Catalysis in a Refinery

8102019 Catalysis in a Refinery

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullcatalysis-in-a-refinery 154

Catalysis in a Refinery

Hartmut Schuumltter



x15_Info_Vortraumlge_Ringvortrag Februar 2005

Figure 1

Boiling Range of Crude Oil (REB)

0

100

200

300400

500

600

700

800900

0 20 40 60 80 100wt

B o i l i n g T e m

p e r a t u r e deg C

12 LPG

16 Naphtha

10Kero

32 Diesel HEL

appr 50 atm residue

33 Vacuumgasoils

17 Vacuum-

residue(Heavy FueloilBitumen)




Figure 2

Crude Oil Distillation

Crude Oil

Vacuum residue(BitumnHeavy Fuel Oil

VGO HydrotreaterCat Cracker

Gas LPG

Hydrotreater(DieselDomestic FuelOil)

Hydrotreater(Jet Fuel)

Cat Reformer(Gasoloine Pool)

Cat Reformer(Aromatics)

Steam Cracker

Isomerization(Gasoline Pool)

Middledistillates

MidHeavy Naphtha

Light Naphthas

Steamreformer(H2)

Fuel

Steam Cracker

atm

Distillation

Vacuumdistillation




Figure 3

Demand of Oil Products differs from Composition of Crude Oil

0

50

100

150

200

250

300350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage wt

B o i l i n g T e m


Refining

Technical Services PCK

crude oil

R ussian E xport B lend 324 degAPI 15 S

market demand


httpslidepdfcomreaderfullcatalysis-in-a-refinery 554x15_Info_Vortraumlge_Ringvortrag Februar 2005

Figure 4

Crude

Oil

Refinery

Target

Yields

12

5

16

30

32

55

50

5

Naphtha

RONlt50

Sgt500ppm

Gasoline

RON92 -100

Slt10ppm

Diesel

Slt10ppm

Cetan No 52 -60

HEL

Kero

Gasoil

S gt 1

atmosphResidue

S gt 3

Heavy Fuel Oil Slt1Jet

PropaneButane

Propane

PropyleneButane



Figure 5

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE



Figure 6

Gasoline Upgrading

bull Increasement of Octane number by Isomerization

Conversion of normal C5C6 Paraffins to iso Paraffins

bull Increasement of Octane number by catalytic Reforming

Aromatics from Dehydrogenation of Naphthenes as well as

Dehydrocyclisation of Paraffins

bull Increasement of Octane number by Alkylation

Conversion of iso C4 with Butenes to iso Octane

bull Increasement of Octane number by Etherification

Conversion of iso Butene with Ethanol to ETBE





Figure 8

Light Naphtha Isomerization




Figure 9

Catalytic Reforming




Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12

Development of Sulfur Limit in Gasoline

500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500

S u l f u r i n p p m

bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13

Development of Sulfur Limit in Diesel Fuels

10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14

Diesel Hydrotreating




Figure 15

Increasing of Desulfurization from 95 up to more than 999

with existing Hydrotreaters by increasing of Reactortemperature only

gt + 40 deg C WABT

Reactor outlet temperature gt 400 degC

material Cycle length darr darr darr

Productstability (color oxstab)

target sulfur critical (10 20 ppm rarr recombination to RSHThiophene)






Figure 17

Hydrogen partial pressure in the reactor

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r

Recycle gas ratio 250 Nmsup3msup3

p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher

reaction rate constant

Recycle gas ratio 150 Nmsup3msup3 p Reactor 4 bar

PH2S=392bar

catalyst bed length relativ




Figure 18

Basic desulfurization reactions

sulfides gt thiophenes gt benzothiophenes gt dibenzothiophenes




Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k

950 HDS rarr LHSV = 1983223x


rArr Cat requirement 3 times more




Figure 20

DK 4

R2

weight 535 tda = 46 ms = 98 mmh = 435 m




Figure 21

DK4 Reactors R-901 and R-902

R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC

361 degC 361 degC 360 degC

∆p=056 bar





356 degC 357 degC357 degC

352 degC353 degC352 degC




5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K

WABT (R-901 amp R-902)=350degC

23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22

DK 4 Reactor ndash pressure drop

00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3

p r e s s u r e d r o p

o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )


02 bar per 30 months

lt lt 001 bar per month




Figure 23

R M P C T - DK4(Robust Multivariable Predictive Control Technology) controlerstatus ON

