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Grammar-Quizzes › Connectives › Cause & Effect Overview
Cause & Effect OverviewExpress cause and effect relationships
Summary of Cause–Effect Words
SO + CLAUSE SO/SUCH…THAT + CLAUSE BECAUSE + CLAUSE CONSEQUENTLY + CLAUSE
So relates (is complemented by) a clause thatexpresses an effect (result) for the situationexpressed in the main clause. A commausually separates the clause from the mainclause.
So and such are intensifiers that combine withother modifiers to express a remarkablesituation, which is followed by that + clausethat expresses an effect. So (Adv) modifies anadjective or adverb in the cause-clause. Such(Adv) modifies an AdjP + NP in the cause-clause.
Because, as, since, though, and others arefollowed by an adjunct clause expressingreason/cause. The cause-clause may beplaced before or after the effect-clause.
Consequently and For this reason express arelationship between two clauses. The word(s)transition the reader or listener from the mainidea in one clause to the idea in the nextclause. The transition is a supplement to thesentence and is separated by a comma.
So is a connective adverb, also called acoordinating conjunction in other grammarsystems.
So and such are degree adverbs (intensifiers)followed by that, a subordinator, and a contentclause (also called an adverbial clause,subordinated clause, or that-clause).
Because and others are adjunct prepositions,also called an adverbial, a subordinatingconjunction, or along with its clause is called anadverbial clause.
Consequently is a connective adverb alsocalled a linking adverb, connective adjunct or aconjunctive adverb. For this reason is asupplemental prepositional phrase.
He saw starving children, so he helpedthem. [effect/result]
He helped, for he knew they couldsurvive. [cause/reason]
He raised so much money that hecould open a "food bank".
He raised such a large amount ofmoney that he could open a "foodbank".
He raised enough money that he couldopen a "food bank".
The children survived because theyreceived help.
Because they received help, thechildren survived.
The children survived because of thehelp. (noun phrase)
People helped. Consequently, thechildren survived.
People helped. For this reason, thechildren survived.
People helped; as a consequence, thechildren survived.
CAUSE
*for (reason or cause)
*rarely used, very formal
so… (emphasis on cause)such… (emphasis on cause)enough…thatsufficiently…that
because, since, now that, as, as longas, inasmuch as, because of, due to,owing to, on account of, despite , if onlybecause
For this reason, For all these reasons
EFFECT
so (result) …that (effect)…that (effect)
so that (purpose-result)in order (purpose-result)
Therefore, Consequently, As aconsequence, As a result, Thus
An adjunct is a word or structure that adds extra, non-essential information but is not required by the subject and predicate to complete the meaning of the clause.
A supplemental structure is extra information added on to the clause but not required by the clause.
starving (Adj) – suffering without food; not having food to eat
food bank (N) – a place that gives bags of food to the poor
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survive (V) – to continue to live in difficult conditions (accident, war, illness)
Cause-Effect Relationship Terms
CAUSE EFFECT → NO CAUSE-EFFECT
REASON He's a great chef because he has worked hard and studied with the best master chefs.
The opinion or action is a logical response to the assertion or situation in other clause—cause-effect.
CONCESSION He's a great chef though he occasionally makes a dish that nobody likes.
Admitting to something that does not logically fit with the previous statement—an exception. See Concession.
CONTRARY REASONING
He's a great chef though he's never had formal training.
The opinion or action is a not a logical or an expected response to the assertion or situation in other clause—no cause-effect.(He's great for some other reason.) See Contrary Reasoning.
reasoning (N) — the process of forming conclusions, inferences or judgments from facts or propositions
Also see The reason is..., The main reason for this is... Causes / is caused by, Results in/ Results from
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Why do students in the first year of college gain on average five pounds? Recent studies have followed freshman students through their first year in college. In thesestudies, health professionals measured students' food intake, analyzed their diet, and tracked their physical activity.
A number of things seem to affect student weight gain such as – college meal plans, buffet-style dining, unbalanced food choices, irregular eating habits, increasedalcohol consumption, stress, and less exercise. Health professionals are doing their best to educate students to make better choices and to start healthful habits.
are used to – are accustomed to
analyze / analyse (V) – examine the elements or parts in detail
avoid (V) – prevent
balanced meal – includes fruits, vegetables, grain, protein, and dairy myplate.gov
binge (V) – eat or drink a large quantity of food or alcohol, overeat, (e.g., binge eating, binge drinking)
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average of 3.5 – 4 pounds (1.6 – 1.8 k) of weight.
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Cause & Effect
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Health professionals at colleges and universities are helping to educate incoming students —
they will avoid the "freshman five ".
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Purpose
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Check 1-10 Reset
Holm-Denoma JM, et al. "The 'freshman fifteen' (the 'freshman five' actually): predictors and possible explanations.. NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248103
Lloyd-Richardson, Elizabeth E. et al. "A Prospective Study of Weight Gain During the College Freshman and Sophomore Years", NIH,
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Correct Incorrect
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In fact, Morgan gained so much weight that it took him fourteen months for lose the weight and get back to normal.
