Catholicism Beyond Europe

Dr Julia McClure

The Geometry of World Religions

The beginning of Catholicism in Europe

Islam in Europe

Legends of Catholicism Outside Europe 1. Prester John

Legends of Catholicism Outside Europe 2. Candelaria de Tenerife

Spanish Empire at its height

Exporting European ideas?Spaces of utopia?

Vasco de Quiroga and the Hospitals of Santa Fe

Religion and Empire

Sacred empires

Rituals of empire: Arrival of the ‘Twelve Franciscan Apostles’ 1524

Mural from Parish church in Ozumbahttps://eccechristianus.wordpress.com/2015/02/09/las-doce-antorchas-en-la-fundacion-de-mexico-llamado-en-el-siglo-xvi-como-nueva-espana/

Franciscan New World• 1485 / 1491 Columbus visits La Rábida• 1493 Franciscans arrive in Hispaniola• 1505 First Franciscan province in Americas est.• 1510 Fray Gerónimo de Aguilar helps est. first permanent Spanish

settlement in mainland America, in Santa María la Antigua del Darién• 1513 Juan de Quevedo becomes first bishop of mainland America• 1524 Arrival of ‘Doce apóstoles’ in Mexico• 1525 Huejoztingo, 1531 Huaquechula, 1532 Tlalmanalco, monasteries est.• 1553 est. In Peru• 1565 est. In Ecuador• 1575 est. In Venezuela• 1769-1833 Franciscan missions in Alta California

Spaces of mission: The Franciscan New World

Texcoco Cathedral, Mexico, on site of 16th century Franciscan monastery, rebuilt in 1664

San Martin Caballero Huaquechula,Mexico, 1532

Tlaxcala Cathedral, Mexico, Franciscan convent constructed 1530-1536

Andrés de San Miguel (1577-1644)

Mexico City , 1638

Fray Junípero Serra (1713-1784)

California Missions (1769-1833)

Debates over baptismal practises continued in the Americas

Inquisition Diego de Landa

(auto de Fe, Mani, 1562)

Conversion as conflict?

Tlaxcala Codex,Historia de Tlaxcala, Diego Muñoz Camargo (c. 1585), Folio 241v

Cultural Destruction

Tlaxcala Codex,Historia de Tlaxcala, Diego Muñoz Camargo (c. 1585), Folio 242r

(Simple) Overview of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica

A More Complex Picture Politically

An even more complex picture religiously

Aztec DeitiesMaya DeitiesZapotec DeitiesChichimeca Deities

Cultural Encounter &EthnographyBernardino da Sahágun: The Florentine Codex

http://teca.bmlonline.it/ImageViewer/servlet/ImageViewer?idr=TECA0001502569#page/1/mode/thumb

Hybridity

San Jacinto, San Angel, Mexico City

Adaptation, Acculturation or Appropriation?

Convent of San Augustin in Acolman, Mexico

Mesoamerican world-tree, codex Vindobonensis c. 1500

Multidirectional cultural fusion?

Franciscan Triptych, Institution of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, 16th century (NY MET)

Global Catholicism in Europe

New Mission History: Spaces of Adaptation

• Erick Langer and Robert H. Jackson eds, The New Latin American Mission History (Nebraska, 1995)

• James Saeger, The Chaco Mission Frontier: The Guaycurúan Experience (Tucson, 2000)

• Susan Deeds, ‘Review: Pushing the Borders of Latin American Mission History’, Latin American Research Review 39, no. 2 (2004), pp. 211-220.

Jesuit Reductions

1540 Order Founded c. 1570 Arrived in America17th &18th century established ‘Indian Reductions’ in ‘Paraguay’1767 expulsion of the Jesuits from America1773 suppression of Order elsewhere

Paraguay: The Jesuit State

This is a map from 1732 depicting Paraguay and Chiquitos with the missions San Xavier (S. Xavier), Concepción (Concepc.), San Rafael de Velasco (S. Raphael), San Miguel de Velasco (S. Miguel), San José de Chiquitos (San Joseph) and San Juan Bautista (S. Juan).

Jesuit Ethnography?

Religion: blurring the boundaries

Indigenous wooden casket with marquetry. 17th CE. Made by a local native artist from Chaco (frontier region between Paraguay and Bolivia). It shows two Chaco natives preventing a Spanish settler to enter the interior of the Jesuit mission(Museo Charcas, Bolivia)

Indigenous Catholicism: Our Lady of Guadalupe

Indigenous Catholicism: Mariology

Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila

‘Local’ Saints: Catarina de San Juan

Beyond the Americas…

Kinetic Catholicism

Friar Andres de Urdaneta (Augustinian)

Giovanni Filippo di Marini, Historia et Relatione del Tunchino e del Giappone

The Jesuits in ChinaAssimilation

Resistance

Religion and Global Knowledge

Vincenzo Coronelli (1650-1718)

Discovery and exploitation of mines of New Mexico by Antonio de Espejo, Spanish explorer, in 1582 (Espejo was given permission to spread the gospels in the new provinces by Father Augustin Rys),

Kharbine-Tapabor / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY

Global Catholicism Today

Conclusion

• Disrupting the familiar geographies of Catholicism

• ‘Christianization’?: Adaptation, Acculturation or Appropriation?

• Hybridity?• Exporting Catholicism?• Global Catholicism