03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC

385 th 385 th MV is ON

Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max

Set points (Sollwerte)

Feed

heater outlet temperature O-901

FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points

pressure Feed ndash control valve FC9011

Max Skintemperature O-901

Max combustion chambertemperature O-901

Opening control valve fuelgas to O-901

Max Reactortemperature

Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur

Comparison measurementcalculated

Suflur analyzed

Sulfur calculated (corr) 681 ppm637 ppmSulfur caculated (uncorr)

682 ppm




Figure 24

DK 4 Advanced Control (RMPCT)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Feb02 Mrz02 Apr02 Jun02 Jul02 Aug02 Okt02 Nov02

S u l f u r c o n t e n

t o f r a f f i n a t e p

p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26

DK 4 Sulfur content of raffinate

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m

Jan -Sept 2002 Oct 2002 - Sept 2003

ULSD H d t t DK 4 it




Figure 27

ULSD Hydrotreater DK 4 unit

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000catalyst life (t feed msup3 catalyst)

W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History

Catalyst Research Associates Agreement signed in London on 12 Oct 1938

bull Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso)

bull Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco)

bull Kellogg

bull IG Farben added by

bull Anglo-Iranian Oil (BP)

bull Royal DutchShell

bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History

Group of 1000 Researchers

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(WK Lewis and E R Gilliland)

rArr Big Research program

(topped from Manhattan program only)rArr 25 May 1942 Start up of first commercial

Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit

- Capacity 500 000 tyr

- Location Baton Rouge refinery of Standard Oil of Louisiana




Figure 31

FCC Features at the Beginning




Figure 32

FCC Features at the Beginning and Today (1)

bull zeolitic catalyst era

bull stable up to 800 degCrArr residence time in regen 3 - 4 minrArr lt 005 carbon on regen cat

rArr complete combustionrArr no afterburning

bull high activity

rArr no recyclerArr coke yield

bull synthetic catalyst era

bull catalysts highly temperaturesensitive rarr Reg-temp limitedto 600 degC

rArr residence time in regen 10 -15 minrArr 06 carbon on regenerated catrArr CO2CO ratio sim 1rArr runaway afterburning

rarr 1000 degC

bull catalysts rel low activity

rarr high recyclerarr high coke yield

today

early daysof catalytic cracking





Figure 33


today

early days

of catalytic cracking

bull Riser cracking

- cat residence time 5 - 15 sec- vapor residence time 1 - 5 sec

- 540 degC

bull Fluidized bed cracking

- catalyst residence time 30 -120 sec- vapor residence time 10 - 60 sec

- Temperatur 500 degC

Progress in Technology

EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560

Zeolite Re-H-Y ZSM 5

75015540802448

FeedstockBoiling range degC 265 - 400

Catalyst natural day

CatOil 35Cat losses kgt 15Reactor Temp degC 490Conversion wt- 55C3C4 wt- 10Gasoline wt- 38

TodayPCLA No 1 May 1942

FCC Performance at the Begining and Today

Powdered Catalyst Louisiana No1




Figure 35

there have been so many changes

in the FCC unit that its forefathers

wouldnlsquot recognize their offspring

Cracking of VGO by FCC




Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas

Cracked products to DistillationLight Naphtha

Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37

FCC Unit PCK Schwedt




Figure 38

FCC Catalyst Additives

- for low sulfur gasoline

- for light olefines




Figure 39

Possible Gasoline Sulphur Reduction Mechanisms

A) Removal of S from gasoline precursors

B) Removal of S from gasoline range molecules

C) Conversion of heavy S species to coke




Figure 40




World Propylene Demand by Region




Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

D e m a n d ( m i l l i o n M e t r i c T o

n s )

Asia Middle East East Europe West Europe South America North America

py y g(source GMcElhiney Grace)

bull World wide long term growth of 5-6 per annum




Figure 42

Oslash Use of ZSM-5 zeolite enables the FCC unit

to make a valuable contribution

to propylene production

Oslash This contribution is expected

to increase significantly in the near future

World-wide Propylene Production




Figure 43

European refiners must

produce more diesel fuel

reduce gasoline yield

decrease production of heating oil



Current catalyst market




Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)

bull environmental catalysts 27 bull polymers 22

bull refining 21

bull petrochemicals 20

bull fine chemicals and inter mediates 10

The refining catalyst market is the most

competitive segment of the global catalyst

market (bid contract basis)