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Later, Morgan made a documentary movie called, Super Size Me, because he showed the truth about junk food.
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The reason for his movie was the increasing rise in obesity in the U.S., so he made the movie.
obesity (N) – people who are very much overweight
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Due to the increasing problem of obesity in the U.S, the government began to require fast food restaurants to use healthier ingredients (food) in their menus.
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As a consequence, Morgan's experiment, people now have healthier choices on menus of fast-food restaurants.
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Wikipedia contributors. "Super Size Me." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 28 Dec. 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
McDonald's announced that it will discontinue including toys in its Happy Meals because it wants to focus on its food and not its toys. Because multiple law suits,McDonald's came to this conclusion. Happy Meals were making parents unhappy on account of they are high in fat, calories, salt and sugar. As a result, kids weremore attracted to the toys than the food. A group called "Corporate Accountability" also wants McDonald's to retire its clown due to it is directed at getting children tobring their parents into the restaurant and not vice versa.
The group was complaining as a result of McDonald's use of clowns and toys to sell unhealthful food to impressionable children. McDonald's responded saying that itsmarketing practices are responsible, and that its food is high quality. This is a big issue for lower-income and communities of color for the reason of they "often havelimited access to grocery stores and increased access to fast food stores," says the group's spokesperson (speaker). For now, everyone is happy since parents canfocus on helping their children make healthful food choices, and because McDonald's can focus on their food rather than law suits.
Practice 3Settling Issues (disagreements)
Read for Errors
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access (N) — ability to find or use something easily
announce (V) — to officially tell people about something, especially about a plan or a decision
attracted to (expr.) — interested in
clown (N) — someone who wears funny clothes, a red nose, bright make-up on their face, and does silly things to make people laugh ("Ronald McDonald")
community (N) — a neighborhood; the people who live in an area
complain (V) — mention negative or bad parts of something; express unhappiness
corporate accountability (.) — the moral and social responsibility of a business
focus (V) — give special attention to one particular person or thing
impressionable (Adj) — someone who is impressionable is easily influenced, especially because they are young
income (N) — the money a person receives from working
law suit (N) — a problem or complaint that a person or company brings to a court of law to be settled
limited (Adj) — not very great in amount, number, ability; restricted
marketing (N) — the activity of deciding how to advertise a product
multiple (Adj) — several; more than one
retire (N) — stop working (usually after reaching a specific age ~65)
spokesperson (N) — a person who is chosen to speak officially for a group, organization, or government
use (N) — usage
vice versa (N) — the opposite or reverse order stated
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McDonald's announced that it will discontinue including toys in its "Happy Meals" because it wants tofocus on its food and not its toys. Because multiple law suits, McDonald's came to this conclusion.
Edit 21 McDonald's announced that it will discontinue including toys in its "Happy Meals" because it wants to focus on its food and not its toys. Because multiple law suits, McDonald's came to this conclusion.
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Because of / Despite Because of / By
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Happy Meals were making parents unhappy on account of they are high in fat, calories, salt andsugar. As a result, kids were more attracted to the toys than the food.
Edit 22 Happy Meals were making parents unhappy on account of they are high in fat, calories, salt and sugar. As a result, kids were more attracted to the toys than the food.
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Because of / Despite And / In addition
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A group called "Corporate Accountability" also wants McDonald's to retire its clown due to it is directedat getting children to bring their parents into the restaurant and not vice versa.
Edit the cause-effect connector so that it is used correctly.
1. Edit the text in the text box
2. Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "check" or "check 21-26" button.
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Edit 23 A group called "Corporate Accountability" also wants McDonald's to retire its clown due to it is directed at getting children to bring their parents into the restaurant and not vice versa.
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Because of / Despite
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24.
The group was complaining as a result of McDonald's use of clowns and toys to sell unhealthful foodto impressionable children. McDonald's responded saying that its marketing practices are responsible,and that its food is high quality.
Edit 24 The group was complaining as a result of McDonald's use of clowns and toys to sell unhealthful food to impressionable children. McDonald's responded saying that its marketing practices are responsible, and that its food is high quality.
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Cause / Effect
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This is a big issue for lower-income and communities of color for the reason of they "often havelimited access to grocery stores and increased access to fast food stores," says the group'sspokesperson (speaker).
Edit 25 This is a big issue for lower-income and communities of color for the reason of they "often have limited access to grocery stores and increased access to fast food stores," says the group's spokesperson (speaker).
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Cause / Effect
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26.
For now, everyone is happy since parents can focus on helping their children make healthful foodchoices, and because McDonald's can focus on their food rather than law suits.
Edit 26 For now, everyone is happy since parents can focus on helping their children make healthful food choices, and because McDonald's can focus on their food rather than law suits.
