CATHOLIC REFORMATION

Church Reform & Religious Communities

Council of Trent

1545-1547; 1551-1552; 1562-1563 Paul III; Julius III; Pius IV Lutheran split 1530; Anglican split 1534 Respond to Reformers, clarify doctrine,

strengthen church from within, enhance uniformity and appeal

Anathema sit … Let him be condemned!

Walls, yes … bridges, no

ANATHEMA SIT

Response to Reformers

Sola ScripturaScripture AND TraditionChurch alone can interpret scriptureLatin Vulgate is the ideal translation“And for anyone who says scripture and

tradition are not equal, let him be anathema.”

Justification/Salvation

Salvation Through Grace By FaithWithout grace, we are doomed …

○ BUT … we must cooperate with grace○ Grace is only the beginning

Devotions and good works affirmed, but abuses (like selling indulgences) stopped

Faith AND works

Priesthood of All Believers Hierarchy still stands The “character” of orders is indelible

(permanent, unchangeable, inerasable) However … the clergy needs reform

Seminary in every dioceseBishops must live in diocesePriests and bishops must preachPriestly celibacy

Other Results

PublicationsCatechismBreviaryMissal

Index of Forbidden Books New religious orders; reform within others Bulk of the

changes/teachings/publications hold solid until 1960s, with Vatican II

NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Injured as soldier Soldier for Christ Military background chain of command

Fourth Vow– absolute personal obedience to Pope

“The Spiritual Exercises” Intellectuals, theologians, missionaries

Practical, this-world … not withdrawal, sacrifice

Task for “soldiers”: Combat Protestantism

Spiritual/Mystics

Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)Doctor of the Church“The Interior Castle”Discalced Carmelites

John of the Cross

Vincentians/Charitys

Vincent de Paul (1581-1660)Focus on the poor; preach to, teach

commoners Louise de Marillac Daughters of

CharityBypass cloister rules by taking private

annual vows

Christian Brothers

John Baptist de La Salle (1652-1719)Educate poor children escape poverty,

crimeBegan classroom teaching (not private

tutors)Considered a founder of modern education

AMERICAN CATHOLIC

LEADERS AND ORDERS

John Carroll

1735-1815; elected bishop in 1789 (American Catholics feared foreign bishop)

Balanced democracy with Vatican loyalty

Began St. Mary’s Seminary (Baltimore), Georgetown College (DC), dioceses

1790 – 30,000 American Catholics1815 – 200,000 American Catholics

Elizabeth Ann Seton

1774-1821 First American-born saint (canonized

1975) Convert; began Baltimore school Sisters of Charity (Emmitsburg) – first

religious order begun in the U.S. Credited with beginning the parochial

school system

Others Women’s Orders

Philippine Duchesne – Religious of Sacred HeartCornelia Connelly – began Society of Holy ChildKatharine Drexel – Blessed Sacrament sisters,

helping poor blacks & IndiansRose Hawthorne Lathrop – help incurable cancer

Colleges/UniversitiesNotre Dame (Holy Cross fathers); St. John’s

(Benedictines); St. Mary’s, Texas (Marianists)