Figure 46

Sales of Refining Catalysts- world wide -

sim 25 Billion $yr

growth rate 75 Million$yr

Capacities of catalytic unitsi G (Milli t )




Figure 47

in Germany (Millions tyr)Fluid Catalytic Cracking 18

Hydrocracking 9

Catalytic Reforming 17

Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87

(Naphtha 27Kero 5MD 43VGO 12)

__________________________________________

Total 1365 120 of crude capacity

Catalysts in the Schwedt Refinery




Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker

IsomerizationCat Reformer

Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb

added value by only 10

performance improvement

is much more than the

total catalyst cost

Potentials for Improvement




Figure 50

l deep hydrotreated FCC feed

l new FCC catalysts (Low H-transfer)FCC Overcracking

Reduction of gasoline acc market

Manufactoring of boosters (export)

Increasement of propylene yield

Increasement of biofuels

(etherification of tertiary C4-C5+-Olefines)

FCC Yields (wt- on feed)




Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha

Overcracking(enhanced Catalyst)

Base Y-Zeolith + ZSM5

Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both

Teamplayers amp Individuals

bull Is of interest to bothAcademe + Industry

bull RampD in catalysis will remainchallenging and rewarding




Figure 53

Thank you for your attention




Figure 1

Boiling Range of Crude Oil (REB)

0

100

200

300400

500

600

700

800900

0 20 40 60 80 100wt

B o i l i n g T e m


12 LPG

16 Naphtha

10Kero

32 Diesel HEL

appr 50 atm residue

33 Vacuumgasoils

17 Vacuum-

residue(Heavy FueloilBitumen)




Figure 2


Crude Oil



Gas LPG





Steam Cracker


Middledistillates

MidHeavy Naphtha

Light Naphthas

Steamreformer(H2)

Fuel

Steam Cracker

atm

Distillation

Vacuumdistillation




Figure 3


0

50

100

150

200

250

300350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage wt

B o i l i n g T e m


Refining


crude oil


market demand



Figure 4

Crude

Oil

Refinery

Target

Yields

12

5

16

30

32

55

50

5

Naphtha

RONlt50

Sgt500ppm

Gasoline

RON92 -100

Slt10ppm

Diesel

Slt10ppm

Cetan No 52 -60

HEL

Kero

Gasoil

S gt 1

atmosphResidue

S gt 3


PropaneButane

Propane

PropyleneButane



Figure 5

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE



Figure 6

Gasoline Upgrading














Figure 8





Figure 9

Catalytic Reforming




Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 2


Crude Oil



Gas LPG





Steam Cracker


Middledistillates

MidHeavy Naphtha

Light Naphthas

Steamreformer(H2)

