbed tobe the number-one show in i ts t ime slot , and made Reagan one of the most recognizable men inAmerica.

Selected to serve as the company's national spokesman, Reagan began traveling for G.E. aroundthe country; he spoke at corporate banquets and to employees at factories, gaining a valuable po-l i t ical apprenticeship. His speeches were part patr iot ism and part economics, and his messagebecame increasingly conservative. "I began to talk more and more," he remembered, "of how gov-ernment had expanded and was infr inging on l ibert ies and interfer ing with pr ivate enter-pr ise .”His pol i t ica l v iews and convincing spokesmanship brought him to the at tent ion ofconservatives in the Republican Party and led to a national ly televised speech for Barry Gold-water, "A Time for Choosing," on October 27, 1964.

This speech, which David Broder hailed as "the most successful polit ical debut since Will iam Jen-nings Bryan electrif ied the 1896 Democratic Convention with his 'Cross of Gold' speech," broughtin a large volume of donations for the Republican candidate and marked the beginning of Rea-gan's reign as the leading conservative for the next 25 years. Thus did television lead to the po-l i t ical career of Ronald Reagan. $4,500

PPAAGGEE 8877

RReellaatteedd IItteemmss ffoorr YYoouurr CCoolllleeccttiioonn

*visit www.raabcollection.com for full descriptions*

Ronald Reagan Praises the Patriotism of U.S. Soldiers inVietnam For “Safeguarding Freedom” $2,400

Ronald and Nancy Reagan Sign Photographsto James and Sarah Brady $3,200

G erald Ford Wil l Not Challenge Ronald Reagan For the 1980 Republic anPresidential Nomination

In 1976, former California Governor Ronald Reagan thought he not only could challenge the sit -t ing president , Gerald Ford, but beat him and win the Republican nomination. His hunch wasthat because polit ics is l ike athletics , the public and the media would rel ish a contest between apresident and an excit ing, charismatic candidate l ike Reagan. At f irst , i t even appeared to be awinnable contest for the challenger. Because Reagan’s supporters were so well organized, the pri-maries between the two men were hard-fought and relatively even. By the start of the RepublicanConvention in August 1976, the race for the nomination appeared too close to cal l . However, thepower of the presidency and the establishment was st i l l strong, and Ford defeated Reagan by anarrow margin on the f i rs t bal lot at the 1976 Republ ican National Convention in Kansas City.

In 1980, Reagan was the odds-on favorite to win his party's nomination, and in January was farahead in the polls . Many in the Republican Party were worried that a r ight wing candidate l ikeReagan would harm the party and both i ts short and long term prospects . The strongest of the“moderate” candidates was George Bush, and he was considered a mediocre campaigner at best .When Reagan crushed him in the New Hampshire primary on February 26, Reagan’s opponentsbegan to cal l for former President Ford to throw his hat into the ring. About March 1, Ford sentup a tr ial bal lon. During the f irst half of March, pressure on Ford mounted as Reagan rang upprimary victory af ter victory. However, wary of taking on the ski l l ful Reagan again, and re-spectful of his growing lead, Ford thought better of getting involved and announced on March 17,

PPAAGGEE 8888

66

that in the interest of party unity, he would not challenge Reagan. Here he explains why to oneof his supporters.

Typed Letter Signed on his letterhead, March 27, 1980, to Cali fornia Congressman Robert Wil-son, who had been working to promote Ford’s candidacy. "During the last three weeks the possi-bil ity of a Ford candidacy created a great deal of excitement and an even greater amount of hard work. Youwere one of the people caught up in the near impossible task of responding to phone cal ls and correspon-dence , coord inat ing act iv i t i es and provid ing counse l and advice . I want you to know how personal lygrate ful I am for your e f fort on my behal f . My decis ion. . .was the most di f f icult o f my l i fe . I hope you canunderstand how del iberately and thoroughly every facet of a possibi l i ty of a candidacy was considered. AsI said in my statement, ' . . . I be l ieve our country is in very deep trouble . ' ' . . . I have determined that I canbest help that cause by not being a candidate for President . . . ' . Betty and I are very sat is f ied with our de-c is ion and fee l i t to be the best course o f act ion at this t ime. . ." . $1,000

Reagan Lists H is Administration’s G reatest Achievements

Reagan had a way of reaching out to people that made him friends across much of the polit icalspectrum. He was also seen as a principled man and people trusted him to do what he thoughtwas right and not be controlled by interest groups. However, i t seemed to some that his succes-sor owed too much to the religious right, an impression heightened by the Republican Conventionin 1992. That event moved l i fe- long Republican Raymond Doig, a f i lm executive at 20th CenturyFox where he served for years as president and chief executive off icer of Fox International , towrite a heart-felt letter to Reagan on August 20, 1992. In the letter, a copy of which is present, heexplained that he feared for the direct ion his party was taking under Bush, and said that Rea-gan’s continued leadership was needed. “. . . I believe that we have lost direction and have becomecaptive of the Radical Religious Right. Your speech on the opening night of the party's conventionwas deeply felt and appreciated by this deeply confl icted Republican. You helped me to focus onwhat is good and just about America. I t was always easy to vote for you and embrace your viewof America and the world, knowing that you represented the values and ideals I share. . .Our na-t ion is at a troubled period. . .We need Reagan leadership not reactionary responses to issues thathave been left untended these last four years. . . I f only I had the choice of again voting for you, Iwould not be leaving the party. . . " This le t ter obviously mattered to Reagan, who not only an-swered it but had the response hand-delivered.

Autograph Letter Signed on his embossed personal notecard, 2 pages small 8vo, August 31, 1992,pointing out what Reagan obviously considered his administration’s greatest achievements, re-vealing to Doig that George Bush played an integral part in them, and making clear that jumpingto the Democrats , who had opposed everything Reagan had tried to do, was no solution. “Thankyou for your letter and kind words about my speech. But I must take exception to your concern about our

PPAAGGEE 8899

67

party. We must stay together and prevent a takeover by the Demos. They have had a majority in the Con-gress for a lmost a l l o f the last hal f century. In my 8 years as governor and 8 years as president , I wasserving with a Democrat ic Congress and had to do batt le with that Congress . For example , I submitted abudget to the Congress every year as I 'm supposed to do. In every one of those 8 years the Congress putmy budget on the shel f and submitted a "Continuing Resolution" to me as a substitute . In every instancethe ir subst i tute ca l l ed for more spending except in the mi l i tary, where they reduced the serv ices to aridiculous level . When I became President , I discovered more than hal f our mil i tary aircraft on any givenday could not f ly for lack of spare parts . Contrary to the media, Bush as vice president part ic ipated in al lthe things we did, such as the tax reductions, created 19 mil l ion new jobs in the economy. . .e l iminatedmany useless Federal regulat ions, etc . He was a major part ic ipant in the things we did. We were opposedby the Democrats in everything we accomplished. Again thanks for your kind words.”

Many vice pres idents have had no authori ty and l i t t le in the way of accomplishments (Eisen-hower, when asked by a reporter i f he could think of something Nixon had done as vice presi-dent, said he could if given a week to think about i t ) . This letter test i f ies that Bush was an activepart ic ipant in Reagan’s work, and shows that Reagan was s incerely working for Bush’s reelec-t ion. Perhaps most valuable is Reagan’s l ist of his accomplishments, as in such a s i tuation themost important things are the ones that would come f irst to mind. There were three: tax cuts, jobcreation and reduction in Federal government controls . This historical ly important letter is cru-cial to understanding both Reagan’s view of his main accomplishments and Bush’s role withinhis administration. $9,500

PPAAGGEE 9900