Fuel

Steam Cracker

atm

Distillation

Vacuumdistillation




Figure 3


0

50

100

150

200

250

300350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage wt

B o i l i n g T e m


Refining


crude oil


market demand



Figure 4

Crude

Oil

Refinery

Target

Yields

12

5

16

30

32

55

50

5

Naphtha

RONlt50

Sgt500ppm

Gasoline

RON92 -100

Slt10ppm

Diesel

Slt10ppm

Cetan No 52 -60

HEL

Kero

Gasoil

S gt 1

atmosphResidue

S gt 3


PropaneButane

Propane

PropyleneButane



Figure 5

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE



Figure 6

Gasoline Upgrading














Figure 8





Figure 9

Catalytic Reforming




Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 3


0

50

100

150

200

250

300350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage wt

B o i l i n g T e m


Refining


crude oil


market demand



Figure 4

Crude

Oil

Refinery

Target

Yields

12

5

16

30

32

55

50

5

Naphtha

RONlt50

Sgt500ppm

Gasoline

RON92 -100

Slt10ppm

Diesel

Slt10ppm

Cetan No 52 -60

HEL

Kero

Gasoil

S gt 1

atmosphResidue

S gt 3


PropaneButane

Propane

PropyleneButane



Figure 5

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE



Figure 6

Gasoline Upgrading














Figure 8





Figure 9

Catalytic Reforming




Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53




Figure 4

Crude

Oil

Refinery

Target

Yields

12

5

16

30

32

55

50

5

Naphtha

RONlt50

Sgt500ppm

Gasoline

RON92 -100

Slt10ppm

Diesel

Slt10ppm

Cetan No 52 -60

HEL

Kero

Gasoil

S gt 1

atmosphResidue

S gt 3


PropaneButane

Propane

PropyleneButane



Figure 5

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE



Figure 6

Gasoline Upgrading














Figure 8





Figure 9

Catalytic Reforming




Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53




Figure 5

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE



Figure 6

Gasoline Upgrading














Figure 8





Figure 9

Catalytic Reforming




Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53




Figure 6

Gasoline Upgrading














Figure 8





Figure 9

Catalytic Reforming




Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53






Figure 8





Figure 9

Catalytic Reforming




Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53




Figure 8





Figure 9

Catalytic Reforming




Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 9

Catalytic Reforming




Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 10

Ether




Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 11

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE




Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 12


500

150

50

10

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450

500


bis 2000 2000 2001 2002




Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 13


10000

5000

50050

100

1000

2000

3000

40005000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000


past 8090 1995 2000 2002




Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 14





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 15



gt + 40 deg C WABT










Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53







Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 17


40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

p

H 2 b

a r


p Reactor 2 bar

PH2S=186bar

gt 50 higher



PH2S=392bar





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 18






Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 19

HDS - Kinetic

minussdot

minus= minusminus 1

0

1

11

1 nnS S n

LHSV k







Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 20

DK 4

R2





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 21


R-901

R-902

6003 bar325 degC

357 degC

Quenchgas

71 weight ppm S

382 msup3h

329 th

352 degC

363 degC


∆p=056 bar










5685 kNmsup3h

∆p=026 bar

∆T (R-901)=33 K ∆T (R-902)=11 K


23092003 133013

DK 4 R t d




Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 22


00

02

0406

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

J a n - 0 1

A p r - 0

1

J u l - 0

1

N o v - 0 1

F e b -

0 2

M a y

- 0 2

S e p - 0 2

D e c - 0 2

M a r

- 0 3

J u n - 0 3

O c t - 0

3


o f R 9 0 1 + R 9 0 2 ( b a r )







Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 23


03122002 100246

321degC

actual vorausber

321degC


Status

MV is ON

min max

365 th

316degC

385 th

362degC

1 bar

402degC

643degC

71

365degC

1057 A

681 ppm

aktuell Status

1 bar

vorausber

403degC

644degC

71

364degC

1059 A

720 ppm

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

1 bar

0degC

0degC

10

0degC

0 A

000 ppm

6 bar

460degC

700degC

95

380degC

1230 A

720 ppm

min max


Feed


FC9011

TC9027

Monitored points






Ampere V-901

Raffinate sulfur


Suflur analyzed


682 ppm




Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 24


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




p m

actual data

Set points



DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53




DK 4 S lf f ffi




Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 26


1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

on line ppm

L a

b p p m






Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 27


300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400


W A

B T i n d e g C

Start to 10 ppm S




Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 28

DESUS FCC

Alkylation ETBE

Refinerreformer

isomerization

Jet fuel

hydrotreating

MD hydrotreating

Claus units

ETBE

FCC Hi t




Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 29

FCC History




bull Kellogg




bull Texaco

bull UOP

FCC Hi t




Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 30

FCC History












Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 31





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 32





bull high activity





rarr 1000 degC



today






Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 33


today

early days


bull Riser cracking


- 540 degC





EquipmentCatalyst

FCC History




Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 34

FCC History

360 - 560


75015540802448










Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 35








Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 36

Reactor Regenerator

Air

Vacuum Gasoil

Flue gas


Light Cycle Oil

Slurry

Heavy Naphtha





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 37





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 38







Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 39








Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 40








Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3


n s )







Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 42










Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 43











Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53








Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 45

y( 13 billion $yr)


bull refining 21









Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 46


sim 25 Billion $yr






Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 47


Hydrocracking 9


Alkylation 1

Isomerization 4

Ether 05

Hydrotreating 87


__________________________________________






Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 48

y y

1 460 0002 220 000Total

1 000 000

400 000

30 000

10 00010 000

10 000

200 000

1 700 000

65 000

90 000105 000

60 000

FCC

Hydrotreater

Mild Hydrocracker


Ether (ETBE)

Annual

Consumption

kgsyr

Inventory

Kilograms




Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 49

rule of thumb




total catalyst cost





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 50












Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 51

130

88

93

39

31

269

70

47

52

21

17

457

Propylene

Isobutane

n-Butanes

Isobutene

Isoamylenes (tert)

Naphtha



Closing Comments




Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 52

bull Needs both







Figure 53





Figure 53


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